Water Hygiene Research Articles

Quality of Water Sources, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Households with Stunted Children in Rural and Urban Areas in West Java

Background: The quality of water sources, sanitation, and hygiene have long been associated with the incidence of stunting in a household. Various studies show that this is also influenced by differences in access to water, sanitation, and hygiene in rural and urban areas. Objectives: This study aims to determine the condition of the quality of water sources, sanitation, and hygiene in household with stunted children under five in rural and urban areas. Methods: The study was conducted in June 2022 using cross-sectional method to 96 household with stunted children under five that were selected by systematic random sampling in Cianjur District and Sukabumi City. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive analysis and bivariate analysis were conducted to determine the distribution of use of water sources, sanitation facilities, and hygiene practices in household with stunted children under five based on the categories of improved sanitation facilities and drinking-water sources by World Health Organization and its differences in rural and urban areas. Results: The sources of drinking and cooking water used by the household with stunted children under five have been entirely improved sources. Most of the households in both areas had defecation facilities used only by household members. There were significant differences in the type of fecal waste disposal in household with stunted children under five in rural and urban areas. Majority of households in rural area (70.0%) already used septic tank for fecal waste disposal while majority of households in urban area (65.2%) disposed their fecal waste to river/lake/sea. Mothers’ handwashing practice at critical time were all above 80%, but only 33.6% of the households had separate handwashing facility and only 50.0% of them provide soap for handwashing. Conclusions: Based on the results, it is known that household with stunted children in rural and urban areas have used proper drinking water sources and have good hygiene practices. However, fecal disposal facilities in urban areas with high prevalence of stunting need to be improved as an effort to reduce stunting prevalence.

Development of Health Care Facilities in Rural Areas of District Bagh, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir: A study of the application of the WASH-FIT tool

Background: In order to maintain health of the communities; water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices are important as they help prevent new infections from occurring. Water supply and hygiene are unsatisfactory in Pakistan's Primary Healthcare Centers. Interventions must be introduced to improve the conditions in water, sanitation, healthcare waste, and hand hygiene. Objective: To assess the outcomes of the WASH-FIT process at randomly selected Rural Health Centres in district Bagh, Azad Kashmir. Methodology: Three Rural Health Centers in District Bagh, Azad Jammu, and Kashmir including; Malot, Rehra, and RHC Birpani, with a sample size of 32, were examined in this quasi-experimental study, from March to May 2020. The WASH practices of the aforementioned RHCs were assessed using WASH-FIT. Shortcomings were identified initially, and later an assessment was done after the intervention had been implemented. The intervention measures included a range of actions including; the use of chlorine tablets, giving water coolers, hand rubs, dustbins with lids, maintenance of the hospital register, use of gloves, masks along with health education sessions. SPSS version 24 was used for the analysis. Results: Without intervention, in these RHCs only 0 to 50% of the WHO criteria for water, sanitation, healthcare waste, and of hand hygiene. Water, sanitation, healthcare waste, and hand hygiene outcome were significantly raised by 25-100% (p value<0.05) following intervention in certain indicators. Hence with the intervention introduced, the performance of all the indicators was improved to up to 100%. Conclusion: WASH-FIT tool has significantly improved the healthcare facilities in terms of water, sanitation, hygiene, and hospital waste in selected RHCs in this study, which plays a critical role in the prevention of infections.

Waterborne diseases and ethnic-related disparities: A 10 years nationwide mortality and burden of disease analysis from Ecuador.

Despite worldwide progress in terms of clean water supply, sanitation, and hygiene knowledge, some middle and most of low-income countries are still experiencing many diseases transmitted using unsafe water and the lack of sanitation. To understand the impact of all waterborne diseases (WBD) registered in Ecuador. We performed a population-based analysis of all cases and deaths due to WBD in Ecuador based on the national public databases of hospital discharges as a proxy of incidence, in-hospital mortality, and countrywide general mortality rates from 2011 to 2020. In Ecuador, mestizos (mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry) had the greatest morbidity rate (141/100,000), followed by indigenous (63/100,000) and self-determined white patients (21/100,000). However, in terms of mortality, indigenous population have the greatest risk and rates, having a 790% additional mortality rate (2.6/100,000) than the reference group (self-determined white populations) at 0.29/100,000. The burden of disease analysis demonstrated that indigenous had the highest burden of disease caused by WBD with 964 YLL per every 100,000 people while mestizos have 360 YYL per 100,000 and self-determined white Ecuadorians have 109 YYL per 100,000. In Ecuador, waterborne diseases (WBD) are still a major public health problem. We found that indigenous population had higher probability of getting sick and die due to WBD than the rest of the ethnic groups in Ecuador. We also found that younger children and the elderly are more likely to be admitted to the hospital due to a WBD. These epidemiological trends are probably associated with the lower life expectancy found among Indigenous than among the rest of the ethnic groups, who die at least, 39 years earlier than the self-determined white populations, 28 years earlier than Afro-Ecuadorians and 12 years earlier than the mestizos.

