Dimethyl Sulfoxide Water Research Articles

Robust conductive hydrogel advances self-powered intelligent sports monitoring and fair judging

Currently, combining multimodal perceptual ability with mechanical robustness poses a significant challenge for developing hydrogel-based flexible electronics. Herein, a robust conductive hydrogel was successfully synthesized by introducing cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as nanofillers and lithium chloride (LiCl) as the conductive component into the copolymer network through a one-pot crosslinking procedure in a water-dimethyl sulfoxide binary solvent. Besides excellent stretchable, self-adhesive, anti-freezing, self-healing, and anti-swelling properties, tunable and reversible optical property was realized due to the polarity-induced microphase separation of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic group in the zwitterionic sulfobetaine chains, enabling cyclic information encryption and decryption. An all-weather wearable sensor array was thus developed for multi-modal sensing of various environmental stimuli, including mechanical, and thermal variations. Specifically, the intensity and spatial distribution of strain can be detected almost in real time within a broad strain range, thus realizing speech recognation, text-to-speech and human electrocardiogram signal acquisition and underwater non-contact sensing functions. Notably, the CPAMD-based triboelectric nanogenerator demonstrates impressive temperature tolerance (−40 °C and 60 °C), and remarkable material identification capability. A non-contact proximity sensing sensor and a foul detection system were thus developed by coupling the piezoresistive, triboelectric and capacitive sensing metrics to serve as an electronic referee for identifying foul in curling. This work provides a valuable reference toward combining excellent mechanical robustness with balanced electrical performance for tactile perception and intelligent sports monitoring.

Copper(II) succinate: electrochemical synthesis, characterization and application as a precursor for micron-sized copper(II) oxide fibers

A coordination compound of copper(II) with succinic acid was obtained by electrochemical synthesis in media of various compositions. The samples were characterized by methods of quantitative analysis, ESR and IR spectroscopy, synchronous thermal analysis. The vibrational frequencies of copper(II) succinate were calculated by using DFT and the experimental IR spectra were interpreted on the basis of the results. Micro-sized copper(II) oxide fibers were obtained by thermal decomposition of synthesized samples. It was shown that the use of the water–dimethyl sulfoxide system with a volume ratio 1:1 is optimal to achieve the formation of moderately aggregated particles with a distinct filamentous morphology.

Efficient synthesis of vanillylamine through bioamination of lignin-derived vanillin by recombinant E. coli containing ω-transaminase from Caulobacter sp. D5 in dimethyl sulfoxide-water

Lignin is a plentiful and readily accessible renewable resource. Vanillylamine is a crucial raw material used to synthesize pharmaceuticals and high-value furan compounds that can be acquired by aminating lignin-derived vanillin (Van). However, effectually achieving the biocatalytic synthesis of vanillylamine has remained challenging. In this study, a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-H2O (1:9, vol/vol) bioreaction medium was constructed, and a recombinant E. coli ATA1012 carrying ω-transaminase from Caulobacter sp. D5 was used as the ω-transaminase biocatalyst to acquire the effectual biocatalytic synthesis of vanillylamine. Under optimized bioreaction conditions (37 ℃ and pH 7.5) by supplementary of isopropylamine (IPA) (Van/IPA = 1:5, mol/mol), 80–100 mM Van could be effectually converted by ATA1012 whole cells in DMSO-H2O (1:9, vol/vol) within 12 h, yielding 91.2 %–95.4 % vanillylamine, with >99 % selectivity. An efficient amination process was developed using ATA1012 with superior transaminase catalytic activity and substrate tolerance to effectively convert Van to vanillylamine in a DMSO-H2O medium.

Effect of water-dimethyl sulfoxide solvents on thermodynamic parameters of complex formation between benzoic acid and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

Effect of water-dimethyl sulfoxide solvents on thermodynamic parameters of complex formation between benzoic acid and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin

Effect of the Composition of a Water–Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvent on the Stability of Nickel(II)–Cryptand[2.2.2] Complexes

Effect of the Composition of a Water–Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvent on the Stability of Nickel(II)–Cryptand[2.2.2] Complexes

Gibbs Energy of Cryptand[2.2.2] Transfer from Water to Aqueous Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvent

We represent the Gibbs energies of cryptand[2.2.2] transfer from water to different composition water–dimethyl sulfoxide solvent. The Gibbs energies were determined by interphase distribution of cryptand[2.2.2] between two immiscible solvents. We conclude, that when the dimethyl sulfoxide concentration increases, the cryptand[2.2.2] solvation is weakening.

