Aquarium Water Research Articles

Evaluation of the Physical and Chemical Properties of a Number of Aquarium Waters in Kirkuk Governorate and Determination of Bacterial Content of Pond Water

This study aimed to evaluate the fish ponds in the outskirts of Kirkuk, starting from the Hawija district, Daqouq, Lylan, Yayji and Taza, and the tests were conducted in the Department of Environment and Agriculture and included water samples of carb fish ponds. The physical, chemical and biological traits were measured for January 2024. The temperature recorded the highest value of 40 m in September in the first station. The highest value of electrical delivery was recorded in the September at the fifth station, as it amounted to 3.227 microscopes/cm and the lowest value of 0.477 microscopes/cm per month in the fourth station, and the results showed the high values of electrical conductivity at the fifth station in all study months. As for the values of the total soluble solid materials at the five study stations, the highest value of 1860 mg/l in November was recorded in the fourth station and the lowest value in the same station was recorded in August, the results showed the high values of the total solid materials in the fifth station in all months of the study. As for the values of Akkara, it ranged between 111-0.833 mg/l, and the highest value of 111 mg/l was recorded in the month of August in the fourth station and the lowest value of 0.833 mg/l in November in the first station, and it was noted through the table the high values The second in all months of the study, and the values of the pH in fish ponds ranged between 6.4-7.4, meaning that the water in the fish ponds tends to be a little alkaline, as the fifth station in the month of August was registered with the highest values of hydrogen, 7.4, and the value was recorded at the second station 6.4.

Methodological assessment for efficient collection of Schistosoma mansoni environmental DNA and improved schistosomiasis surveillance in tropical wetlands

Schistosomiasis, caused by trematodes of genus Schistosoma, is among the most seriously neglected tropical diseases. Although rapid surveillance of risk areas for Schistosoma transmission is vital to control schistosomiasis, the habitat and infection status of this parasite are difficult to assess. Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis, involving the detection of extra-organismal DNA in water samples, facilitates cost-efficient and sensitive biomonitoring of aquatic environments and is a promising tool to identify Schistosoma habitat and infection risk areas. However, in tropical wetlands, highly turbid water causes filter clogging, thereby decreasing the filtration volume and increasing the risk of false negatives. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to conduct laboratory experiments and field surveys in Lake Victoria, Mbita, to determine the appropriate filter pore size for S. mansoni eDNA collection in terms of particle size and filtration volume. In the laboratory experiment, aquarium water was sequentially filtered using different pore size filters. Targeting >3 µm size fraction was found to be sufficient to capture S. mansoni eDNA particles, regardless of their life cycle stage (egg, miracidia, and cercaria). In the field surveys, GF/D (2.7 µm nominal pore size) filter yielded 2.5-times the filtration volume obtained with a smaller pore size filter and pre-filtration methods under the same time constraints. Moreover, a site-occupancy model was applied to the field detection results to estimate S. mansoni eDNA occurrence and detection probabilities and assess the number of water samples and PCR replicates necessary for efficient eDNA detection. Overall, this study reveals an effective method for S. mansoni eDNA detection in turbid water, facilitating the rapid and sensitive monitoring of its distribution and cost-effective identification of schistosomiasis transmission risk areas.

Evaluation of an Automated Ultrafiltration System for Concentrating a Range of Viruses from Saline Waters.

Pathogenic viruses in environmental water are usually present in levels too low for direct detection and thus, a concentration step is often required to increase the analytical sensitivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate an automated filtration device, the Innovaprep Concentrating Pipette Select (CP Select) for the rapid concentration of viruses in saline water samples, while considering duration of process and ease of use. Four bacteriophages (MS2, P22, Phi6, and PhiX174) and three animal viruses (adenovirus, coronavirus OC43, and canine distemper virus) were seeded in artificial seawater, aquarium water, and bay water samples, and processed using the CP Select. The recovery efficiencies of viruses were determined either using a plaque assay or droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Using plaque assays, the average recovery efficiencies for bacteriophages ranged from 4.84 ± 3.8% to 82.73 ± 27.3%, with highest recovery for P22 phage. The average recovery efficiencies for the CP Select were 39.31 ± 26.6% for adenovirus, 19.04 ± 11.6% for coronavirus OC43, and 19.84 ± 13.6% for canine distemper virus, as determined by ddPCR. Overall, viral genome composition, not the size of the virus, affected the recovery efficiencies for the CP Select. The small sample volume size used for the ultrafilter pipette of the system hinders the use of this method as a primary concentration step for viruses in marine waters. However, the ease of use and rapid processing time of the CP Select are especially beneficial when rapid detection of viruses in highly contaminated water, such as wastewater or sewage-polluted surface water, is needed.

