Fetching Water Research Articles

Assessing the Relationship between Dietary Intake, Hygienic Practices and Protein Energy Malnutrition among Children under Five at Ahafo Ano North District

Malnutrition is a disease of Public Health importance hindering the success of MDGs 4 & 5. The disease continues claiming the lives of majority of children under five years globally, especially in Africa. A cross-sectional study was designed for 386 mothers with children less than 5 years to explore the association between dietary intake and hygienic practices at Ahafo-Ano North District, in Ashanti Region of Ghana. Simple random sampling, systematic and purposive sampling techniques were used to choose mothers with children under five years from 5 selected communities for the administration of questionnaire and taking of children’s MUAC. At the end of the study, the study found 6.7% of the under five children at Ahafo Ano North district were severely malnurished 43.8% mildely or moderately malnurished and the remaining 49.5% also found to be normal. The study also found relationship between vitamins, initiation time of water, kind of food introduced during weaning and malnutrition. Finding however showed a significant relationship between mothers decision child feeding, forbidden foods and fetching of water by children and malnutrition. On socio-economic status of mother’s relationship with malnutrition, mothers occupation, age, marital status and religion were all found to be associated with malnutrition. From the study, environmental factors such as defecating place of the household, closeness of toilet to the kitchen, washing of hands by mothers before feeding and storing place of cooked food were all found. Based on the findings, it was recommended that, the District Health Directorate should educate mothers/caregivers on appropriate feeding practices needed to improve child’s growth in order to promote children’s nutritional status.

Ascaris lumbricoides Infection among Pupils of Primary Schools in Uzoagba, Ikeduru, Southeastern Nigeria: A Survey

Objective: To access the presence and prevalence of roundworm among the study population. Study design: A simple primary school based questionnaire was distributed to the pupils to determine the name, age, sex and sanitation situations in the schools and homes. Also, a total of 561 samples collected were processed using formal ether concentration technique. Results: 2(0.3%) pupils from Abo and Umueme primary schools were positive for Ascaris lumbricoides. The sex distribution of the infestation showed a higher prevalence of 1(0.3%) among the females and none among the males. From the age group distribution, we saw that 1(0.8%) in the age group (5 to 13) years was positive. Conclusion: There is an unhealthy presence and prevalence of A. lumbricoides among the study population, particularly among the females who must carry out domestic chores and water fetching in an environment of open air pollution.

MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS OF BURULI ULCER IN COMMUNITIES OF TWO ENDEMIC LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

BackgroundBuruli ulcer (BU) remains a neglected tropical disease globally including in Nigeria despite its severe health and socio-economic consequences. This study was conducted as there is a paucity of data...