Nonlinear composition dependence of hydrogen bond lifetime in water-DMSO binary mixtures: The role of hydrophobic interaction.

The lifetime of a hydrogen bond between water and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is found to be considerably longer than that between two water molecules in neat water. This is counter-intuitive because the charge on the oxygen in DMSO is considerably less than that in water. Additionally, the strength of the water-dimethyl sulfoxide (w-D) hydrogen bond is found to be strongly composition dependent; the lifetime of the hydrogen bond is ten times larger at 30% than at very low concentrations. Using computer simulations, we perform microscopic structural and dynamic analysis to find that these anomalies arise at least partly from an "action-at-a-distance" effect where the attraction between the hydrophobic methyl groups results in the self-aggregation of DMSO molecules that "cages" both the rotational and linear motions of the molecules involved. This is reflected in the observed strong correlation of the lifetime with the local coordination number of the associated methyl groups. The elongated w-D h-bond lifetime causes a slowdown of collective dynamics and affects the lifetime of the w-w h-bond. This nonlinear feedback mechanism explains the strong composition dependence of viscosity and is anticipated to play a dominant role in many self-assemblies. Furthermore, the w-D hydrogen bond breaking mechanism changes from low to high DMSO concentration, a phenomenon not anticipated a priori. We introduce a new order parameter-based free energy surface of the bond breaking pathway. A two-dimensional transition state rate theory calculation is performed for the lifetime of the w-D h-bond that is found to be semi-quantitatively accurate.

Chromo-fluorogenic detection of Sarin, Tabun, and mustard gas mimics triggering the ring-opening reaction in a spirolactam-based probe

Nerve agents are becoming serious issues for the healthy and sustainable environment in modern civilization. Strategically, we have designed and introduced a Schiff base triggered dual chromo-fluorogenic probe BASO via condensation reaction between rhodamine B hydrazide and 3-formyl chromone, which can selectively recognize different toxic target analytes helping a reference to a healthy and sustainable environment. The BASO probe displays enhanced pink photoluminescence extraordinarily due to the introduction of sarin, tabun, and mustard gas mimics diethylchlorophosphate (DCP), diethylcyanophosphonate (DCNP), and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2CEES), in a 1:1 water–dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixture while native one was non-fluorescent. The opening of the spirolactam ring owing to the addition of DCP, DCNP, and 2CEES shows a noticeable pink colorimetric and pink color fluorometric change, which is readily detectable by the naked eye in the µM range in neutral medium and found to be better than numerous available chemosensor (Table S1). We have also fabricated simple paper strip-based test kits as portable and displayable handy photonic tools for on-site detection without any expensive instrumental techniques. The probe BASO has also been employed for detecting the vapor phase and soil sample analysis as a practical applicability. The simple, rapid detection techniques make our probe unique and have significant utility for the recognition of DCP, DCNP, and vesicant or blistering agents mimicking 2CEES.

Embryotoxicity and teratogenesis of orthodontic acrylic resin in zebrafish

ObjectivesThis study investigated the in vivo embryotoxicity, teratogenic potential, and additional effects of orthodontic acrylic resin as well as its components, utilizing zebrafish as a model organism. The research focused on morphological, cardiac, behavioral, and cognitive evaluations that were performed on embryos and larval-stage animals subjected to chronic exposure. Materials and methodsEmbryo and larval-stage zebrafish were categorized into five experimental groups, which were further subdivided into five subgroups. These subgroups included three specific doses for each tested substance, a control with the vehicle (0.1 % dimethyl sulfoxide in water), and an absolute control (water). Assessments were performed on day 5 post-fertilization, which included morphological, cardiac, behavioral, and cognitive evaluations. All experiments had a sample size of ten animals and were performed in triplicate. Survival and hatching rates were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier test, while other measurements were assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Tukey post hoc test. ResultsStatistically significant differences were observed between the control and treatment groups across all the tested substances for heart rate, cognitive responsiveness, and cellular apoptosis. However, survival, hatching rate, and other parameters exhibited no significant variation, except for the highest dose in the dibutyl phthalate group, which demonstrated a notable difference in survival. ConclusionsChronic exposure to acrylic resin and its components may be associated with decreased cognitive ability and cardiac rhythm, as well as an increase in the level of cellular apoptosis in zebrafish.