STATUS MUTU AIR SUMUR GALI DAN PENGENDALIANNYA DI PEMUKIMAN PIR2 ARSO KABUPATEN KEEROM

Utilizing hygienic and sanitary water is absolutely necessary to avoid unwanted negative impacts. This research was conducted in PIR 2, Arso, Keerom Regency from August to October 2022. This research aims to determine the quality status of dug well water by using the pollution index method with 18 (eighteen) water pollution parameters namely: physical parameters (turbidity, color, TDS, temperature, taste and smell), chemical parameters (pH, iron, fluoride, hardness, manganese, nitrate, nitrite, cyanide, detergents and total pesticides) as well as biological parameters (total Coliform and Escherichia coli). The samples in this research were taken from four sample points (research stations), namely station 1 (line 1), station 2 (line 2), station 3 (line 3) and station 4 (line 4). The results showed that the water quality status of dug wells at stations 2 and 3 obtained a pollution index of 10.28 and 12.72 respectively and classified as heavily polluted, while at stations 1 and 4 the pollution index was 2.38 and 4.80 respectively and both stations were classified as lightly polluted. Water parameters that did not qualify water quality standards were turbidity, iron content and Escherichia coli. A suitable water management plan to fulfill the quality standard requirements was the well water must be filtered using zeolite media, sand, palm fiber and activated carbon (coconut shell charcoal) and added a little chlorine (chlorine) or alum to the reservoir before filtration.

LIFE ON THE STREETS IS HORRIBLE: OLDER RURAL-URBAN MIGRANTS COPE WITH HOMELESSNESS IN ETHIOPIA

Abstract The prevalence of homelessness among older adults in Ethiopia is growing. While prior studies examined the push factors and challenges of homeless elders, little is known about how older people in Sub Saharan Africa cope with homelessness. This study explored the coping strategies of homeless older people in Kobo Town, Ethiopia. Purposive sampling was used to identify 10 homeless older people and four key informants. Study participants were homeless for a year or longer. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data collected through in-depth interviews. To cope with the challenges faced on the street, homeless older people used various strategies including begging, holy water, drying leftover food, using river water for hygiene and sanitation, sleeping in church compounds, and creating their own social networks. Despite their efforts, the coping strategies used by elders were not sufficient. In the absence of family and government support, study participants relied heavily on begging to meet their survival needs. The findings call attention to the need for a national income support program and other supportive services for older adults. Homelessness is the product of a failing support system. Despite Ethiopia having a Plan of Action for Older Persons and Social Protection Policy for Vulnerable Groups, these policies have not been effectively implemented leaving older adults with no safety net. This study calls for the development of new policies to empower older people in Ethiopia and prevent them from turning to begging as their only recourse.

Molecular evaluation of Cryptosporidium spp. among breeding calves of Lorestan province Western Iran.

Cryptosporidium spp. are opportunistic intestinal protozoans with global distribution and are of great importance as zoonotic protozoans are common to humans and domestic animals, including cattle and calves. Identification and detection of parasite species using precise methods including molecular methods can be an effective step in treating and controlling parasites. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium among breeding calves of Khorramabad city, Lorestan province, Western Iran, using PCR. The faecal samples were taken from 181 healthy and diarrhoeal calves and after the Ziehl Neelsen Acid-fast staining and microscopic evaluation, the genomic DNA was extracted for molecular evaluations. To detect Cryptosporidium species, specific primers targeting the SAM-1 gene of Cryptosporidium and a commercial master mix were used for PCR. Out of 181 faecal samples of breeding calves in Khorramabad city, 9 samples (5%) were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. using the PCR method. Statistical analysis of the data showed that there was no significant statistical relationship between Cryptosporidium infection of the calves and variables of age, breed, type of water consumption, clinical signs of diarrhoea, and sampling location, while parasite infection had a significant relationship with calf gender so that all Cryptosporidium positive samples were from male calves (p ≤ 0.05). Considering the presence of Cryptosporidium infection, the region's traditional grazing system, and the close relationship between livestock and humans, there is a possibility of human infection in the region. So preventive measures such as periodic animal testing with sensitive and accurate diagnostic techniques including PCR, pharmacological treatment of livestock, water hygiene and the use of industrial grazing instead of traditional grazing to improve the hygiene of food consumed by livestock are recommended.