Heracles, Hylas, and the Homeric Hymn to Demeter in Apollonius's Argonautica

Heracles, Hylas, and the Homeric Hymn to Demeter in Apollonius's Argonautica Barbara Leigh Clayton (bio) The last episode of Book 1 of Apollonius's Argonautica (1.1187–1357) tells the story of Heracles' loss of his beloved Hylas, snatched away by a spring nymph as he was fetching water to prepare dinner.1 The episode is a key component in the story of Jason and the Argonauts, because it explains why Heracles was not present when they reached Colchis and successfully (with Medea's help) captured the Golden Fleece. An outline of the story goes as follows. The Argonauts stop in Mysia for the night, and Heracles wanders off in search of a suitable tree to make a replacement oar, having just broken one in an overly exuberant display of rowing. Hylas goes to a spring to fetch water and is drawn into it by a nymph who is overcome by his beauty; he is never seen again. The Argonaut Polyphemus hears Hylas's cry and runs to tell Heracles what has happened. Heracles, mad with grief, searches frantically, but in vain. The next morning the Argonauts inadvertently set sail without them, leaving in haste to take advantage of a favorable wind. Only later do they notice that three members of their crew are missing. Numerous details in this story suggest that Apollonius is deliberately linking the disappearance of Hylas with the rape of Persephone in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. Richard Hunter (1993, 40–41) lists the following as parallels and contrasts: both rapes happen with Zeus's "'consent'"; Persephone is taken when her mother is not there, and Hylas is away from a father substitute, Heracles; Persephone bends to pick the flower, Hylas bends to fill his pitcher at the spring; both Persephone and Hylas cry out, and are heard by someone not their parent; Demeter tears her veil, Heracles throws away his tree (Hunter identifies this parallel as tentative and humorous); Demeter is described as a bird speeding over land and sea, Heracles is compared to a bull stung by a gadfly; Polyphemus and Hecate serve as messengers to tell the parent what has happened—in both cases the reaction is swift; the daughters of Celeus encounter Demeter at a well where they have come to fetch water (as Hylas was doing); they do not recognize Demeter whereas Polyphemus does recognize Heracles (, 1.1254); Demeter tells a story of [End Page 133] having been kidnapped by pirates (, 125) and Polyphemus fears that have carried off Hylas (1.1259).2 Hunter sees these links as evidence that Hylas's abduction, like Persephone's rape, represents a symbolic transition from childhood to adulthood. The various textual echoes, combined with a common theme, allow us to read the Hylas episode as a multiform (a story with the same structural elements) of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. But what does the maturation of Hylas have to do with the Argonautica? The answer is primarily connected with the narrative's need to remove Heracles from the expedition, inasmuch as he is a potential rival for Jason's leadership. Apollonius tells us that Heracles had just captured the Erymanthian boar when he heard that Jason was recruiting heroes (1.122–1131). Traditionally the capture of the boar is Heracles' fourth labor for Eurystheus, after the killing of the Nemean lion and the Lernaean hydra and after the capture of the Ceryneian hind of Artemis. In other words, Heracles arrives in the poem with his heroic status concretely established. This would explain why the Argonauts originally chose him as leader. But without hesitation Heracles tactfully cedes leadership to Jason (1.341–347). This moment makes Heracles a prominent foil for Jason, who is as yet an untested and unproven hero. Moreover, Heracles' relationship with Hylas, which most readers assume to be of the homoerotic erastês/erômenos type, sets him apart from both Jason and the other Argonauts.3 Heracles is one of the few who do not take advantage of the sexual opportunities offered by the Lemnian women, and it is he who scolds the crew and shames them into returning to their mission (1.854–878). Hylas's presence thus...

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CLAY-SAWDUST COMPOSITE FILTER FOR POINT OF USE WATER TREATMENT

Water borne diseases have remained a major challenge in most developing countries. This is usually as a result of lack of access to clean water and contamination associated with water fetching and conveyance. This work explores the possibility of improving water quality and eliminating the possibility of recontamination by the use of point of use (POU) water filters made from cheap locally available materials. The performance of POU water filters for the purification of water obtained from various sources was investigated. Sawdust was used as a burnout material in order to enhance the rate of filtration. The clay was first characterized and then various proportions (5%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 50% by weight) of sawdust were mixed with the clay for filter production. The clay was found to have a specific gravity of 2.4, a high liquid limit of 81.6% and a medium plastic limit of 48.54%. The flow rates of the filters ranged between 0.0005litres/hr for the filter with 5% sawdust and 0.8litres/hr for the filter with 50% sawdust. The average removal of suspended solids (SS) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was 98.6% and 33% respectively while the mean Log 10 reduction in total count (TC) was 93.1%. Result of analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference between the performances of the filters. However, there was a significant difference between the flow rates with F(18.71) > F critical (5.14). This implies that while burnout materials improve water quality, increasing burnout materials in clay filters beyond 50% does not significantly affect the performance for the filter with respect to the quality of effluent but with respect to flow rate. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v35i4.33

The Roles and Challenges of Women in Housing Construction in Osogbo Local Government Area, Osun State

Globally, housing construction is well known to be capital and labour intensive. These ‘two resources seem to elude women. Where women are found to operate in construction, it is usually at menial capacity that does not require any particular skill set. Consequently, the role and challenges of women in housing have not been adequately addressed in the literature. This study therefore examines the role of women in housing construction in Osogbo local government with a view of determining the challenges faced by women in housing construction. The study used case study research design. Both primary and secondary data were sourced for the study. Primary data were collected through a set of pretested questionnaires administered on 205 female professionals, women generally and on-site workers purposively selected in the study area. Secondary data were collected from Osogbo local government, Ministry of Lands, Physical Planning, and some Professional bodies in Osun State. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze data at p d” 0.05 alpha level. The study revealed that 52.0% of women on-site were below 35 years of age. 89.3% earned N9, 000 per month; 40.0% had no formal education; the role of professional women in housing construction includes project monitoring and supervision (100.0%) and fetching of water. A total of 60.5% of the on-site respondents were faced with sexual harassment. Chi square analysis shows that there is significant difference in the role and challenges faced by women in the construction industry in Oshogbo. Women were found to have played some definite roles in the construction industry and face a lot of challenges including sexual harassments. Therefore, the role of women should be emphasized while challenges be addressed through law against such act when reported by the victims.