Dual-Channel Imine-Amine Photoisomerization in a Benzoimidazole and Benzothiazole Coupled System: Photophysics and Applications.

A molecule, namely 2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-6-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-bromophenol (BIBTB), having a two-way proton transfer unit of thiazole and imidazole moieties was synthesized and characterized by NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and single-crystal diffraction studies. Steady state and time-resolved spectral studies of BIBTB support excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), causing imine-amine tautomerization through a two-way 6-membered H-bonded ring, where the N atoms of benzothiazole and the benzoimidazole unit are involved as proton acceptor sites. Interestingly, in a nonpolar and moderately polar solvent, photoisomerization in BIBTB is found to be favored toward the thiazole ring, whereas in a highly polar solvent, it is favored toward the imidazole ring. A spectral comparison of BIBTB with judicially designed molecules 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-bromophenol (HBT) and 2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-4-bromophenol (BIB) supports these inferences. Theoretical calculation using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) at CAM-B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level supports the existence of two low-energy 6-membered hydrogen-bonded planar conformers in the ground state in the gas phase and in solvents of different dielectrics. The potential energy curves (PECs) calculated along the proton transfer (PT) coordinate are found to have a high energy barrier in the ground state and to be barrierless or have a low energy barrier in the excited state for both the forms. The calculated vertical excitation and the emission energy from the relaxed excited and PT states show good correlation with the experimental spectral data. Aggregation of BIBTB in water with red shifted emission was established from X-ray single-crystal structure analysis, solid state emission, and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurement. The molecule BIBTB also acts as a fluorescence probe for sensing the explosive picric acid in the subnano scale and can be used to determine the proportion of water in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent.

Novel Fluorescent Determination of Silver Ion in Water Samples Using the Schiff Base 1-Benzylidenethiosemicarbazide

A new selective and highly sensitive chemosensor based on the Schiff base 1-benzylidenethiosemicarbazide (KH1) was synthesized and applied for the Ag+ sensor in 4:1 dimethyl sulfoxide-water. Upon addition of Ag+, the fluorescence intensity of KH1was increased at 350 nm. The 1:1 stoichiometry of KH1 with Ag+ was confirmed by a spectrofluorimetric titration and a Job’s plot measurement. Parameters affecting the sensitivity such as pH, reaction time, ionic strength, and Schiff base concentration were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, KH1 gave a wide range of linearity from 1 to 110 µM and the limit of detection and relative standard deviation were 0.2 µM and 2.2%, respectively. In addition, the KH1 sensor was used to determine Ag+ in water samples with good precision and accuracy.

Ethyl acetate extract of fungus comb from Malayan termite (Macrotermes gilvus Hagen) mound modulates splenic inflammatory responses in mice

Background: The fungus comb is a unique structure inside termites’ nests that facilitates the growth of Termitomyces sp. as a nutrient source for the termites. It is known to possess immunomodulatory properties that boost the immune system. Aim: This objective of this study was to assess the impact of ethyl acetate extract of fungus comb (EAEFC) on the inflammatory reaction in the spleen of mice induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods: An experimental study was conducted using a post-test-only control group design with male BALB/C mice (n=24). The mice were divided randomly into four groups, each comprising six mice, and administered substances via gavage. Groups I and III were administered a solution of 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in distilled water, while Groups II and IV were given 500 mg/kg BW EAEFC dissolved in 5% DMSO. On the fifteenth day, Groups I and II received intraperitoneal injection of 5 ml/kg BW saline, while Groups III and IV were injected with 10 mg/kg BW lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dissolved in saline. After three hours, the mice were euthanized and splenic immunohistology was examined under a light microscope. The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), while the group differences were assessed statistically. Results: The expression of interleukin (IL)-1, furin, and activated NK cell was significantly higher in the inflamed model after EAEFC supplementation, while the extract suppressed IL-10. Conclusion: EAEFC was found to alter cytokine expression in the spleen in response to inflammation.