Digital colorimetric detection of ammonium in water samples after microextraction procedure using deep eutectic solvent, based on DLLME method

In this study, we have presented a simple, cost-effective, and efficient method for quantifying ammonium ions based on digital colorimetry using a smartphone. Firstly, ammonium ions are converted into a yellow-colored derivative in an alkaline medium in the presence of acetylacetone and formaldehyde. Then, the colored compound is extracted using the dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique and its color intensity was measured using a smartphone as RGB Color Detector. For this purpose, a novel deep green eutectic solvent including tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) and 3-methyl-1-butanol (isoamyl alcohol) was employed, with a molar ratio of 1:6. The impact of key variables on the derivatization and microextraction processes, including solution pH, concentration of acetylacetone and formaldehyde, temperature, reaction time, and extraction solvent volume, was thoroughly investigated and optimized. In the optimized conditions, the method was found to be linear in the range of 0.15–5.00 µg mL−1 with a limit of detection of 0.05 µg mL−1 (S/N = 3). Moreover, the proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of ammonium ions in environmental water samples, fish pond, and aquarium water samples, with recoveries ranging from 94.7 to 106.7 %.

SISTEM CERDAS PENGURAS AIR AKUARIUM SECARA OTOMATIS BERBASIS INTERNET oF THINGS (IoT) MENGGUNAKAN ALGORITMA C4.5 pada PLATFORM BLYNK

In general, fishkeeping has been a widely cherished activity among communities since ancient times, owing to its ease of maintenance and care, which encourages many individuals to engage in it. However, due to busy schedules or unforeseen circumstances, checking the water conditions in aquariums often poses a challenge. Therefore, there is a need for a tool capable of automatically controlling and draining aquarium water based on IoT technology using the C4.5 algorithm on the Blynk platform. This system can drain water if the aquarium water becomes cloudy, raise the temperature if it drops below optimal levels, and limit water filling. The ESP8266 and ESP32-S modules are utilized to receive, process, and transmit data to the aquarium owner via Wi-Fi. Relays serve as electrical power distributors for supporting components such as water pumps, water heaters, and solenoid valves. Testing results indicate that the water condition control component effectively operates in line with the system's functions and objectives. The existence of this tool can assist fishkeepers in maintaining real-time aquarium water quality, detecting water pollution, and monitoring the health of fish within the aquarium.

Development of a quantitative colorimetric LAMP assay for fast and targeted molecular detection of the invasive lionfish Pterois miles from environmental DNA

The Mediterranean basin has faced an increased influx of invasive species since the Suez Canal expansion in 2015. The invasive lionfish species, Pterois miles, has rapidly established new populations in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, impacting local fish biodiversity. Here, we have developed a new, fast (< 35 min) molecular approach to detect and quantify P. miles environmental DNA (eDNA) in combination with a portable device for field-based analysis. Using a species-specific real-time colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (qcLAMP) for the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene, we demonstrate a high sensitivity with a limit of detection of 0.002 ng DNA per reaction, equivalent to only 50 copies of the COI gene. The assay is specific to the target in the presence of closely related and co-occurring species, and it is quantitative over five orders of magnitude. We validated the assay using aquarium water samples and further demonstrated its utility on natural eDNA samples collected from locations around the island of Crete where P. miles had been sighted. P. miles was indeed detected in three out of nine locations, two nature reserves and a closed bay. Lack of detection in the remaining locations suggests that populations are still at a low density. We also demonstrate the feasibility of P. miles eDNA qualitative detection directly from the filter used to collect eDNA-containing particles, completely omitting DNA extraction. Overall, we present a new approach for fast and targeted eDNA quantification. The developed LAMP assay together, with the quantitative real-time colorimetric detection approach, open new possibilities for monitoring invasive P. miles in the field.