Participation of rural women in agricultural and allied activities

of social research was used. A sample of 100 rural women as respondents were drawn and information was obtained from them which was considered for tabulation and analysis of data. Findings revealed that the majority of the rural women were middle age, illiterate, married, landless, medium family size and joint family. The higher percentage of rural women were with annual income upto Rs. 25000/-. Majority of the respondents always participated in cleaning of the field, sowing, weeding, thinning, harvesting/ cutting/picking, winnowing, drying of grains and cleaning of grains as related to agricultural activities. In case of dairy activities only 45 respondents were found. Out of them majority were participated in dairy activities like cleaning of cattle and cattle shed, collection of cow dung. Regarding household activities all the selected activities like washing clothes, rearing of children, cooking related activities, cleaning and decoration of home, fetching of water and buying of cooking ingredients, fruits, vegetables etc. were performed by the majority of rural women. Majority of the rural women expressed their problems in participation of agricultural and allied activities like less wage rates received, health problems and poor economic condition.

Adapting to Peri-urban Water Insecurity Induced by Urbanization and Climate Change

This paper describes the implications of growing urbanization in combination with climatic variability on water security and adaptation strategies of people in the peri-urban landscape of Kathmandu valley. Through a series of focus group discussions and key informant interviews, we found that entire households at Lubhu, Nepal depend on public stand posts with water supplied for few hours a day. Hydro-meteorological data analysis for the area showed an increasing trend of temperature, but a clear pattern in precipitation was not found. However, people perceived the changes in both precipitation and temperature and impacts on their livelihoods. People have envisioned development of a filtration system to treat water from another source. However currently, they have been fetching water from dug wells and spring sources in neighbouring VDCs during the days without water supply in stand posts. Farmers have been adapting to water scarcity by switching to less water demanding crops, by leaving land fallow, and by taking on off-farm activities. The concern for sustainable water management is growing among the community, however. Strong dedication and unity among the communities is essential to ensure the water security in the village.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v14i0.11259HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentVolume: 14, 2014, JanuaryPage: 43-48

Swell and sea in the emerging Arctic Ocean

Ocean surface waves (sea and swell) are generated by winds blowing over a distance (fetch) for a duration of time. In the Arctic Ocean, fetch varies seasonally from essentially zero in winter to hundreds of kilometers in recent summers. Using in situ observations of waves in the central Beaufort Sea, combined with a numerical wave model and satellite sea ice observations, we show that wave energy scales with fetch throughout the seasonal ice cycle. Furthermore, we show that the increased open water of 2012 allowed waves to develop beyond pure wind seas and evolve into swells. The swells remain tied to the available fetch, however, because fetch is a proxy for the basin size in which the wave evolution occurs. Thus, both sea and swell depend on the open water fetch in the Arctic, because the swell is regionally driven. This suggests that further reductions in seasonal ice cover in the future will result in larger waves, which in turn provide a mechanism to break up sea ice and accelerate ice retreat.

Schistosomiasis transmission; socio-demographic, knowledge and practices as transmission risk factors in pregnant women.