Water detection in organic solvents using a copolymer membrane immobilised with a fluorescent intramolecular charge transfer-type dye: effects of intramolecular hydrogen bonds.

Numerous fluorescent dye-based optical sensors have been developed to detect water in organic solvents. However, only a few such sensors can detect water in polar solvents such as methanol or dimethyl sulfoxide, and their detection range is generally narrow. Therefore, in this study, a copolymer membrane incorporated with a pyridinium betaine dye (denoted PB1), which exhibited intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) characteristics, was developed to realise simple water detection in organic solvents. The pyridinium betaine structure, comprising intramolecular hydrogen bonds between the oxygen in the maleimide moiety and the hydrogen in the pyridinium, was vital for achieving efficient fluorescence emission. The membrane was prepared by copolymerising PB1 with the N,N-dimethyl acrylamide/acrylamide monomer on a glass plate, and the fluorescence in water-mixed organic solvents was investigated (λabs = 490 nm, λfl = 630 nm). The fluorescence intensity of the dye-immobilised membrane decreased with increasing water content of the organic solvents. The detection ranges in tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, methanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide were approximately <40, <40, <40, and <60 vol% water, respectively. In contrast, membranes based on a quaternary pyridinium dye (without intramolecular hydrogen bonds) did not detect water in methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide, although it was more sensitive than PB1 in the narrow region of low water concentration in THF. Theoretical calculations corroborated the importance of the pyridinium betaine structure in detecting water in organic solvents, with the increase in polarity and the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between PB1 and water found to induce molecular rotation and fluorescence quenching.

Synthesis and Determination of Acid Dissociation Constants of Bis-Acyl Thiourea Derivatives

N,N'-((dodecane-1,12-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(carbonothioyl))bis(4-nitrobenzamide) 5 and N,N'-((dodecane-1,12-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(carbonothioyl))bis(3-nitrobenzamide) 6 as bis acyl thiourea derivatives were synthesized and their molecular structures were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY, DEPT, HMQC, FT-IR, and HRMS techniques. The acid dissociation constants (pKa) of the bis-acyl thiourea derivatives 5, 6 were determined potentiometrically and spectrophotometrically. The pKa values of products 5, 6 were determined in 50% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide–water hydro-organic solvent in the presence of 0.1 molL1 ionic strength of NaCl and in the acidic medium at 25±0.1 °C, and two pKa values were calculated for each compound with the HYPERQUAD computer program using the data obtained from the potentiometric titrations performed. In addition, three pKa values for each compound were determined in the calculations using the HypSpec program from the data obtained from the spectrophotometric titrations performed under the conditions where the potentiometric titrations were performed. For compounds 5 and 6, spectrophotometrically, pKa1 was 3.56±0.08 and 3.87±0.01, respectively, pKa2 was 7.11±0.08 and 7.05±0.01, respectively, and pKa3 was 12.30±0.08 and 11.82±0.02, respectively. It can be said that pKa1, pKa2, and pKa3 values may belong to enol, enthiol, and NH, respectively. Moreover, for compounds 5 and 6, potentiometrically, pKa2 was 7.06±0.13 and 6.94±0.11, respectively, and pKa3 was 12.11±0.06 and 11.17±0.06, respectively, and it can be said that pKa2 and pKa3 values may belong to enthiol and NH, respectively. It is seen that the pKa values determined spectrophotometrically and potentiometrically are compatible with each other.

Flow Battery Driven by a Difference in Solvation Toward the Effective Use of Diverse Forms of Energy

