Canal Water Research Articles

Data Delivery Implementation on River Flow Control System Prototype Using HTTP

Data transmission is one of the most essential components in a critical system. One of them is to control the river water canal. Previous research related to water canal monitoring has been carried out, but the data is still local. This research implements a water canal with one main river with three tributaries/river branches where the three tributaries have different area conditions. In this research, the process of sending data from the sensor node (Control Flow System) to the master node (Control station) to the cloud server to be displayed on a website. The microcontroller used for the main processor and as a data-sending device is the ESP8266 and the cloud server used is ThingSpeak. This research succeeded in implementing HTTP for the process of sending data. The HTTP protocol is suitable for the process of data delivery. Sending data on the Control Flow System to the Control Station was successfully sent optimally at a distance of 3 meters with the "Good" classification according to the TIPHON standard. Meanwhile, the average data is sent from the Control Station to the cloud server in about 44 seconds.

Assessment of heavy metal accumulation and health risk in three essential edible weeds grown on wastewater irrigated soil

The main problem facing Egypt recently is the shortage of available water resources. Therefore, farmers resort to use wastewater for irrigation. So, the present work aims to assess the impacts of wastewater irrigation on the productivity of three edible weeds (Cichorium endivia, Sonchus oleraceous and Beta vulgaris) and its effect on the nutritional value of plants and its risk on human health. This study will focus on Shibin Al Kanater region, and the physicochemical characteristics of drainage water, canal water, drainage water-irrigated soils and canal-irrigated soils were estimated. The vegetative and traits of edible weeds were determined including their photosynthetic pigments, organic and inorganic nutrients content, and heavy metals content. The health risk index (HRI) associated with consumption of polluted plants was created using the estimated exposure factor of a crop to the oral reference dosage of the toxic metal. The main results showed that biomass productivity of S. oleraceous, B. vulgaris and C. endivia increased due to drainage water irrigation with increasing percentage as 27.9, 19.6, and 19.1%, respectively. Irrigation with drainage water significantly increased the photosynthetic pigments of edible weeds. Irrigation with drainage water increased carbohydrate content, crude protein, total soluble sugar, and gross energy in all studied weeds. C. endivia, S. oleraceus and B. vulgaris plants irrigated with canal and drainage water could accumulate Fe, Zn, Cu, and Co in their roots. C. endivia, S. oleraceus and B. vulgaris plants irrigated with canal water indicated HRI more than the unit for Mn, Cu, Pb, and Cd. This research advises that regulation be put in place to prohibit irrigation using untreated drainage and to restrict the discharge of industrial, domestic, and agricultural wastewater into irrigation canals.

EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ON URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN ENUGU STATE

This study investigated the effects of environmental degradation on urban development in Enugu State. It was guided by two specific objectives and two corresponding research questions and hypotheses. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population comprises staff of the Nigeria Environmental Standard and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) and residents of Enugu metropolis, numbering 820,030, out of which a sample size of 400 was obtained. A self-structured 5-Likert scaled questionnaire was used for data collection. Mean statistics was used for analysing the responses to the research questions while a one-sampled t-test was used for testing the hypotheses. It was found that environmental degradation has a significant negative effect on the social infrastructure/amenities and economic activities in urban centres in Enugu State. It was specifically revealed that environmental hazards such as erosion, flood, industrial and domestic wastes in urban centres destroy residential and commercial buildings, economic crops, strain scarce finances, affect school and hospital structures and cause other social problems; that healthcare centres and personnel are likely to be affected as well, even alternative medicine sources are usually destroyed by environmental degradation and ultimately human lives are lost outright in extreme cases. The study recommended among others that in-depth mass awareness should be adopted while a healthy and safe development pattern should be continually done to discourage indiscriminate housing developments that block drainages and natural waterways. Also, proper waste management mechanisms by residents should be enforced to mitigate the spate of indiscriminate refuse dumps, which often block water channels and canals.