Schistosoma transmission is influenced by the interplay between various factors ranging from parasite to host associated factors. While many studies have focused on mass chemotherapy to reduce transmission in other populations, no study has examined the impact of social factors that favour transmission in pregnant women in Nigeria. The study was conducted to assess the impact of knowledge, attitudes and sociodemographic factors on schistosomiasis burden in pregnant women of rural communities of Nigeria. A cross sectional community-based field study was conducted to assess the association between Schistosoma haematobium burden and the associated risk factors among pregnant women in rural endemic communities of Nigeria. Structured questionnaire was used to gather information on participants' socio-demographic data, knowledge on schistosomiasis and water contact activities. Of the 237 respondents examined microscopically for infection, 50 (21.1%) were infected with overall mean infection intensity of 69.6±165.2eggs/10mL urine. Multivariate logistic analysis showed occupation of the women to be associated with infection with the artisans having the highest risk (OR 3.34, CI 1.67-6.69, P=0.022). Contact with water and water usage patterns are also associated with prevalence of disease with fetching (OR 2.04, CI 0.19-3.51, P=0.003) and multipurpose water usage (OR 4.31, CI 2.17-8.57, P=0.0002) being the most predisposing variables respectively. Awareness about water borne diseases showed no association with infection (P=0.382) with typhoid (23.7%) and fever (2.6%) constituting the most and least common water borne diseases mentioned by the women. Health education and provision of good water supply should be integrated into the control strategies in order reduce transmission in endemic areas.

Association between social support and place of delivery: a cross-sectional study in Kericho, Western Kenya

BackgroundAn estimated 358,000 maternal deaths still occur worldwide each year. The place of delivery is of great significance to the reduction of maternal mortality. Moreover, socio-economic factors, cultural traits, and local customs are associated with health-seeking behavior. This study aimed to explore determinants of association between social support and place of delivery.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2011 at Sosiot Health Center, Kericho West District, Kenya. Participants were 303 mothers who brought their babies to the health center for immunization within their first year of life. Women underwent a structured interview using a questionnaire on demographic characteristics and their experiences of delivery including place of delivery and social support.ResultsThe proportion of deliveries at health facilities was significantly higher in unmarried than married women (93% and 78%, respectively; P = 0.008). Unmarried women whose mothers supported them in housework and whose sisters helped them fetch water were more likely to deliver at health facilities (P = 0.002 and 0.042, respectively) than those without this support. However, married women whose husbands supported them in farming and whose neighbors helped them fetch water were less likely to deliver at health facilities (P = 0.003 and 0.021, respectively) than those without this support. Married women who were advised to deliver at a health facility by their mother-in-law or health staff were more likely to deliver at health facilities (P = 0.015 and 0.022, respectively) than those who did not receive this advice. Multivariate analysis revealed that married women were more likely to deliver at health facilities if they were highly educated (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5); had financial capability (OR = 4.3); had medical insurance (OR = 4.2); were primiparous (OR = 3.5); did not have the support of sisters-in-law for fetching water (OR = 2.2); or were advised to deliver at a health facility by family or neighbors (OR = 2.5).ConclusionsPromotion of delivery at health facilities requires approaches that consider women’s social situation, since factors influencing place of delivery differ for married and unmarried women.

Are the Water Trips in the Dryland Kenya for Sustainable Development, Journeys in Vain or Trips to Oblivion?

Kenya’s households’ (HH) water access status is appalling. As a gender based task, women and children make billions of trips to satisfy HH water needs, taking a heavy toll on societal growth and development. Kenya’s 4872 randomly sampled HHs from six Arid and semi-Arid land (ASALs) counties were studied using interviews and focused group discussions. The aim was to determine the burden of water fetching in Kenya-ASALs. On a daily basis, HHs make 3.06 water trips of 49.42+0.36 minutes, largely shouldered by females (2.69 trips); males (0.22); women (2.51); men (0.12) and children (0.43 trips). The 2.5 million Kenyan-ASAL households make 7,658,500 trips daily (2,795,352,500 annually). Of these, children make 395,477,500; women (2,287,637,500); and men (112,237,500 trips). With this kind of burden, the children and women are denied opportunity for self-development. Water supply mainstreaming is an urgent priority in Kenya-ASALs.Key words: Water Supply, Sustainability, Gender, Development, Kenya ASALS

Epidemiology and Molecular Relationships of Cryptosporidium spp. in People, Primates, and Livestock from Western Uganda

