Water Drainage System Research Articles

Developing a 1D-3D model to investigate the effect of entrapped air on pressure surge during the rapid filling of a pipe

An uncontrolled rapid filling or discharging of a pipeline can create compressed air columns in an urban water supply or sewage system. The expulsion of entrapped air out of pipelines is considered as one of the most destructive phenomena. Generally, the air valves are mounted and used to release the air from the pipe. Any failure of the air venting system may lead to a pressure surge inside the pipeline and even damage to the water systems infrastructure. Most of the investigations of multiphase flow during a rapid filling are limited to small distribution systems due to high computational costs. The aim of the present research is to develop a 1D-3D coupled model with the capability to handle multiphase flows. The effects of air pocket length, orifice size and upstream pressure on the flow field and maximum pressure surge inside the pipe are investigated. The classical water hammer equations are solved for the 1D domain using the Godunov scheme while the rest of the system is simulated using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method. The coupling between 1D and 3D domains are handled using the developed boundary conditions based on flow characteristics. The results of the numerical simulations are compared with available experimental data. The obtained results show that the model can predict the features of the two-phase flow inside the pipeline during a rapid filling. The required computational time decreases by a factor of 4 compared to 3D simulations. This gives the possibility to investigate large scale water distribution or drainage systems.

Logistic challenges at contract SBT 1.1 – Intermediate construction access Göstritz

AbstractBase tunnels usually require temporary intermediate construction accesses in order to be able to carry out the tunnelling work in a timely, economical and logistical reasonable scope. Intermediate construction accesses in the form of shafts lead to particular logistical challenges in supplying the tunnel headings. At contract SBT 1.1‐Tunnel Gloggnitz as the eastern section of the Semmering Base Tunnel, the shafts of the intermediate construction access Göstritz cannot be sunk from the surface for topographical reasons but are instead developed by an access tunnel. This fact requires the construction of complex underground structures and logistical interfaces to supply the four tunnel headings, beginning from the building site facilities, via the access tunnel, through the shafts to the tunnel face. In addition to the ongoing supply of all kinds of support measures, the excavated material is mucked by means of fully automatic belt and shaft conveyor systems. To ensure the permanent safety of the crew on‐site, the highest demands and resilience are placed on the transport systems through the two 250 m deep shafts, the ventilation and the mountain water drainage systems of up to 500 l/s. The article describes the experience and ongoing optimization of the logistics concept as well as innovative new developments that are applied in this special tunnel project.

Investigation and control of an outbreak due to a contaminated hospital water system, identified following a rare case of Cupriavidus pauculus bacteraemia

Cupriavidus pauculus is rare cause of clinical infection. We describe an outbreak of C.pauculus and other Gram-negative bacteraemias in a paediatric haemato-oncology unit secondary to a contaminated water supply and drainage system. To describe the investigation and control measures implemented for a waterborne infection outbreak in a new build hospital. Extensive water testing from various points within the water system was undertaken. Taps, showerheads and components including flow straighteners underwent microbiological analysis. Drains were also swabbed. Surveillance for Gram-negative infections was established on the unit. Water testing revealed widespread contamination of the water and drainage system. Outlets were also heavily contaminated, including flow straighteners. Drains were found to have underlying structural abnormalities. Water testing enabled us to detect high-risk components within the water system such as the expansion vessels and outlets and the results assisted with hypotheses generation. Review of commissioning data and risk assessments revealed extensive risks present within the water system prior to and after hospital opening. Careful design, adequate control measures and maintenance are essential for hospital water systems in order to prevent infections due to waterborne organisms. We discuss what can be learned from this incident with a view to future prevention.