“Canalvoltaico” in Emilia-Romagna, Italy: Assessing Technical, Economic, and Environmental Feasibility of Suspended Photovoltaic Panels over Water Canals

Solar energy has become an increasingly important part of the global energy mix. In Italy, the photovoltaic power installed has grown by 40% since 2015, which raises the issue of land use and occupation. A viable alternative, already experienced in India, is placing solar panels on the top of water canals (Canal-Top—in Italian, “Canalvoltaico”). It is a relatively new and innovative approach to solar energy installation that offers several advantages including the potential to generate renewable energy without occupying additional land, reduce water evaporation from canals, and improve water quality by reducing algae growth. The article explores various Canal-Top solar projects over the world; then, a feasible application in the Italian region “Emilia-Romagna” is discussed, evaluating two potential construction designs. The primary aim is to establish a capital expenditure cost framework, offering reference values currently lacking in the extant literature and industry studies pertaining to Italy. Moreover, the study addresses additional key factors, including water savings, maintenance considerations, and safety implications.

Preliminary study on the man-made habitat of Utricularia gibba L. in the tropical peatland environment

Utricularia gibba L. is a free-floating aquatic carnivorous plant found in some parts of the world, including Asian tropical regions. However, data on water’s physical and chemical properties for the ecology of this species in Asian tropical peatland environments are underrepresented in the literature. Here, we reported water physical and chemical properties for the habitat of U. gibba occurring in the tropical peatland of Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia. The study site is on the man-made water canal in Jalan Parit Haji Muksin II, Kubu Raya Regency, Kalimantan Barat. We measured temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrates, and nitrite of the waters at three points along the water canal where the bladderworts occur. The results showed that U. gibba inhabits waters with low conductivity (< 66 µS cm-1), low TDS (< 32 ppm), acidic (< pH 6), low DO (< 8 mg L-1), but higher total nitrogen (7.02 – 19.4 mg L-1), total phosphorus (0.86 – 1.71 mg L-1), nitrates (3.01 – 4.06 mg L-1) and nitrite (3.53 – 5.18 mg L-1). These findings demonstrate that U. gibba in tropical peatland environments reportedly occurs in acidic (pH 5.03 – 5.29) but relatively high nutrient habitats compared to its counterpart and other species found elsewhere.

Hematological, biochemical, and hormonal effects of organochlorine pesticide residues found in canal and tap waters on albino white rats

Analysis of water from the canal that feeds the Damanhour water station and tap water in Damanhour, Beheira Governorate, Egypt, revealed the presence of gamma-HCH, beta-HCH, heptachlor epoxide, p, p D.D.E., dieldrin, endrin aldehyde, endosulfan sulfate, and endrin ketone. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the adverse effects of administration of the OCl pesticide residues found in canal water (0.0448 µg/ kg b. wt.) and tap water (0.022 µg/ kg b. wt.) to white Albino rats. Results revealed that treatment of male and female rats with a single oral dose of OCl pesticide residues found in both canal and tap water caused slight alteration in Hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBC) in male rats, and packed cell volume (PCV) in male and female treated rats relative to control. There was a significant increase in Hb, a decrease in RBC counts in treated female rats, and a significant decrease in WBC count in both male and female rats. There was a slight alteration in GOT, GPT, and G.GT activity in both male and female rats and a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in male rats. Compared to controls, treated rats had substantial increases in uric acid and albumin concentrations and a slight alteration in total protein concentration in the serum. Administration of OCl residues to rats caused no significant effect on male or female progesterone. It caused a significant increase in testosterone concentration in treated female rats and a decrease in the serum of male rats. Compared to controls, treated male rats had slightly lower follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) levels, and treated female rats had higher levels. Also, no significant difference was observed in T4 levels between the control and treated females in treated rats. However, the T4 level increased significantly in the males administered the high O.C.s found in canal water. T3 levels decreased in the serum of male and female rats, but T3 was significantly reduced in male rats given an oral dose of OCl residues in canal water. Unlike their effects on T3 levels, the impact of OCl residues on T4 levels in this study was inconsistent in treated rats. Conclusions: Administration of a single oral dose of OCl pesticide residues found in both canal and tap water to rats caused significant and non-significant alteration in some hematological, biochemical, and hormonal biomarkers in the serum of treated rats compared to control.