Water PH Monitoring and Control System in Aquariums Based on Internet of Things

Indonesia is one of the countries that has the richest biodiversity in the world such as the diversity of fish species, so many people use them to keep at home as ornamental fish. However, keeping fish with various activities outside the house can result in uncontrolled fish feeding, when excessive feed is given it can affect the environment of the aquarium where the fish are kept, namely the pH value of the water. Based on this, a tool was created that can monitor the pH of aquarium water which is equipped with a control system. Taking advantage of technological advances in this era, monitoring can be done on smartphones via the WhatsApp application. The microcontroller used ESP 32, is equipped with a Wifi module for internet access, so that it can store cloud-based water pH value reading data on the twilio web. Control will be carried out with the aim of maintaining the pH value of the water in the aquarium, namely if the reading results of the pH value are not at a value of 6-8. When the pH value is too low, a liquid that can increase the pH value will be pumped into the aquarium. The same thing will be done when the pH value is high, liquid to lower the pH value will be pumped into the aquarium.

Caffeine exposure causes downregulation of the expression of genes related to osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

With the aim of evaluating the effects of caffeine on the expression of gene transcripts related to osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, during zebrafish embryonic development the embryos were divided into five groups: control (without caffeine), 0.25 mM caffeine, 0.5 mM caffeine, 1.0mM caffeine, and 2.0mM caffeine. Embryos were placed in cell culture plates with aquarium water at 280 C for 72 hours post-fertilization (hpf). Embryonic development was followed at times of six, 12 hpf, 24 hpf, 30 hpf, 48 hpf, 54 hpf, and 72 hpf. At 72 hpf, the expression of Sox9a, runx2b, osteocalcin, osteopontin, collagen 2a1, and bmp2a was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. The 0.25mM caffeine group showed embryonic development that was visually similar to the control group despite having a significantly lower relative expression of bmp2a, runx2b, and collagen 2a1. In the 0.5mM and 1mM caffeine groups, morphological alterations such as tail folding, pericardial edema, and yolk sac deformation were observed, and the relative expression levels of bmp2a, runx2b, and collagen 2a1 were significantly lower. In contrast, osteocalcin expression was significantly higher than in the control group. In the 2mM caffeine group, the embryos did not hatch until 72 hpf and showed tail docking and pericardial and yolk sac edema. The relative expression of bmp2a and runx2b was significantly lower, whereas that of osteocalcin, osteopontin, and collagen 2a1 did not differ from that of the control group. We conclude that caffeine altered the expression of gene transcripts related to osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in zebrafish embryos, even in embryos without visible morphological changes.

A Study on Fish Diseases in Freshwater Aquaculture at Siddipet (D) Telangana State, India

Similar to other animals, fish canal so suffer from various types of diseases. All fish carry pathogens and parasites. Usually this is at some cost to the fish, If the cost is sufficiently high, then the impact can be characterized as a disease. However, disease in fish is not understood well. What is known about fish disease after relates to aquaria fish and more recently to farmed fish. Fish can limit the impact of pathogen and parasites with behavioral or biochemical means and such fish have reproductive advantages. Interacting factors result in low grade infect ion becoming fatal diseases. In particular things that cause dress such as natural drought or pollution or predators can precipitate outbreak of disease. Fish are exposed from different environment pollutants including drugs and chemicals. The fish can also be infected or damaged by different pathogens micro-organisms or parasites The most common fish disease particularly in fresh water aquarium, include columnaris, gill disease, ick, dropsy ,tail and fin-rot fungal infections, white spot disease etc.

Fish acute toxicity of nine nanomaterials: Need of pre-tests to ensure comparability and reuse of data

Fish acute toxicity tests are commonly used in aquatic environmental risk assessments, being required in different international substances regulations. A general trend in the toxicity testing of nanomaterials (NMs) has been to use standardized aquatic toxicity tests. However, as these tests were primarily developed for soluble chemical, issues regarding particle dissolution, agglomeration or sedimentation during the time of exposure are not considered when reporting the toxicity of NMs. The aim of this study was to characterize the NM behaviour throughout the fish acute test and to provide criteria to assay the toxicity of nine NMs based on TiO2, ZnO, SiO2, BaSO4, bentonite, and carbon nanotubes, on rainbow trout following OECD Test Guideline (TG) nº203. Our results showed the importance of conducting a preliminary test (without fish) when working with NMs. They provide valuable information on, sample monitoring, agglomeration, sedimentation, dissolution, actual concentrations of NMs, needed to design the test. Among the NMs tested, only bentonite nanoparticles were stable during the 96-h pre-test and test in aquarium water. In contrast, the remaining NMs exhibited considerable loss and sedimentation within the first 24 h. The high sedimentation observed for almost all NMs highlights the need of consistently measuring the concentrations throughout the entire duration of the fish acute toxicity test to make reliable concentration-response relationships. Notable differences emerged in LC50 values when using actual concentrations as nominal concentrations overestimated concentrations by up to 85.6%. Among all NMs tested, only ZnO NMs were toxic to rainbow trout. A flow chart was specifically developed for OECD TG 203, aiding users in making informed decisions regarding the selection of test systems and necessary modifications to ensure accurate, reliable, and reusable toxicity data. Our findings might contribute to the harmonization of TG 203 improving result reproducibility and interpretability and supporting the development of read-across and QSAR models.