Effect of localized water pressure on mountain tunnels crossing fracture zone

Localized Water Pressure (LWP) on tunnel means water pressure concentrating on partial areas of tunnel periphery instead of distributing evenly all around tunnels. High LWP generally occurs in tunnels crossing mountain areas with faults and fracture zones or results from clogging of the water drainage system of tunnels. High LWP on tunnels could lead to severe structural cracks and leakages. A mountain tunnel in fracture zones with LWP of nearly 2 MPa was taken as an example to investigate the acting mechanism and effect of LWP on the safety of the tunnel lining during the whole process of the tunnel crossing through the fracture zone by a 3D Ground-Structure modeling. The main conclusions drawn from the research work are as follows: (1) The LWP acting on the tunnel lining dynamically changes in both magnitude and distribution (longitudinal and cross-sectional) with the advance of the tunnel face. The magnitude of LWP in the fracture zone is up to 17.9 times higher than that outside the fracture zone and can lead to damage to the tunnel structure. The main distribution scope of the LWP on the lining structure is within 8 m from the boundary of the fracture zone. (2) The actual internal forces of lining near the tunnel face are highest, and the tunnel structure in the fracture zone and within 16 m outside the fracture zone is at risk of crushing induced by high LWP. (3) Cutoff grouting is effective in reducing the LWP and the axial force remarkably with a decrease of 52.4% and 76.8%, respectively. The necessary thickness of the grouting ring for the tunnel crossing fracture zone is set to 6 m. (4) A novel drainage network was proposed to improve the reliability and sustainability of the drainage system of the tunnel in the fracture zone with high water pressure. The results of this study provide practically useful suggestions for the design and construction of mountain tunnels crossing fracture zones of high LWP.

Ilam tunnels inspection, maintenance, and rehabilitation: A case study

Due to the complexities of design and technical issues of construction, tunnels are considered to be enormous financial investments. Therefore, rehabilitation with the purpose of providing a higher life span is essential. Underground facilities usually have a higher service period than expected when designed, which often requires regular inspection. This study aims at providing a guideline for future tunnel investigations and maintenance. Offered solutions with regard to different cases of an anomaly for three available tunnels in the Ilam province have been introduced. These currently servicing tunnels are usually constructed as unlined rock tunnels excavated, using controlled blasting. Masonry, reinforced concrete, and shotcrete lining systems have been used in the collapsible zones. These infrastructures as part of the transportation network of the Ilam province in Iran are located in one of the most active seismic, as well as high rainfall zones in the Middle East. Aging and degradation of material alongside recent earthquake activities can lead to massive destruction of the tunnels if regular maintenance work doesn't take place. All tunnels were evaluated using advanced numerical analysis methods. Stress and displacement values ​​in the rock mass and different lining systems have been investigated using various analytic methods and the rehabilitation programs for tunnels were developed and introduced. The high risk of failure in the tunnel in the Payambar tunnel is predicted in cases of a seismic event affected by the inclination of rock layers. Methods of rehabilitation have been proposed to improve stability and decrease deformations. The formation of icicles in the Azadi tunnel during the cold seasons have been solved through employing a temporary water drainage system. Unlined tunnel sections were planned to be covered with reinforced concrete lining and both cast-in-place and precast segmental lining systems have been proposed. In the Shabab tunnels an extremely disturbed, 2–3 m deep rock layer was found between the masonry lining and the top of the tunnels, due to its controlled blasting excavation technique. Filling the voids using a pressure grouting technique was discovered in order to improve the tunnel stability during an earthquake event.

Разработка энергетических цепей развития контурного регулирования подачи горячей воды для зданий переменным потоком

The hot water supply system is one of the important components of the water supply and drainage system of high-rise civil buildings. With the development of the national economy and the improvement of people’s living standards, people’s requirements for popularizing hot water supply and improving hot water supply technology are becoming more and more urgent. In the process of hot water supply, the flow pressure of the pipeline is increased, and the purpose of hot water supply in high-rise buildings is achieved. The experiment analyzes the effect of the pressure ratio on the pipeline in front of the accumulator and the impact valve on the flow of coolant through the check valve. First, through the periodic opening and closing of the shock valve, the pressure continues to rise and fall, and the spring hose exhibits periodic pulsation. The effects of different pressure ratios on pipeline pressure and flow rate are studied, and the data of simulation calculation and actual measurement are analyzed through experiments. The research results have practical significance for improving the water supply efficiency of the hot water supply system of high-rise buildings.