Structural equation model of the spatial distribution of water engineering facilities along the Beijing-Hangzhou grand canal and its relationship with natural factors

Water engineering facilities are a crucial component of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and their distribution is closely related to the hydrological and topographical characteristics of the area. In this study, we reconstructed the canal network distribution map and water engineering facilities database of the Ming and Qing periods using ArcGIS (Geographical information systems software) 10.8 software. We employed Amos (Analyze of Moment Structures) 26.0 software to investigate the influence of various natural environmental factors on the selection of water engineering facility sites. The results revealed a significant correlation between the spatial distribution of water engineering facilities and the main channel slope and slope direction, which had a direct impact. The estimated coefficient for the main channel slope was -0.166, showing a negative correlation with the spatial distribution of water engineering facilities, while the estimated coefficient for the main channel slope direction was − 0.112, also indicating a negative correlation. Moreover, the estimated coefficient for the watershed area where water engineering facilities were located was -0.096, demonstrating a negative correlation. In contrast, the effects of tributary slope and slope direction on the spatial distribution of water engineering facilities were indirect, mediated by the watershed area where these facilities were situated. The effect size for tributary slope was -0.017, showing a negative correlation, while the effect size for tributary slope direction was 0.010, indicating a positive correlation with the spatial distribution of water engineering facilities.The study achieves the integration of the heritage of water engineering facilities along the canal from point to line, provides data support for the construction of the cultural heritage corridor of the canal, and facilitates the promotion of heritage protection and rational layout, which is of great significance to the understanding of the canal culture.

Influence of brassinosteroid and silicon on growth, antioxidant enzymes, and metal uptake of leafy vegetables under wastewater irrigation

Vegetable cultivation under sewage irrigation is a common practice mostly in developing countries due to a lack of freshwater. Long-term usage provokes heavy metals accumulation in soil and ultimately hinders the growth and physiology of crop plants and deteriorates the quality of food. A study was performed to investigate the role of brassinosteroid (BRs) and silicon (Si) on lettuce, spinach, and cabbage under lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contaminated sewage water. The experiment comprises three treatments (control, BRs, and Si) applied under a completely randomized design (CRD) in a growth chamber. BRs and Si application resulted in the highest increase of growth, physiology, and antioxidant enzyme activities when applied under canal water followed by distilled water and sewage water. However, BRs and Si increased the above-determined attributes under the sewage water by reducing the Pb and Cd uptake as compared to the control. It’s concluded that sewerage water adversely affected the growth and development of vegetables by increasing Pb and Cd, and foliar spray of Si and BRs could have great potential to mitigate the adverse effects of heavy metals and improve the growth. The long-term alleviating effect of BRs and Si will be evaluated in the field conditions at different ecological zones.

Evaluation of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn Concentrations in Water, Soil, and Fruit Samples in Sargodha District, Pakistan

This study aimed to assess the concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in the edible parts of grapefruit and kinnow fruit irrigated with sewage water (SW), tube-well water (TW), and canal water (CW). Preparation of the samples used in the study for metal analysis was carried out via the wet acid digestion method. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used for metal determination. According to the results, Cu concentration ranged from 0.152 to 0.754 mg/L in water, 5.254 to 41.659 mg/kg in soil, and 0.128 to 0.864 mg/kg in fruit samples. Zn concentration varied from 0.574 to 2.723 mg/L in water, 17.812 to 112.954 mg/kg in soil, and 2.658 to 42.642 mg/kg in fruit samples. Fe concentration ranged from 0.254 to 1.245 mg/L in water, 10.635 to 48.638 mg/kg in soil, and 1.062 to 7.584 mg/kg in fruit samples. Mn concentration ranged from 0.154 to 0.638 mg/L in water, 51.283 to 183.865 mg/kg in soil, and 0.136 to 1.464 mg/kg in fruit samples. The Pollution Load Index (PLI) indicated that Cu and Mn exceeded a PLI value of one, and Zn had a PLI &gt; 1 only in sewage water-irrigated sites. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Enrichment Factor (EF), Daily Intake of Metal (DIM), and Health Risk Index (HRI) values for all metals were within permissible limits, indicating no immediate health risks associated with consuming these fruits.