Effect of microplastic particles on the gills structure of freshwater fish supplemented with probiotics and vitamin C

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of commercial feed with probioticand vitamin C supplements in repairing damage to the gill structure of freshwater fish, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Tilapia in this study were divided into control group (commercial feed), probiotic group (commercial feed with probiotic 200 mg/kg of feed), and vitamin C group (commercial feed with vitamin C 100 mg/kg of feed). Each group was givenmicroplastic particles exposure treatment in aqueous media (0, 0.1, 1, 10 mg/L volume of aquarium water) which was carried out twice a day for 14 days. The results showed that the administration of vitamin C as fish feed supplement reduced the damage that occurred in the tilapia gills in the form of edema (22 ± 3.57%), necrosis (33 ± 4.07%), hyperplasia (38 ± 5.91%), epithelial lifting (28 ± 3.43%), and fusion (17 ± 3.49%) of the secondary lamellae. Meanwhile, the administration of probiotics only reduced the histopathological conditions of necrosis (34 ± 4.57%) and fusion (18 ± 3.07%) of secondary lamellae. From all treatments, it was shown that feeding with vitamin C was the most effective in improving the histopathological condition that occurred in the histological structure of tilapia gills.

IoT Based Smart Betta Fish Monitoring system with fish fatality prediction.

This study enlightens the importance of rearing water quality to Betta fish health. A water quality monitoring system was developed based on water quality parameters namely water pH, temperature (°C) and TDS level (ppm). Fuzzy Logic Algorithm was applied to predict the possibility of the fish to get infected by the disease using combination of the water quality parameters value. Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed to test the efficiency of the fish disease prediction system using fuzzy logic algorithm before the fuzzy rule been embedded to the IOT system. Arduino Uno Wi-Fi R2.0 and Blynk Apps used for enabling the system to update the aquarium water quality to owner in real-time. Hydroponic technology implemented in this project for recirculate rearing water inside the fish tank. Theoretically, the aquaponic system will help regulate the water tank parameters in optimum range and Betta Splendens should be free from all diseases.

Synthesis of calix [4]arene-based nanohybrids: An efficient route for the electrochemical detection of dCO2 and its sustainable transformation for the production of formic acid, a industrially valuable chemical

CO2 exposure has damaging effects on human health and environment; therefore, its detection and sustainable capture and conversion has applications for both industrial and domestic use. Electrochemical method is a simple and reliable technique for selective quantification of dCO2 and gCO2. Herein, we have developed electrochemical method for determination of dissolved CO2 (dCO2) employing calix [4]Arene-based nanohybrids using NaHCO3 as the carbon source exhibiting limit of detection (LOD) of 0.006 μM (1.5 × 10−6 hPa CO2). The nanohybrids were produced by reducing Ag(I) on the surface of organic nanoparticles developed from calix [4]arene molecule. The calix [4]arene based dipodal receptor was synthesized using a Schiff base condensation reaction and organic nanoparticles were prepared by reprecipitation method. To reduce the carbon footprint, we have attempted to convert dCO2 into formic acid (yield >97%) electrochemically employing AgNPs nanohybrids as an efficient catalyst in slightly acidic medium and the conversion was characterized using NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. The proposed method is highly efficient, simple and sustainable method to reduce CO2 into formic acid and the practical utility of the proposed methodology was validated on bottled beverages (carbonated drinks), aquarium water, algae containing water, distilled water and fresh river water.

Controlling the pH and Temperature of Aquarium Water for Discus Fish Farming Based on ATMega328 Microcontroller with Internet of Things (IoT) System

Controlling the pH and Temperature of Aquarium Water for Discus Fish Farming Based on ATMega328 Microcontroller with Internet of Things (IoT) System

A Parasitological Examination on Aquarium Fish Sold in Petshops in Kırıkkale.