Positive Water Impact Validation: Study Case at Kubang Water Sources AQUA Operation Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia

Water stewardship is an effort to maintain the availability of water for humankind. AQUA water stewardship program “good water stewardship” that Danone has carried out is called “positive water impact.” PWI has various efforts to get a good impact on its water sources and environment. This program focuses on water stewardship to achieve quantity and quality as well as good water hygiene/sanitation and become the first initiative in Indonesia. Validation of these activities and their impact on Aqua’s Kubang groundwater resource recharge areas by PT AGM Mekarsari and PT AGM Babakanpari. Kubang water source is located on the southeast side of Mount Salak, Sukabumi, West Jawa. This activity was intended for the period 2011-now. The validation process would be carried out by referring to the division of 3 significant groups of water stewardship activities carried out :(1) The restoration of land conversion recharge area, (2) Restoration of recharge area-artificial recharge, and (3) Water access sanitation and hygiene. Validation was carried out from 2011 – 2020. The validation results of the positive water impact program as a water stewardship activity at Kubang water sources indicated that the calculation method and activity planning could be well validated during the period.

PENERAPAN SANITATION AND HYGIENE DALAM PROSES PRODUKSI SAVORY CRABS DI UKM DesaKitara

Savory crabs is a typical souvenir product of Tarakan city which was made from keraca crab raw materials. The processing of savory crabs must pay attention to sanitation and hygiene for producing safe products for consumption. Sanitation includes a clean and aseptic way of working, while hygiene is defined as the implementation of sanitation principles to maintain environmental health and cleanliness. The purpose of this activity was to know the implementation of sanitation and hygiene in the production process of savory crabs at UKM DesaKitara. The methods used were observation, interviews, socialization, evaluation and follow up. The aspects of sanitation and hygiene was observed include water safety, sanitation and hygiene of raw materials, sanitation and hygiene of workers, sanitation and hygiene of equipments, as well as sanitation and hygiene of end products. In addition, prevention of cross-contamination and waste handling are also observed.

KEJADIAN DIARE PADA BAYI 1-12 BULAN DITENTUKAN DARI PERILAKU HIDUP BERSIH DAN SEHAT (PHBS) IBU

Diarrhea is still one of the main causes of illness and death in almost all geographic areas in the world that can affect all age groups, but the highest morbidity and mortality occurs at the age of infants and toddlers. The death figures released by UNICEF last August 2018 show that globally around 2,000 children under the age of five die every day from diarrheal diseases. Of these, most or about 1,800 children per day die from diarrheal diseases due to lack of clean water, sanitation and basic hygiene. This study aims to determine the relationship between Clean and Healthy Behavior and the incidence of diarrhea in infants 1-12 months at the West Passi Health Center. This type of research is quantitative. The research design is descriptive analytic using cross sectional, where the type of research that emphasizes the time of measurement of data is the independent variable of clean and healthy living behavior and the dependent variable is the incidence of diarrhea. Research Results: Based on the results of statistical tests, p value = 0.009, so it can be concluded that there is a relationship between Clean and Healthy Life Behavior and the incidence of diarrhea in infants 1-12 months old at the West Passi Health Center. The dominant mother's PHBS is good and generally does not have diarrhea. Conclusion and Suggestion: For Puskesmas institutions, especially the organizers of the MCH program, to further improve health services for mothers and children to reduce the incidence of infant and child diarrhea.