Mobile isolation wards in a fever clinic: a novel operation model during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A fever clinic within a hospital plays a vital role in pandemic control because it serves as an outpost for pandemic discovery, monitoring and handling. As the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan was gradually brought under control, the fever clinic in the West Campus of Wuhan Union Hospital introduced a new model for construction and management of temporary mobile isolation wards. A traditional battlefield hospital model was combined with pandemic control regulations, to build a complex of mobile isolation wards that used adaptive design and construction for medical operational, medical waste management and water drainage systems. The mobile isolation wards allowed for the sharing of medical resources with the fever clinic. This increased the capacity and efficiency of receiving, screening, triaging and isolation and observation of patients with fever. The innovative mobile isolation wards also controlled new sudden outbreaks of COVID-19. We document the adaptive design and construction model of the novel complex of mobile isolation wards and explain its characteristics, functions and use.

Экологические аспекты в строительстве. Решение экологических задач при строительстве ряда автономных объектов

The present work provides an experimental assessment and proves the possibility of reducing wastewater flow rates in water treatment systems, as well as storm and household sewage, to volumes allowing their inland transportation, which would help avoid environmental pollution and costs associat-ed with building drainage networks. The paper describes major environmental problems that often arise while establishing water supply and drainage systems at new facilities under construction, remote from drainage networks. New reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membrane technologies are consid-ered that ensure high-quality purification of both drinkable and process water and wastewater treat-ment, allowing the latter to be reused for technical purposes. The main advantage of new technologies comprises a significant reduction in water consumption for the balance-of-plant needs, which allows discharges to sewers to be avoided. The study provides process diagrams and experiments demon-strating the possibilities of reducing the volume of concentrates. Technologies for residential building sites are proposed, offering a possibility of designing autonomous systems of water supply and dis-charge (runoffs and sediments) by vehicles. Furthermore, the volume of wastewater is less than 0.5% of that of water consumed for drinking needs. The described approach to designing water supply and wastewater treatment systems can be used for developing waterworks systems at facilities remote from water supply and sewerage networks, as well as reservoirs where treated wastewater can be dis-charged. Wastewater purified by reverse osmosis can be used for feeding the recycling water supply network (equipment cooling) and green spaces irrigation.

Hydrological and Hydraulic Analyses of Storm Water Drainage System of Enjebara Town Under the Effect of Land Use and Land Cover Change

Urban drainage systems are desirable in all urban areas subsequently their interaction between human daily activity and natural water circulation. As the result of urban expansion and increasing surface impermeability, uncontrolled flooding from storm water drainage system has resulted in damage of small drainage channels, blockage of channels, deterioration of roads and land degradation. Hydrological analysis is thus critical to design road side drains for better management of storm water drainage. This study was conducted to evaluate hydrologic and hydraulic analyses of storm water drainage system for Enjebara town under the effect of land use land cover change. This research work included collection of both primary and secondary data. Landsat images of 1998, 2010 and 2019 for land use land cover classification were used. Geographical information system was used to prepare the classified maps and ground truth observations were also used to check the accuracy of classification. The result show that runoff volumes had increased due to land use land cover changes from 22.48% to 57.8%. In this study design of storm drainage system evaluated by using manning’s and fixing new size of reinforced concrete pipe for existing and proposed area. Bentley Civil Storm V8i dynamic storm water modeling was used to calculates and analyzes hydraulic response of existing drainage system through dependent channel, manhole and outlet to visualize flooding problems. The results obtained from hydraulic condition for storm water is flooding on the street due to peak flow generation from the catchment. According to respondent’s challenge for storm water management in Enjebara town is due to the lack of community awareness, shortage of disposing area, flooding occurrences in the street, blockage of drainage system and lack of clearance storm water drainage lines. Generally, the futures studies should conduct a more detailed study on identification of the flood causative factors to the specific location. Improve the drainage systems along Enjebara town highways, redesign storm water drainage system is essential.

Monumental Structures of Bilyar: new approach. Buildings with Underfloor Heating

The article discusses the monumental buildings of Bilyar, located in the citadel of the fortified settlement. Great mosque of Bilyar and other public buildings were investigated in the 70s of XX century. At the same time their reconstruction, which became canonical were made. Consideration of Bilyar buildings in the context of the architecture of the entire Muslim world makes it possible to make some adjustments both in the interpretation of buildings and in the elements of their reconstruction. The building with underfloor heating near the Juma mosque was considered the house of a feudal lord and was reconstructed as a two-story domed building. Another multi-room building with heated floors was interpreted as a caravanserai. Underfloor heating, plastering floors and walls with a water-resistant mortar, and a water drainage system indicate that these buildings were public baths. Like all eastern baths, they had one floor and were multi-domed buildings.