Background Cryptosporidium is one of the most common parasitic diarrheal agents in the world and is a known zoonosis. We studied Cryptosporidium in people, livestock, and non-human primates in the region of Kibale National Park, Uganda. Land use change near the park has resulted in fragmented forest patches containing small, remnant populations of wild primates that interact intensively with local people and livestock. Our goal was to investigate risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection and to assess cross-species transmission using molecular methods.Methodology/Principal FindingsDiagnostic PCR revealed a prevalence of Cryptosporidium of 32.4% in humans, 11.1% in non-human primates, and 2.2% in livestock. In the case of humans, residence in one particular community was associated with increased risk of infection, as was fetching water from an open water source. Although 48.5% of infected people reported gastrointestinal symptoms, this frequency was not significantly different in people who tested negative (44.7%) for Cryptosporidium, nor was co-infection with Giardia duodenalis associated with increased reporting of gastrointestinal symptoms. Fecal consistency was no different in infected versus uninfected people or animals. DNA sequences of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene placed all infections within a well-supported C. parvum/C. hominis clade. However, the only two sequences recovered from primates in the core of the park's protected area fell into a divergent sub-clade and were identical to published sequences from C. parvum, C. hominis, and C. cuniculus, suggesting the possibility of a separate sylvatic transmission cycle.Conclusions/Significance Cryptosporidium may be transmitted frequently among species in western Uganda where people, livestock, and wildlife interact intensively as a result of anthropogenic changes to forests, but the parasite may undergo more host-specific transmission where such interactions do not occur. The parasite does not appear to have strong effects on human or animal health, perhaps because of persistent low-level shedding and immunity.

Wind waves on a mudflat: The influence of fetch and depth on bed shear stresses

Wind waves were measured in the Willapa Bay mudflats, Washington State, USA, for two months. Wave height, period, and bed shear stresses were modulated by water depth (0–3.5m), wind speed (0–20m/s), and fetch (1–5km). Good agreement was found between the measured waves and predictions of the wave spectral model SWAN using either simplified 1D flat bottom or 2D geometries. The relationship between bed shear stress and water depth shows a dependence on fetch: the decay of bed shear stress with increasing water depth is gradual for long fetch and rapid for short fetch. This difference is explained by the coupled effects of water depth, wave height and wave period. Due to the fetch-dependent bed shear stress, different morphological consequences for tidal flats of different size are predicted. In small (∼2km) and sheltered tidal flats, waves cause the largest sediment resuspension when water levels are near mean sea level. In extensive tidal flats (∼20km) or in flats exposed to waves propagating from deep water, waves also are effective in causing substrate erosion during high tides or large storm surges.

Freshwater Availability and Water Fetching Distance Affect Child Health in Sub-Saharan Africa

Currently, more than two-thirds of the population in Africa must leave their home to fetch water for drinking and domestic use. The time burden of water fetching has been suggested to influence the volume of water collected by households as well as time spent on income generating activities and child care. However, little is known about the potential health benefits of reducing water fetching distances. Data from almost 200, 000 Demographic and Health Surveys carried out in 26 countries were used to assess the relationship between household walk time to water source and child health outcomes. To estimate the causal effect of decreased water fetching time on health, geographic variation in freshwater availability was employed as an instrumental variable for one-way walk time to water source in a two-stage regression model. Time spent walking to a household's main water source was found to be a significant determinant of under-five child health. A 15-min decrease in one-way walk time to water source is associated with a 41% average relative reduction in diarrhea prevalence, improved anthropometric indicators of child nutritional status, and a 11% relative reduction in under-five child mortality. These results suggest that reducing the time cost of fetching water should be a priority for water infrastructure investments in Africa.

Yemen: Descending into Despair

Yemen: Descending into Despair

Fetching Water in the Unholy Hours of the Night: The Impacts of a Water Crisis on Girls' Sexual Health in Semi-urban Cameroon

In sub-Saharan Africa, girls' daily household chores often involve fetching water for their households. This article addresses the impact of uncertain water access in semi-urban Cameroon given the problems of rapid urbanization and increasing demands for water. A school competition engaged youth and key water sector actors in a dialogue about the water crisis in Buea town, and this resulted in the publication of the water distribution schedule. The event also drew attention to the gendered implications of the crisis in relation to girls' sexual health. Our analysis suggests that girls fetching water face multiple layers of risk that include gender-based violence and blame resulting from the gendered stigma attached to young people's behavior—particularly that of girls. All this serves to increase the moral panic surrounding youth sexualities. We explicitly use the term sexualities (plural) here to recognize the multiple ways in which sexualities may be expressed, constructed and experienced (Arnfred 2005). This research points to the dire need to better understand and consider within water management strategies how girls cope with and confront these risks.