Further utilization of renewable and waste energy is a crucial factor for the decarbonization of energy systems. We have recently proposed a concept of an electrochemical cell using a difference in solvation [1]. Figure 1 shows a flow battery derived from the concept, called solvation difference flow battery (SDFB). Although the anolyte and catholyte employ the same redox species, the ratio in the binary solvent is different. In this situation, the difference in the solvation states of the redox couple between the anolyte and catholyte generates the electromotive force. As shown in Fig.1, ferro-/ferricyanide ions (Fe(CN)6 4-/3-) are employed as the redox species in both anolyte and catholyte. The electrolyte solvent is composed of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water. The anolyte is water-lean and the catholyte is water-rich, respectively. After discharging, the SDFB can be charged by transferring the water from the water-rich side (spent catholyte) to the water-lean side (spent anolyte), which means that the transfer of water regenerates the spent anolyte as the fresh catholyte, and vice versa. It is noteworthy that transferring the solvent can be performed by utilizing diverse forms of energy, such as thermal and mechanical energy as an energy input for the charge.We previously reported that the combination of DMSO and water allows a large cell voltage [1] owing to the significant difference in the electron acceptability between the solvents [2, 3]. However, the cell performance and its rate-determining processes have not been fully understood. In this work, we investigated the current-voltage (IV) characteristic of the DMSO/water-based SDFB using the prototype flow cell.For the electrolyte, tetraethyl ammonium salts of Fe(CN)6 4-/3- and tetraethyl ammonium bromide as redox species and a supporting electrolyte, respectively, were dissolved in DMSO and pure water was added to the solution to adjust the molar ratio of DMSO and water. The molar ratios of water in the anolyte and catholyte were kept at 0.1 and 0.8, respectively. The carbon paper electrodes were employed for both anode and cathode of the flow cell. The anion exchange membrane (AEM) was used as a separator. Therefore, bromide ion works as a carrier ion in this flow cell. As a result, the maximum power density of 4.5 W m-2 was observed for the prototype SDFB.We also conducted Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for the flow cell applying a symmetric electrolyte system to investigate the crucial factor that limits the power density. Both water-lean and water-rich electrolytes were prepared for the EIS to investigate the effect of the solvent composition. Moreover, in addition to the AEM used in the investigation of IV characteristics, porous filter was also used as the flow cell's separator to clarify the total cell resistance factor. The Nyquist plots represented the large cell resistance when the AEM and water-lean electrolyte was applied. On the other hand, the cell resistance was small when the porous filter was utilized as the separator, regardless of the molar ratio of water in the electrolyte. The Nyquist plots also indicated that the reaction resistance was relatively small.Therefore, these results indicate that the large AEM resistance influences the total cell resistance in the water-lean electrolyte (anolyte). These results imply that it should be a practical approach to develop an alternative SDFB electrolyte that can avoid the significant AEM resistance for increasing the power density. From the viewpoint of the cell assembly, the exploration of alternative separators that exhibits both high ion conductivity in the water-lean electrolyte and low permeability of solvent molecules should drastically improve the power density of the DMSO/water-based SDFB.

Formation of Hydrogen Bonds and Vibrational Processes in Dimethyl Sulfoxide and Its Aqueous Solutions: Raman Spectroscopy and Ab Initio Calculations

The intermolecular interaction in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which is a strong solvent, and its manifestation in vibrational spectra are studied by means of Raman spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. The optimal structure and vibrational spectra of DMSO monomer, dimer, and trimer, as well as complexes of DMSO with water molecules, are calculated, and the potential energy distribution (PED) analysis is carried out. In the Raman spectra of DMSO and its water solutions, a red shift of the S=O stretching band due to the conventional hydrogen bonding and a blue shift of the C–H stretching band due to non-classical hydrogen bonding are detected. The MEP surfaces (changes in the charge distribution) of DMSO monomer, dimer, and DMSO–water cluster are plotted.

Effect of Grafted Spiropyran on the Solubility and Film Properties of Photochromic Amylose

AbstractFour photochromic spiropyran‐amylose (ASP) biobased polymers with different spiropyran (SP) grafting density, DS, ASP10 (DS = 0.12), ASP40 and ASP40PA60 (DS = 0.40), and ASP100 (DS = 0.97), are synthesized through azide‐alkyne cycloaddition of an alkynyl‐functional SP derivative onto C6‐azidated‐amylose (AN3), where the unconverted azide in ASP40PA60, ASP100, and the AN3 precursor are quenched by clicking with propargyl alcohol (PA). All ASPs are poorly soluble in trifluoroethanol, ethanol, and water but soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N‐dimethylformamide, and hexafluoroisopropanol irrespective of UV irradiation, switching reversibly the grafted SP into zwitterionic merocyanine (MC). Only ASP10 and ASP40 are slightly soluble in the low polarity tetrahydrofuran, with ASP40 showing a marked photochromism and reduction of solubility on SP→MC switching. The photochromism in solution is preserved in the solid state, although with significant differences between the still relatively fast SP→MC photoisomerization and the much slower thermal retro‐isomerization. The dynamics of both processes, evaluated in a thin spin–coated ASP100 film and a thicker ASP40 photoswitchable coating on glass and paper, is more clearly affected than in solution by the grafting density. Switching the nearly apolar SP into the zwitterionic MC does not significantly affect wettability of the slightly hydrophobic ASP40 coating.