Empowering Communities against Harmful Social Practices through Integrated Water Hygiene and Sanitation and Alternative Rites of Passage Model in Kajiado County, Kenya

Background: In Kajiado County, water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions have been independently implemented in communities that have been targeted with sexual health rights interventions. This approach only achieves a set of disjointed achievements and thus the need for integration. This project implemented and tested the effectiveness of the Integrated Water Hygiene and Sanitation and Sexual Reproductive Health Rights (SRHR)Model to address harmful practices against young girls in the county. This model was implemented on the assumption that addressing a pressing need of the community through providing access to Water hygiene and sanitation services provides a platform to discuss SRHR matters leading to positive change towards WASH and SRHR behaviours such as reduction of FGM, teenage pregnancies and early forced marriages. Methods: A before and after design that compared baseline and endline evaluation data was used to establish the effectiveness of the model. The study was conducted in 4 sub-counties. Data was collected through household surveys. Adolescent Girls and Young Women (AGYW) aged 10-24 years were included. Data were analysed using proportions, frequencies, odds ratios, and adjusted odds ratios. Results: Prevalence of FGM/C dropped to 55.2% from 91% at baseline. More circumcised women (79.5% end line; 28% at baseline) reported that they wished they had not been circumcised. An increase in participants who had ever heard messages of ARP (91.6% end line; 47% baseline) was reported. Approximately 98.1% believed that ARP is acceptable to the community as a means of progressing girls to womanhood. Young girls and Women were more likely to undergo FGM/C if they did not have access to a toilet (AOR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.50 to 3.59), had never heard of ARP (AOR, 2.50; 95% CI, 1.54 to 4.04) and were not sure if ARP would be acceptable in the community (AOR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.97). Odds of ever being circumcised were less likely among those that stated that FGC should not continue (AOR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.81) and had been part of the intervention (AOR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.38). Conclusions: There is a link between addressing WASH gaps (community-felt needs) in Kajiado and the reduction of FGM/C. Addressing community pressing needs provides a platform to address sensitive social-cultural practices. Recommendations of further studies to explore contextual factors that affect the implementation of this model.

Mapping social accountability actors and networks and their roles in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in childcare centres within Nairobi's informal settlements: A governance diaries approach.

Despite many institutions gaining access to improved water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services, childcare centres in informal settlements have low access and poor condition of WASH services. It is imperative to understand how existing actors and social networks operate in the WASH sector in childcare centres in Nairobi's informal settlements. To empirically map and understand how different actors within informal settlements influence the provision of adequate and quality water, sanitation and hygiene services within childcare centres in Nairobi's informal settlements. This was a qualitative study. We conducted an ethnographic study using governance diaries with 24 participants from Korogocho and Viwandani informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. The governance diaries approach involved conducting bi-weekly governance in-depth interviews (IDIs) with study participants for 4 months, complemented with observations, reflections, participant diaries and informal discussions. We used a framework analysis which is partly deductive, informed by the governance framework and stakeholder framework. Social accountability actors were individuals or groups involved in WASH service provision in childcare centres. The actors included both key actors (actors who are primary to meeting the day-to-day WASH service needs of children) and non-key actors (actors operating in the WASH sector but not always present for day-to-day provision in childcare centres). The key actors were unanimously identified as childcare centre owners/teachers and parents/guardians as they had a more direct role in the provision of WASH services in childcare centres. The actors had direct, possible or desired networks, with the direct networks portrayed more by the parents and childcare centre owners, whose roles included acting as a voice and responding to the WASH service needs of children as it relates to access and quality. Centre owners had more power/authority over WASH services for children in childcare centres than the parents. Key actors derived power by their discretion depending on whether a decision was beneficial to children or not. Lastly, the interest of key actors were diverse ranging from income generation, access to WASH services by children, compliance with government regulations, and promotion of child health, to the prevention of the spread of diseases. Our study highlights that parents and childcare owners play an important role in WASH service provision. While service providers and other players may be statutorily given primary responsibilities for WASH provision, and more visible in official standing, among study participants they are not seen as primary actors but secondary players with ancillary responsibilities. We conclude that WASH service provision in child care centres may be realised when key actors have a voice and work within networks to demand WASH services from desired networks including the government. We also conclude that developing more direct networks and converting desired and potential networks into direct networks in WASH service provision is critical for the success of WASH service delivery. Lastly, actors in WASH services in childcare centres may need to collaborate in identifying potential avenues for strengthening existing networks that enhance access and quality of WASH services in childcare centres.