The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of parasitic infections in aquarium fish sold in local pet shops. Totally 502 fish samples from 8 species were obtained from 7 pet shops. Native preparations were prepared from the gills, fins, skin, intestines, and internal organs of fish and examined under a light microscope. It was detected at the end of the study that 62.7% of the fishes examined were infected with one or more parasite species. Among the fish examined, 28.9% were infected with a single parasite, whereas 33.9% were infected with mixed parasites. Chilodonella sp. identified as the most common species. Other species detected included Trichodina sp., Piscinoodinium sp., Ichthyobodo sp., Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Apiosoma sp., Epistylis sp., Vorticella sp., Gyrodactylus sp., Dactylogyrus sp., Capillaria sp., Camallanus sp., metacercariae, and nematode larvae, Argulus sp., Philodina sp., Euchlanis sp., Aelosoma sp., and Tetrahymena. The importance of the present study is that highest number of parasite species were detected in aquarium fish sold in pet shops in Türkiye. The aquarium owners should pay attention to the cleanliness of the aquarium water in order to reduce the rate of parasitic infection in fish; when new fish are purchased, they should be taken from reliable sources, and the quarantine process should be observed.

Adding Sustainability in Analytical Chemistry Education through Monitoring Aquarium Water Quality

This paper introduces a captivating topic for upper-level analytical chemistry capstone projects, focusing on aquarium water analysis. This provides a more comprehensive understanding of the role of analytical chemistry towards sustainability and its environmental, economic, societal and education dimensions. Regarding the crucial role of maintaining optimal aquarium water quality for the welfare of aquatic life, students are tasked with envisioning and executing the measurement of key parameters, including pH, ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate contents. This hands-on experience not only engages students in real-world applications, but also allows them to delve into essential analytical chemistry principles. They carefully select measurement methods, considering factors such as instrument availability, ease of use, precision and sensitivity requirements, sample size, and matrix effects. Besides fostering the acquisition of technical and soft skills, one notable aspect of this type of project is the exceptionally high student satisfaction. Furthermore, the project’s outcomes have proven to be significant predictors of learning achievements. Additionally, it lays the foundation for exploring potential designs of aquaponics systems and fosters interdisciplinary projects, expanding the practical applications in the field of chemistry education. Overall, these projects exemplify enriching and engaging educational experiences that empower students with valuable skills and knowledge while encouraging them to explore novel avenues in analytical chemistry.

Study of the effects of kisspeptin analogs on the behavior of<i> Danio rerio</I>

BACKGROUND: This study aims to analyze the behavioral effects of mammalian Kiss1 kisspeptin analogs, Clone (USA): KS4, KS5, KS6, KS7, KS8, KS9, and Kiss10, on Danio rerio (zebrafish). The peptides have structural variations in the final four amino acids.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Kisspeptins were dissolved in aquarium water and administered in two doses: 1) 0.01 mg per 1000 ml of water, and 2) 0.1 mg per 1000 ml of water. Phenazepam, an anxiolytic, was also dissolved in water and used in three doses: 1) 0.1 mg per 1000 ml, 2) 0.5 mg per 1000 ml, and 3) 1 mg per 1000 ml. The study compared kisspeptines with anxiolytics using phenazepam as an example in the novelty test. The fishs response to novelty in the viewing tank was assessed, including diving to the bottom, increased freezing, and decreased movement in the upper half of the tank. Fish residence time in the lower part of the tank after phenazepam administration decreased, especially at a dose of 0.5 and 1 mg/l.
 RESULTS: Kisspeptin analogues decreased the indices characterizing the anxious state of the fish. Against the background of Kiss1 kisspeptin analogues, the average fish path length differed significantly in contrast to the effects of phenazepam. KS4 at a dose of 0.1 mg/l showed a 1.4-fold decrease in the number of freezing, in the freezing time, in the trajectory length and 1.5-fold increase in the number of transitions to the upper part of the tank. The dose of 0.01 mg/l decreased the number of freezing, freezing time, and trajectory length by 1,5-3 times. KS5 at a dose of 0.1 mg/l decreased the number of freezing, the freezing time, the trajectory length and the number of transitions to the upper part of the tank by 1.21.6 times. The dose of 0.01 mg/l decreased the number of freezing, freezing time, trajectory length by 2.83 times. KS6 at a dose of 0.1 mg/l decreased the number of freezing, the freezing time, and the trajectory length by 22.5 times. The number of transitions to the upper part of the aquarium increased 2.5 times. The dose of 0.01 mg/ml decreased the number of freezing, freezing time, and trajectory length by 1.72.2 times. KS7 at a dose of 0.1 mg/l decreased the number of freezing, freezing time, and trajectory length by 1.32 times. The number of movements to the top of the aquarium increased 1.6-fold. The dose of 0.01 mg/l decreased the number of freezing, freezing time, trajectory length by 1.6 times. KS8 at a dose of 0.1 mg/l decreased the number of freezing, the freezing time, and the trajectory length by 1.6 times. The dose of 0.01 mg/l decreased the number of freezing, the freezing time, and the trajectory length by 1.82.3 times. KS9 at a dose of 0.1 mg/l decreased the number of freezing, the freezing time, and the trajectory length by 1.22 times. The dose of 0.01 mg/l reduced the number of freezing, the freezing time, and the trajectory length by 1.6 times. In Kiss10 at a dose of 0.1 mg/l, there was a 1.41.6-fold decrease in the number of freezing, in freezing time, and in trajectory length. There was a 2.7-fold increase in the transitions to the upper part of the aquarium. The dose of 0.01 mg/l decreased the number of freezing, freezing time, and trajectory length by 1.31.7 times. We observed a 1.3-fold increase in the number of trajectories. Summarizing the obtained indicators, we came to the conclusion that kisspeptin analogues were not inferior in their effect to the effects obtained after taking the tranquilizer phenazepam. Among mammalian kisspeptin analogues, KS6 at a dose of 0.1 mg/L showed the best performance.
 CONCLUSIONS: The study concludes that mammalian Kiss1 kisspeptin analogs and Kiss10 reduce anxiety-phobic reactions to novelty in Danio rerio. The effects of the studied kisspeptin analogs are lower than those of phenazepam. Kisspeptin is involved not only in the modulation of serotonin-dependent behavior in Danio rerio but also in the GABA-ergic system, resembling benzodiazepine-type tranquilizers. The results support the hypothesis that kisspeptin may be involved in the regulation of anxiety-phobic states, likely playing a role in maintaining the emotional aspects of reproductive behavior, such as sexual motivation and arousal.