Cloud System Structure Pre-Warning System and Method for Canal type Reservoir Tributary Bay Water Bloom

This research proposes a cloud system structure pre-warning system and method for canal type reservoir tributary bay water bloom. The system consists of five modules: monitoring cloud module, information cloud module, application supporting module, water bloom pre-warning module, and discussion decision-making module. The system achieves seamless linkage and operation control based on a cloud system structure, carrying out all-weather monitoring, cloud storage, and water bloom risk pre-warning. The water bloom pre-warning module consists of a risk analysis unit and a pre-warning and forecasting unit. The discussion decision-making module is used for achieving decision-making discussion and information sharing communication in a cloud environment. This study provides a new measure based on the cloud system structure for preventing and reducing water bloom events.

Development and evaluation of filter for canal water potability

Abstract A low-cost portable water filter having a capacity of 15 l for an average small family size was designed, developed, and fabricated for canal water potability. The volume and thickness of filter media were computed and found to be 4,544 cm3 and 5.6 cm, respectively. The provision for injection of sodium hypochlorite solution was made for the removal of bacterial contaminants and calibrated as 1.5 mL for 15 l of water to maintain the required level of residual chlorine content (2–5 ppm) which was supplied through the pumping unit. The adsorbed contaminants on the filter media could be removed by placing it in 3 l of boiled water for 2 min. The experiment was conducted to determine the settlement duration of suspended solids in canal water and found to be 8 h, thereafter allowing it for filtration. The performance of the developed filter was evaluated by analyzing water quality parameters of the canal water before and after filtration. The values of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), MPN, TDS, pH, and residual chlorine of filtered water were found to be within the permissible limit. The cost of the developed filter was estimated to be INR 1,300 which is economically viable, technically feasible, and easily portable.

Research on the Strategy of Promoting the Coordinated Development of Grand Canal Water Transport and Other Transport Modes, Taking Jiangsu as an Example

With the realization of the Grand Canal’s full water supply and the strong pursuit of green and low-carbon transportation in contemporary society, the value of Grand Canal water transport has been increasingly recognized, highlighting the importance of its coordinated development with other transportation modes. This paper analyzes and combs through the characteristics, development status, and existing problems of Grand Canal water transport and other transport modes in depth, taking Jiangsu as an example. A collaboration model of Grand Canal water transport and other transport modes was built, and their collaboration degree was calculated. It is believed that the coordinated development of Grand Canal water transport and other transport modes can be greatly promoted via four aspects: optimizing the construction and governance of Grand Canal water transport, building an integrated management platform of transport modes, improving the integrated transport network structure, and promoting the deep integration of integrated shipping and tourism.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in paddy soil around Nam Son landfill area, Ha Noi, Viet Nam

The paddy soils were collected in the rice growing fields and the uncultivated lands around the Nam Son domestic waste landfill in Hanoi. The average concentration of 16 US EPA priority PAHs in dry soil was 61.61 ng/g, with a range of 22.15-115.1 ng/g. The higher levels of PAHs in soil samples were observed in cultivated paddy fields near the landfill in comparison with the fields far from the landfill. On the other hand, there was no difference in PAHs levels in cultivated paddy fields near the landfill and along the irrigation water canal. Concentrations of 16 PAHs in paddy soils decreased in the order: 5 rings &gt; 3 rings &gt; 4 rings &gt; 2 rings &gt; 6 rings in this area. The PAH isomeric diagnostic ratios including Fluth/(Fluth+Pyr) ratio (Ave 0.43, a range of 0.17-0.61), BaA/(BaA+Chr) ratio (Ave 0.51, a range of 0.26-0.63), IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP) ratio (Ave 0.71, a range of 0.51-0.90) indicated that the potential main sources emitted PAHs in paddy soils from pyrogenic biomass combustion and coal burning. Compared with the risk threshold causing adverse impacts on the ecological environment from different countries in the world, concentrations of PAHs in the soil surrounding the Nam Son landfill area were still below the affected limit. However, environmental quality around the landfill area still needs to be regularly monitored to take timely measures to protect the environment in this area.