Surface water quality assessment for the management of hydrological regimes: Kalu Oya and Mudun Ela catchment in Sri Lanka

This study aims to assess the relationship between surface water quality and the land-use of an urban catchment named ‘Kalu Oya and Mudun Ela catchment’ located in the western province, Sri Lanka. Ten judgmental sampling locations of the streamflow were selected to measure water temperature, pH, salinity, conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD₅), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), oil & grease, nitrate and dissolved phosphorous levels, flow rates over five months of the period from June to October 2018. All these parameters varied independently with a significant difference from other sites (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Water temperature and nitrate levels showed a strong clustering pattern with positive Moran’s index values supported by higher Z-scores. (Moran’s index 0.557 and 0.5106, Z-score 2.773 and 2.419 respectively). Higher oil & grease levels exceeding the accepted levels were observed at all the sampling sites. Oil & grease values showed a strong positive correlation with the flow rate (Coefficient-0.807, P value-0.005) revealing that higher oil & grease levels in the stream may be resulted by subsurface flushing. Site 02 is affected by the effluent discharged by the Colombo fish market having higher phosphate and TDS levels. Clustering pattern of nitrate and dispersed pattern of oil & grease of the Kalu Oya and Mudun Ela catchment show evidence of the poor drainage system in the catchment. Improving the drainage system may enhance water infiltration by reducing the volume of runoff and improve the water quality by that it can be used as an effective urban storm water drainage system in the hydrologic water regime.

Outbreak investigation and a case control study of Dengue fever at Rawalpindi, Pakistan during July to September 2019

Background: Dengue is one of the most prevalent vector born disease and has been a major public health threat since 2005 in Pakistan. It has been added in list of notifiable diseases since 2007 in Pakistan. It is caused by any of its four virus species so a person can be infected with a dengue virus as many as four times in his or her life. A dengue mosquito takes 8 to 10 days from an egg to an adult. The objective was to confirm the outbreak, identify possible risk factors and to formulate recommendations for immediate control and future prevention. Methods and materials: Study design A descriptive study followed by case control study. Methodology Active case finding through house to house search was conducted by surveying 540 houses from 29th August till 5th September 2019. A spot Map was made. Tool to collect information was a semi structured Questionnaire. A Case was defined as any person having high grade fever for more than 2 and less than10 days along with any two of the following signs and symptoms:headache,retro-orbital pain, myalgia, arthralgia, epistaxis, hematemesis, melena, hemoptysis, vomiting or abdominal pain residing in Gulbahar Scheme, during 7th August to 5th September 2019. Results: During active case search 104 confirmed cases of dengue fever were identified, effecting all age groups from 3 to 78 years. Most effected age group was 31 to 40 years, 30.76%. Most effected gender was male 62.5%.Age Specific attack rates were calculated. Risk factor analysis revealed most probable causes of spread was presence of water bodies in the area (OR 0.196%), water storage in houses (OR 1.00%), exposure to other cases (OR 0.44%), and under construction houses. Conclusion: Major causes of this outbreak include extensive rains this year leading to pooling of rain water at uneven areas and construction sites. Many under construction houses and vacant plots serving as garbage dump and water pools. Non Availability of proper water drainage system in the area. Uncovered water storage in houses and open water tanks on roofs. Not much protective measures and routine IRS.

New Railway Routes, Cross Section and Water Evacuation System Problems at Tunnels in Romania

Adoption of the maximum circulation speed of passenger trains of 160 km/h and 120 km/h for freight trains conducted to rectification of 300 Railway Magistral. In the railway rehabilitation project between Brasov and Simeria, component part of IVth Pan European Railway Corridor along Romania were provided a series of art works like tunnels and bridges. The paper presents the new constructive routes adopted in the railway rehabilitation project for three zones, corresponding to the new three tunnels: Sighisoara, Danes and Turdas and the new rail curves adopted in order to ensure the designed speed. In the second part of the paper it is made a research regarding the technical solution of tunnels cross section and the implication of the works connected. A brief comparison between the Sighisoara, Danes and Turdas tunnels cross section and the problems encountered during construction is made. In the third part of the paper are presented the deficiencies of the water evacuation canal, central canal, drainage pipes and deficiencies in conception of water drainage system of tunnels.