Modeling of Zebrafish Housing Temperatures During Power Outage and Instrument Failure.

Power outages can happen anywhere and anytime for various reasons. This threat affects also scientific work of biologists. Especially problematic area is aquatic animal husbandry, where life support of the animals is dependent on continuous electricity supply and years of scientific work may depend on the well-being of these animal stocks. Therefore, tools to estimate and control these risks are needed. In this study, I have used modeling to estimate aquarium water temperature changes during power outages and constructed simplified models for zebrafish aquaria. A calculation worksheet is also provided to help to model kinetics of water temperature changes in zebrafish facilities.

Automatic Water Quality and Fish Feed Monitoring System in Aquarium Using LORA

Keeping ornamental fish, especially guppies, is a type of ornamental fish that is widely kept because it has a very beautiful color pattern. The growth of guppies is influenced by environmental factors, including water temperature, water pH, and water turbidity. Fish feed is also a very important factor in the survival of fish. In general, the ideal temperature that can make guppies develop well between the range of 23-27 °C, the pH of the water is in the range of 6-8 pH. and the turbidity of guppy water requires a water turbidity level of 0-25 NTU.
 The purpose of this study is to design and create a water quality monitoring system in guupies using LoRa and automatic feeding according to realtime. The hardware used is Arduino Uno as a microcontroller, LoRa SX1278 as long-distance communication, Turbidity Sensor, DS18B20 temperature sensor, water pH sensor as LCD 16x4, RTC, Relay, Water pump. The system created can monitor the water temperature, water turbidity level, and Ph of aquarium water automatically. Testing is carried out by detecting the quality of aquarium water with all sensors simultaneously to determine the condition of the water which will later be monitored using LoRa. The test results determine if the water state is cloudy with a range of >2000 NTU, the water pump will automatically turn on until the water state reaches the range of <2000 NTU.

The Effect of Rhus coriaria on the Microorganisms Present in the Gut, Gills and Aquarium Environment of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The study was conducted for the purpose of estimating three types of bacteria, Salmonella enterica, E.Coli, and Lactobacillus’s (lactic acid bacteria) in the fish laboratory of the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul. In order to find out the extent of contamination of the fish environment with microorganisms and the exposure of fish to them, bacterial samples were taken from three sites, which are the aquarium water, the gills and the intestines, and they were cultivated in the culture media designated for them. Results There were significant differences at the probability level (P ≥ 0.05), as a decrease in the number of colonies of the three types of bacteria was observed in the treatments that contained different percentages of sumac compared to the control.