Non Conventional Energy

Can you imagine life without lights, fans, cars, computers and television, or have fetching water from the well and river? This is what life would have been like had man not discovered the uses of energy – both renewable and nonrenewable sources. There are two types of energy – renewable and nonrenewable. Under the category of renewable energy or non-conventional energy some of the sources are – sun, wind, water, agricultural residue, natural geysers, firewood, animal dung, etc. The nonrenewable sources are the fossil fuels such as coal, crude oil and natural gas, wood to some extent, etc. The total potential of renewable energy is estimated to be 100,000 MW. The developed countries have about 20% of the world’s population and use 60% of the world’s energy resources. India ranks fifth in the world with a total wind power capacity of 1080 MW out of which 1025 MW have been established in commercial projects. Pankaj Rajendra Rajbhoj T.E.Instrumentation D.N.Patel coe, Shahada, Dist-Nandurbar (M.S) Mayur Prakashchand Jain T.E.Instrumentation D.N.Patel coe, Shahada, Dist-Nandurbar (M.S) Vaibhav Vinod Shah T.E.Instrumentation D.N.Patel coe, Shahada, Dist-Nandurbar (M.S) Prof. Bharat.R.Patil M.E (Electrical) (sp: instru) D.N.Patel coe,shahada, Dist-Nandurbar (M.S) The full text of the article is not available in the cache. Kindly refer the IJCA digital library at www.ijcaonline.org for the complete article. In case, you face problems while downloading the full-text, please send a mail to editor at editor@ijcaonline.org

Urinary schistosomiasis among preschool children in a rural community near Abeokuta, Nigeria

BackgroundThe control of schistosomiasis in Nigeria is mainly by mass treatment with praziquantel through the school system, with an absence of any provision for pre-school children. We therefore determined the prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis in pre-school children between the ages of 1-6 years in Ilewo-Orile a rural and endemic community, near Abeokuta, Nigeria as part of providing information on the neglected tropical diseases among this age group. Two urine samples were collected from each pre-school child. The samples were tested for microhaematuria using reagent strips and then processed and examined with a microscope for Schistosoma haematobium ova.ResultsOf the 167 children examined 97 (58.1%) had infection, with no significant difference (P = 0.809) in infection rates between boys (57.1%) and girls (59.2%). Both prevalence and intensity of infection did not increase significantly with age (P = 0.732). The overall geometric mean egg count was 1.17 eggs/10 ml urine. There was no significant association (P = 0.387) between intensity in boys (1.16 eggs/10 ml urine) and girls (1.19 eggs/10 ml urine). 47.4% of the children had microhaematuria which did not increase significantly with age (P = 0.526). Focus group discussions with guardians and caregivers revealed that infection of pre-school children early in life was due to exposures through bathing in the stream by their mothers, while the older children would visit the stream for washing, fetching of water, bathing and swimming.ConclusionCommunity participatory health education is needed in this community as a first step in reducing infection and transmission of the disease, while the rehabilitation and repair of the existing water borehole system in the community should be effected. The results of this study have shown that pre-school children also harbour infection and are a source of transmission of schistosomiasis in endemic communities. Planning and provision for their treatment should be considered in control programmes.

Detection of urinary schistosomiasis among school age children in Ukwuani L.G.A of Delta State, Nigeria

Schistosomiasis is a water-borne disease also known as bilharziasis or snail fever. It is a major disease of public health and the second most prevalent tropical disease after malaria. This study was carried out to detect the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among school children in Ukwuani L.G.A of Delta State, Nigeria. Urine samples (n=280) were collected from 9 volunteered primary and post-primary schools between May and July, 2009. Centrifuge concentration technique was used in the analysis of urine samples for the eggs of Schistosoma haematobium. 16 (5.71%) were infected with the parasite with males having a slightly high prevalence rate of 10 (3.57%) than females 6 (2.14%). Males within the age group of 11-20 were found to have the highest rate (2.14%) compared with their females (1.43%). This result is indicative of low visit to the hospital following infection of any kind and the source of drinking water in the community was poor. Many of these children engage in different water activities such as fishing, swimming, washing and fetching of water. The statistical analysis using T-test (P<0.05) showed no significant difference in the prevalence rate between age and sex. Therefore regular health education on the possible transmission of this parasite and community based treatment should be embarked upon in the school and community so as to curtail the spread and re-infection of individuals.