Thermodynamics of Ag(I) Complex Formations with 2-Mercaptoimidazole in Water−Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvents

The stability of coordination compounds of metal ions with ligands is of fundamental importance for elaborating upon practical sensors for the detection and quantification of metal ions in environmental samples. In this work, the stability constants of silver(I) complexes with 2-mercaptoimidazole (2MI) in a mixed water–dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent were determined at 298.15 K and 308.15 K. It was found that with increasing temperature, the stability of the complexes decreases. The dependence of lgβ1 on the water−DMSO solvent compositions has its minimum at a concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide of 0.1 mol. fr. To explain the effect of the solvent, the solvation characteristics of the reagents were analyzed. In this regard, the 2MI Gibbs energy of transfer from water to aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide solvents was determined, and the influence of the aqueous DMSO solvent on the thermodynamics of 2MI protonation was analyzed. The stabilization of the silver ion and 2MI during the transition from water to a water–DMSO solvent makes a negative contribution to the change in the Gibbs energy of complexation, while the solvation of a complex particle promotes the complex formation. As a result, the Gibbs energy transfer values are slightly increased. The results of these thermodynamic studies could be useful for the development of sensor materials based on mercaptoimidazoles.

Effect of different solvents on nisin ZP potential as anticancer agent against MG-63 osteosarcoma cells

Nisin, a known food preservative, has antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Nisin is a polycyclic polypeptide with five internal rings; a feature that strongly influence the choice of solvent to attain effectivity of the compound for all cell culture experiments. Previous studies used a number of solvents but comparison between these to identify the best solvent have not been reported. Aim: To investigate the effect of nisin ZP (NZP) when dissolved in four different solvents on the viability of MG63 osteosarcoma cells. Materials and methods: MG-63 cells were incubated overnight at 37°C, 5% CO2 and treated with increasing concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), methanol and acetic acid to observe the cytotoxic effects of these chemicals onto the cells via MTS assay. NZP was then dissolved in distilled water and the three solvents in increasing concentrations and applied to the cultured cells. Cell viability and morphology were documented. Results: Acetic acid, DMSO and methanol at 0.05% maintained more than 90% viability of MG-63. NZP precipitated at higher concentrations (≥ 800µg/ml) when dissolved in DMSO, methanol and distilled water which interfered with the measurement of formazan density in the cell viability assay. Increasing doses of NZP in 0.05% acetic acid showed the least interference with the desirable reduction of the cancer cell viability. Microscopically, as concentration of NZP increases, cell shrinkage and apoptotic bodies were more visible. In addition, brown precipitates were abundantly observed. Conclusion: Acetic acid provides the optimal solubility of NZP and the best solvent to use in experiments involving MG-63 cells.

Application of Fe and Cu nanoparticles for methyl orange removal from water and water-ethanol mixtures under various experimental conditions

In this study, metallic iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) and metallic copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) were prepared, characterized, and used in the removal of methyl orange (MO) dye. The experiments investigated first the UV–Vis spectra of dye molecules in three types of solvents (water, water-ethanol, and water-dimethyl sulfoxide). The removal of MO was then conducted under various experimental conditions to investigate the effects of solvent type, nanoparticles dosage, salinity of the solutions, temperature, and shaking time. The highest extent of MO removal was achieved in water solutions. Under all experimental conditions, Fe NPs showed higher efficiency than Cu NPs in MO removal. Moreover, heterogeneous Fenton process led to smaller MO removal when compared with the direct use of the nanoparticles, for both water and water-ethanol solutions. From a kinetic perspective, the dye removal process was much faster in water than in water-ethanol mixtures, and the data followed pseudo-second order rate equation.