Solar Electricity Energy: Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources to Realize a Sustainable Campus at UIN Raden Fatah Palembang

Universities play an essential role in achieving Indonesia's 2060 carbon-neutral target. Emissions in the campus are mainly sourced from its electrical energy, transportation, and water use, along with other wastes. Electrical energy from solar is renewable energy, free from pollutants and noise pollution. This paper examines the sustainable energy performance of solar energy at the Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Fatah Palembang (UINRFP) and its development efforts. From August 2022 to March 2023, a solar power plant (SPP) operation with a capacity of 7.74 kWp has generated 6,281.5 kWh of electricity (28.55 kWh/day). Using a radiation factor of 0.8 and an equivalent sun hour of 4.61 (3-5 hours/day), the rooftop capacity of all buildings on Jakabaring Campus is 2,000 kWp, the potential of SPP electricity of UINRFP will exceed 39.3% compared to the 2022 electricity demand. If the capacity is, half the electricity generated from renewable energy meets 70% of the demand. Gradually UINRFP continues to develop its energy sources towards sustainable energy. The development of other research-scale renewable energy with hybrid solar energy and wind power for the aesthetic lighting function on the rectorate building has the potential to generate 290 kWh/year. In addition, micro-hydro energy sources from campus canals (water volume ±9,400 m3) and biomass are potential renewable energy sources at UINRFP for a sustainable campus in the future and contributing to reducing the impact of climate change.

Performance Testing and Analysis of Gravitational Water Vortex Turbine: A Modified Experimental Study on Blade Arc and Inclination Angle

Dams’ systems were constructed to create higher water levels as high as head for generating renewable power. However, the construction process has impacted environmental changes such as land dredging and displacement of population settlements. Therefore, using a micro hydro power plant is the one of the solutions because this power plant is environmentally friendly and could help to facilitate the balance of the environmental ecosystem. This study aims to investigate the performance of a Gravitational Water Vortex Turbine (GWVT) with the blade arc and inclination angles. A Gravitational Water Vortex Turbine (GWVT) is a form of micro hydro turbine that does not require a large dam for its use, as well as a simple design model that can reduce maintenance and installation costs. This study conducted a laboratory-scale experimental study on GWVT turbines using a low-speed water canal and considered the varied shape and angle of inclination of the turbine blade profile. A conical basin and three different discharge variations were considered in this study. The discharge variations are 7.5×10-3 m3/s, 8.5×10-3 m3/s, and 9.5×10-3 m3/s. This study designed and tested a prototype L-type runner with three inclination angles: 60°, 70°, and 80°. Based on the data, the runner with 60° blade inclination with 90° blade arc angle produced the highest turbine efficiency, followed by 75° and 105° blade arc angles.

Optimizing Sugarcane Growth, Yield, and Quality in Different Ecological Zones and Irrigation Sources Amidst Environmental Stressors.