Water insecurity and sexual and gender-based violence among refugee youth: qualitative insights from a humanitarian setting in Uganda

Abstract Refugee youth disproportionately experience sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and water insecurity, yet their SGBV experiences in the context of water insecurity are understudied. In this qualitative study, we conducted six focus groups (n = 48) and in-depth individual interviews (IDI) (n = 12) with refugee youth aged 16–24, and IDI with refugee elders (n = 8) in Bidi Bidi Refugee Settlement, Uganda. We applied thematic analysis informed by a social contextual framework and found that (1) SGBV is gendered, whereby adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) were targets for violence (symbolic context), and is intertwined with gender norms linked to AGYW's water collection roles (relational context); (2) water scarcity and off-site access to water infrastructure, combined with limited lighting, provide insecure environments that exacerbate AGYW's SGBV risks (material context); (3) participant generated solutions to water insecurity-related SGBV included engaging men and communities in dialogue and water collection (relational context), technology (e.g., solar lighting), improved security, and additional water points (material context). Findings signal the need to integrate water and sanitation hygiene development with SGBV prevention and sexual health (e.g., post-rape care) interventions. Refugee youth and communities should be meaningfully engaged in developing contextually relevant, gender transformative services to mitigate SGBV risks and advance health and rights.

WASH facilities prevalence and determinants: Evidence from 42 developing countries

Improved WASH facilities are crucial for reducing infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, malaria, dengue, and worms, etc. However, a large proportion of households in developing countries lack basic WASH facilities. Therefore, the current paper uses the household data from 733,223 households in fourty two developing countries to explore the prevalence rate of basic WASH facilities. The result shows that access to basic drinking water is much better than access to other WASH facilities, such as basic sanitation and hygiene facilities. However, the prevalence of basic drinking water, basic sanitation, and basic hygiene vary across different regions and countries-low in Africa and South Asia. The multi-level regression model shows that households with better economic status and education and urban households are more likely to use basic WASH facilities. Further, women empowerment and already having one WASH practice are also positively associated with the adoption of other WASH facilities. The policy should aim at improving awareness about the benefit of WASH facilities through education, and it should also subsidize WASH facilities for poor households and those living in rural areas.

Evaluation of water supply, sanitation and hygiene facilities in Ekosodin Community of Ovia North-East LGA, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

Globally, poor access to improved water and sanitation remains a major contributing factor to high morbidity and mortality rates among the populace. Thus, access to water supply and sanitation is essential for sustainable development. In this study, a cross sectional descriptive survey method was adopted. Data were collected via questionnaires and observational checklist which were designed to extract information on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH). The data were then, analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS Version 26.0). Four hundred and twenty (420) semi-structured questionnaires were administered to households in Ekosodin Community. Three hundred and ninety seven (397) copies were retrieved and thus analysed. Results indicated that 374 (94.2%) households reported having access to water and that borehole was their main source of water supply. Over 130 (32.7%) household reported not treating their water before use. Types of toilet facilities frequently use by households were water closet system (flush toilet) 243 (61.2%) and pit latrine 85 (21.4%). However, households practice open defecation at low levels 6 (1.5%). Solid waste disposal methods mainly adopted by households are: open dumpsite 224 (56.4%) and burning 150 (37.8%). Majority of the households cleaned their water storage containers every six months or annually. Results further revealed that most of the respondents 382 (96.2%) practice hand washing after toilet 82 (20.65%), before cooking 79 (19.89%), before eating 55 (13.85%) and every other time 94 (23.6%) excluding the aforementioned, after cooking, after eating and after handling children’s faeces. It was observed that 243 (57.9%) houses have no drainage system, 237 (56.4%) have no waste storage facility, 312 (74.3%) have refuse dumpsite and 354 (84.3%) did not have odour of excreta in the surrounding. It was deduced from this study that households have poor access to adequate WASH facilities/services. Hence, it is recommended that water supply infrastructures, sanitation infrastructures and promotion of hygiene should be enhanced in order to improve access to adequate WASH facilities/services in the community.

Spatial analysis of health risk due to contamination groundwater resources (a case study in Bandung District, Indonesia)