The imbalanced use of fertilizers and irrigation water, particularly supplied from groundwater, has adversely affected crop yield and harvest quality in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). In this experiment, we evaluated the impact of potassium (K) and micronutrients [viz. Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), and Boron (B)] application and irrigation water from two sources, viz. canal, and tube well water on sugarcane growth, yield, and cane quality under field trails. Water samples from Mardan (canal water) and Rahim Yar Khan (tube well water) were analyzed for chemical and nutritional attributes. The results revealed that tube well water's electrical conductivity (EC) was three-fold that of canal water. Based on the EC and total dissolved salts (TDS), 83.33% of the samples were suitable for irrigation, while the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) indicated only a 4.76% fit and a 35.71% marginal fit compared with canal water. Furthermore, the application of K along with B, Fe, and Zn had led to a significant increase in cane height (12.8%, 9.8%, and 10.6%), cane girth (15.8%, 15.6%, and 11.6%), cane yield (13.7%, 12.3%, and 11.5%), brix contents (14%, 12.2%, and 13%), polarity (15.4%, 1.4%, and 14%), and sugar recovery (7.3%, 5.9%, and 6%) in the tube well irrigation system. For the canal water system, B, Fe, and Zn increased cane height by 15.3%, 13.42%, and 11.6%, cane girth by 13.9%, 9.9%, and 6.5%, cane yield by 42.9%, 43.5%, and 42%, brix content by 10.9%, 7.7%, and 8%, polarity by 33.4%, 28%, and 30%, and sugar recovery by 4.0%, 3.9%, and 2.0%, respectively, compared with sole NPK application. In conclusion, the utilization of tube well water in combination with canal water has shown better results in terms of yield and quality compared with the sole application of canal water. In addition, the combined application of K and B significantly improved sugarcane yields compared with Zn and Fe, even with marginally suitable irrigation water.

Holocene landscape reconstruction in the surroundings of the Temple of Pepi I at ancient Bubastis, southeastern Nile Delta (Egypt)

AbstractIn ancient Egypt, lakes, canals, and other water bodies were an essential part of the sacred landscape in which temples were embedded. In recent years, geoarchaeological research at the site of the Temple of Bastet at Bubastis in the southeastern Nile Delta has proven the existence of two water canals surrounding the temple. It has now been investigated whether these canals were connected to the Temple of Pepi I (2300–2250 B.C.E.), located approximately 100 m to the west of the Temple of Bastet. To explore the Holocene landscape genesis of the Temple of Pepi I, 15 drillings and six geoelectrical profile lines were performed in the surroundings of the temple in spring 2022. The results show loamy to clayey sediments in deeper sections of all drillings with a maximum thickness of 1.70 m, indicating a marshy or swampy depositional environment. Based on the recovered sediment sequences and archaeological remains in the vicinity of the Temple of Pepi I, the marshy or swampy area existed before the Fourth Dynasty. During the Old Kingdom (ca. 2850–2180 B.C.E.), the former marshland either dried up through natural processes or was intentionally drained and filled with sediments for subsequent use for occupation. Regarding the original research question, there is as yet no evidence for a direct connection to the canals of the Temple of Bastet.

A Double-layered Paper-based Analytical Device for Determination of Iron in Water Samples based on Standard Addition Method

A simple method for the determination of iron involved a novel paper-based analytical device (PAD) was developed. The PAD was composed of two layers. Each layer contained a circular hydrophilic reservoir (10 mm Ø) that was situated in a rectangular filter paper (25 Î 25 mm2). The hydrophobic area was created by painting the paper with a “waterproof” glue. The top and the bottom layers were assigned as “the filtration” and “the detection” platforms, respectively. The procedure was started by pipetting an aliquot of bathophenanthroline (Bphen) onto the hydrophilic zone of the bottom layer followed by spiking of standard solutions (0.1-0.5 mgL-1 Fe2+). The red complex was developed. Then, the top and the bottom layers were assembled by two-sided mounting tape. Later, a water sample was dropped onto the top layer, which removed (filtered) any suspended particles in the water sample. When the filtrate was exposed to the bottom layer, a further colored product formed. The bottom layer was removed and placed in a light-controlled box, and the optical image of the product was captured using a smartphone. Its intensity was evaluated through ImageJTM. Linear standard addition plots were obtained (r2 &gt; 0.99). The PAD provided high precision (RSD &lt; 6%) with good recovery (92.6-102%). It was applied to the analysis of drinking, tap, canal and river water samples without any prior filtration. The iron amounts were compared to the results obtained by the spectrophotometric method, and there was not significantly difference at 95% confidence (Paired-t test, n = 5 samples, tstat = 2.68, tcri = 2.78).