Population growth affects the need for water which increases in quantity, followed by an increase in quality and continuity. The development of anthropogenic activities, agriculture, industry, and domestic resulted in a declining rate of clean water in Bandung District, especially in three areas, namely Ciparay, Dayeuhkolot and Margaasih sub-districts. Analysis samples of groundwater in South Bandung District showed an average pollution index of 11.42, which is included in the category of heavily polluted. Therefore, a public health risk assessment is carried out due to groundwater resources for hygiene and sanitation use. Risk characterization is carried out by quantitative methods of calculating the value of the Hazard Index with Monte-Carlo simulation analysis. Spatial analysis is carried out to show the range of risks that can be exposed to the community in the area. Spatial analysis can describe the effect of groundwater pollution and land use on health risk by calculating elevation on the Inverse Distance Weighted interpolation method in Geographic Information System Software. The Hazard Index value categorized child and adult values in each area, with spatial analysis resulting in high – low gradation. Range of hazard index show for Child – Ciparay and Adult – Ciparay respectively 1.15 – 0.08 and 1.16 – 0.22, for Child – Dayeuhkolot and Adult – Dayeuhkolot respectively 0.77 – 0.04 and 0.69 – 0.08, and for Child – Margaasih and Adult – Margaasih respectively 0.47 – 0.11 and 0.55– 0.14. Dermal exposure due to groundwater showed a non-carcinogenic risk in Ciparay Area in the Agriculture land use. Therefore, the stakeholder must periodically evaluate groundwater quality as hygiene and sanitation water, and the land use masterplan and management must be revised to reduce public health risks.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices towards Infection Prevention Control among Healthcare Workers in Selected Hospitals Located in Karongi district, Rwanda

Most hospitals have infection prevention and control committees but some of them are struggling to maintain and to apply infection prevention and control protocols due to lack of enough resources. Healthcare workers’ (HCWs) knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of infection prevention and control procedures are crucial for effective infection prevention and control (IPC). The study aimed to assess HCW’s KAP towards IPC in Rwanda. A cross-sectional hospital based study was directed in three hospitals in Karongi district from February to March 2022. Data were collected from 215 healthcare workers using a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire using a stratified sampling technique. Data were collected, checked, coded, and entered into the Kobo Collect Toolbox before being transferred to SPSS version 21 for analysis. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. The KAP Score was also calculated. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. We found that 50.7% of HCWs were males, 63.3% were between the ages of 18 and 58.2% had a secondary education. The overall 78.6% of HCWs demonstrated high level of knowledge, 79.5% with a positive attitude, and 63.3% with good IPC practice. The results revealed that being over 45 years old(AOR=3.1;95%,CI=(2.16-5.25; p=0.024) having university level(AOR=3.3); 95%CI=(1.56-7.56;p=0.035), working experience between 5-10years(AOR=1.7; 95%CI=(1.37-5.45); (p=0.003), having high level of knowledge (AOR=2.7;95%CI: (1.68–7.95; p=0.045)and positive attitude(AOR=2.3; 95%CI:(1.36-7.72); p=0.017) towards IPC were associated with IPC good practice. Improving institutional supplies such as hand hygiene supplies, PPE, water supply and other facilities can improve safe infection prevention and control.

Water Quality Status Based on Pollution Index to Meet The Needs of Sanitary Hygienic Water For Communities Around Lake Sentani In Jayapura Regency

Water is one of the most important elements on earth. Water is needed by all living things, both humans, plants and animals. Consuming clean and sanitary water is absolutely necessary to avoid unwanted negative impacts. This research was conducted in February 2022 and aims to determine the status of the water quality of Lake Sentani, Jayapura Regency based on the pollution index according to the hygienic and sanitary water quality standards according to the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 32 of 2017 concerning Environmental health quality standards and water health requirements for sanitation hygiene needs, swimming pools, solus per agua and public baths. The study used 15 (fifteen) water pollution parameters, namely: physical parameters (turbidity, color, TDS and temperature), and chemical parameters (pH, iron, fluoride, hardness, manganese, nitrate, cyanide, detergent and total pesticides) as well as biological parameters. (total coliforms). The sample in this study was taken from 5 (five) sample points (research stations) namely the mouths of the Haway, Yabawi, Hobay and Kamwalker rivers which are the inlet of Lake Sentani and the headwaters of the Jaifuri river which is the outlet. The results showed that at stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, the pollution index (PIj) was 4.07; 3.10; 2.30; 3.75 and 3.88, all of which are based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 32 of 2017 especially environmental health quality standards and water health requirements for sanitation hygiene purposes, are in the range of values of 1 PIj 5 with lightly polluted status. Thus it can be concluded that the water quality status of Lake Sentani based on the pollution index method is in the lightly polluted category.