Consequences of the Kakhovka Reservoir destruction for irrigation and water supply of the southern part of Ukraine

The Kakhovka reservoir construction on the Dnipro River solved some issues: navigation, water supply and irrigation on the southern part of Ukraine and Crimea, electricity generation, flood control. Environmental problems, the historical layer destruction and social effect of the populated areas flooding were not taken into account. Water is taken from the Kakhovka Reservoir by the North-Crimean Canal, by the Kakhovka Irrigation Canal, and by the North Rogachyn, Upper-Tarasivka, and Nikopol irrigation systems. The total irrigated area of the more than 1.0 million ha was supplied from the Kakhovka Reservoir in the south of Ukraine including the Crimea. The Kakhovka Reservoir is the source of drinking water supply for the large cities of Nikopol, Marganets, Pokrov, Kryvyi Rih, Energodar, as well as the number of rural settlements in the Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions and Crimea. The Kakhovka irrigation system is the largest automated irrigation system in Europe. The Kakhovka canal is the of water supply source for the Syirogozy, Chaplinka, and Pryazov irrigation systems. The canal provides centralized water supply of the Ivanivka group water supply system (20 rural settlements of the Kherson region with the total population of 26.8 thousand people), the Western group water supply system (water supply of the 492 thousand residents of Yakymivka, Melitopol, Pryazovske and Berdiansk districts, Kyrylivka and Pryazovske settlements, Berdiansk city, Prymorsk). The North Crimean Canal supplies water for the irrigation area of approximately 400,000 ha and to the water supply systems of Simferopol, Sevastopol, Yalta, Feodosia, Kerch and other Crimean settlements. The 7 reservoirs were built to regulate water storage in Crimea. The North Rohachyn irrigation system supplies water to 81,800 ha of agricultural fields. The Dnipro–Kryvyi Rih Canal is designed to provide water to the Kryvyi Rih industrial district and to water 14,700 ha of the Nikopol irrigation system. Nearby is the water intake of the Sofiivka group water supply system, which supplies water to 34 settlements in the Apostolove, Nikopol and Sofiivka districts. The consequences of the Kakhovka Reservoir destruction for water supply and irrigation in the south of Ukraine are significant: the decrease of irrigated land, agriculture damage; decline of river ports; water supply restrictions for industrial enterprises and population of southern Ukraine and Crimea; limitation of the electricity loads; the new decision for cooling system of the ZNPP; ecological changes in the Dnipro delta, salinization of the Dnipro-Bug estuary. Kakhovka Reservoir restoration is necessary condition for the development of southern Ukraine, which will require significant financial and human resources.

The Effects of Irrigation with Diverse Wastewater Sources on Heavy Metal Accumulation in Kinnow and Grapefruit Samples and Health Risks from Consumption

This study aimed to assess the concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cd, and Ni in the edible parts of grapefruit and kinnow fruit irrigated with sewage water, tube-well water, and canal water. Preparation of the samples used in the study for metal analysis was carried out by the wet acid digestion method. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used for metal determination. All of the studied metals were more abundant in water, soil, and fruit samples from sites irrigated with sewage water than from those irrigated with tube-well and canal water. The concentrations of Pb were established in the range of 0.047 to 0.175 mg/L in water, 12.652 to 47.863 mg/kg in soil, and 0.023 to 0.124 mg/kg in fruit samples of both varieties. The range of Cr varied from 0.107 to 0.741 mg/L in water, from 1.121 to 5.835 mg/kg in soil, and from 0.054 to 0.784 mg/kg in fruit samples of both varieties. The range of Cd varied from 0.004 to 0.028 mg/L in water, from 1.258 to 4.246 mg/kg in soil, and from 0.012 to 0.131 mg/kg in fruit samples of both varieties. The range of Ni varied from 0.384 to 1.815 mg/L in water, from 5.367 to 18.658 mg/kg in soil, and from 0.028 to 1.475 mg/kg in fruit samples of both varieties. The pollution load index indicated that Pb exceeded a value of 1, while Cd and Ni exceeded 1 only in sewage-water-irrigated sites. The bioconcentration factor, enrichment factor, daily intake of metal, and health risk index values for all metals were below 1, within permissible limits, indicating no immediate health risks associated with consuming these fruits.