Water Quality Status Based on Pollution Index to Meet The Needs of Sanitary Hygienic Water For Communities Around Lake Sentani In Jayapura Regency

Water is one of the most important elements on earth. Water is needed by all living things, both humans, plants and animals. Consuming clean and sanitary water is absolutely necessary to avoid unwanted negative impacts. This research was conducted in February 2022 and aims to determine the status of the water quality of Lake Sentani, Jayapura Regency based on the pollution index according to the hygienic and sanitary water quality standards according to the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 32 of 2017 concerning Environmental health quality standards and water health requirements for sanitation hygiene needs, swimming pools, solus per agua and public baths. The study used 15 (fifteen) water pollution parameters, namely: physical parameters (turbidity, color, TDS and temperature), and chemical parameters (pH, iron, fluoride, hardness, manganese, nitrate, cyanide, detergent and total pesticides) as well as biological parameters. (total coliforms). The sample in this study was taken from 5 (five) sample points (research stations) namely the mouths of the Haway, Yabawi, Hobay and Kamwalker rivers which are the inlet of Lake Sentani and the headwaters of the Jaifuri river which is the outlet. The results showed that at stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, the pollution index (PIj) was 4.07; 3.10; 2.30; 3.75 and 3.88, all of which are based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 32 of 2017 especially environmental health quality standards and water health requirements for sanitation hygiene purposes, are in the range of values of 1 PIj 5 with lightly polluted status. Thus it can be concluded that the water quality status of Lake Sentani based on the pollution index method is in the lightly polluted category.

Hygienic regulation of various water types at the present stage

Introduction. In 2019-2020 as part of the implementation of the “regulatory guillotine” mechanism, there was revised or canceled a number of regulatory requirements including those related to the rationing of various types of water. The purpose of the work was to eliminate outdated requirements that do not meet modern conditions for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being in the field of water use of the population. Materials and methods. The research materials in the field of hygienic regulation of waters were sanitary rules and norms for drinking, domestic and cultural water use, maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) and approximate permissible levels (APL) of chemicals in the water of water bodies for domestic drinking and cultural water use. Results. There were approved two interrelated documents including SanPiN 2.1.3684-21 and SanPiN 1.2.3685-21, in which the requirements for the main types of water are systematized. The revised and updated documents exclude provisions of a descriptive nature, methods and technologies for implementing mandatory requirements. A distinctive feature of the hygienic requirements for water was the use of the error value of the method for determining substances in assessing the compliance of pollution levels with hygienic standards. Hence, the requirement for metrological support of determination methods is mandatory. The standards included in SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 are harmonized considering international data, including WHO, and health risk assessment. On the base of these approaches in section III, concerning water hygiene standards, twenty one standard was harmonized by chemical factor, of which 7 were modified, 5 standards were added considering WHO recommendations, 8 - considering EU recommendations (hormones and antibiotics), 1 - considering recommendations of Uniform sanitary rules of EurAZEU, standards of 69 pesticide active ingredients that are listed in Section IX containing pesticide guidelines were excluded. In addition, the list of APLs includes standards for 9 new substances that were reviewed and approved by the Commission on State Sanitary and Epidemiological Regulation. Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to the fact that the changes and additions made to the sanitary and epidemiological requirements for various types of waters are not exhaustive and can be revised as the standards of new substances, data on the toxicity and danger of standardized compounds, modern water treatment technologies and expansion of water uses become available. Conclusion. The implementation of the principles of elimination of excessive regulation and harmonization of standards with international requirements made it possible to unify the system of hygienic standards for various types of water.

Barriers and bridges on water management in rural Mexico: from water-quality monitoring to water management at the community level.

Access to sufficient water of suitable quality represents a challenge for achieving several dimensions of sustainable development. Currently, water access is restricted to three of 10 persons globally. In rural areas of Mexico and other low-income countries, coverage could be even less due to the absence of formal supply; thus, rural communities usually perform water management. Surrounding community-based water management, various socio-ecological interactions emerge that determine access to water. Access to water will depend on the obstacles or capacities that arise within the socio-ecological system in which the community is immersed. This work identifies barriers and bridges to water access in a rural environment through mixed methods. The article draws on three case studies in southeastern Mexico by analyzing 90 questionnaires conducted at the household level and three focus groups in parallel with water quality analysis and its relationship with management practices. The barriers and bridges were classified into six water access challenges: (i) access to water in a sufficient quantity, (ii) access to water of adequate quality, (iii) access to water for household crop irrigation, (iv) hygiene and sanitation facilities, (v) collective organization, and (vi) climate variability. The main findings indicate that households’ water quantity and quality show deficiencies due to the lack of formal infrastructure and represent a health risk. Water fetching has the highest impact on women and children in poor rural areas, and it is a significant barrier to sustainable development. In contrast, the collective organization proved to be an essential bridge for water access in these communities.