Health-Promoting Places: Rain Gardens and Sustainable Water Management

What are the qualities of health-promoting places? Is the presence of water necessary? The rain gardens which are collecting the stormwater could become the dynamic elements of the urban landscape. Apart from ecological services they can also benefit human health. This paper presents two examples of sustainable water management in Gdynia, Poland and one in Asnièrs, close to Paris in France. The rain garden constructed near InfoBox in Gdynia is a good example of the implementation of the city environmental policy on a small scale. This rain garden in a planter helped to create an inviting place. Another rain garden developed as a part of the urban regeneration strategy in the northern part of Gdynia proves that such investment could make a huge difference in the quality of local living. A previously neglected space became lively and inviting. The Rue Soeur Valerie in Asnièrs is a good example of how to create a friendly, walkable street using a sustainable water drainage system. This paper discusses the positive health impact of water management.

Study of Cement-Based Superhydrophobic Composite Coating: New Option for Water Drainage Pipeline Rehabilitation.

A great number of urban underground concrete water drainage systems in China are facing challenges of corrosion, blockage, and leakage. This could result in engineering accidents such as urban inland inundation, pipeline collapse, leakage, and blockage. The common contributing factors for pipeline leakage and blockage are the porous structures and the perishable surfaces of concrete pipes. To address these issues, we synthesized superhydrophobic coating materials such as SiO2 aerosol, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA), and N-β-aminoethyl-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AEAPTS). Our superhydrophobic coating on cement-based surfaces presents good waterproof ability, mechanical stability, and self-cleaning properties. Test results show that the superhydrophobic coating exhibits higher water discharge capacity and survivability to corrosive underground water drainage pipeline environments. Hence, this SiO2 aerosol @ bisphenol A diglycidyl ether coating possesses enormous potential in surface modification of pipeline rehabilitation materials.

Green Supply Chain for Electromechanical Engineering of Rail Transit

Greening of ventilation and air conditioning systems, water supply and drainage systems, and electrical system supply chains in rail transit electrical and mechanical engineering, it can effectively reduce energy consumption and save resources to provide guarantee for the sustainable development of rail transit. This paper studies the long-term construction practice experience of Chengdu Metro in Sichuan Province, Collected and sorted out information and information on key points of energy loss and environmental protection and energy conservation. Apply case studies and survey studies for typical sites, it is concluded that there are still a lot of green space in the supply chain links of the three major systems in the rail transit mechanical and electrical engineering. Develop an optimization plan for reducing consumption in each stage of the ventilation and air conditioning system, Ways to reuse water resources in water supply and drainage systems, Methods and measures for energy saving and environmental protection in electrical systems. The viewpoint of this thesis starts from practice and has practical guiding significance for the green supply chain of rail transit electromechanical engineering. But green environmental protection is an eternal topic for human beings, with the continuous advancement of social economy and science and technology, there will be more in-depth research.

Assessing Urban Resilience in Complex and Dynamic Systems: The RESCCUE Project Approach in Lisbon Research Site

Urban environments are challenged with unprecedented anthropogenic and natural pressures, the latter being accelerated by the growing awareness of the consequences of climate change. The concept of urban resilience has been growing in response, since it allows us to understand city behaviour as a system of systems, improving its response to extreme climate-related events. This paper presents the EU H2020 Resilience to Cope with Climate Change in Urban Areas (RESCCUE) project approach in Lisbon’s research site, regarding the Hazur® resilience assessment methodology. This methodology focuses on the interdependencies between services and infrastructures, and on the recovery times needed to restore its normal functionalities. This approach allows the integration of several work packages of the RESCCUE project, from climate change projections to adaptation strategies selection. The assessment was conducted for 19 services and 146 infrastructures, including water (supply and drainage systems), power, mobility, waste, telecommunication, environment, and the social sector. The principal climate-related hazard analysed at the Lisbon research site was urban flooding. The main result consists of a deep understanding of the relations between different services and the consequent cascade effects triggered by flooding events. Stakeholders’ involvement, beyond the project consortium, was fundamental for the success of the methodology implementation.

Stress Reduction on Buried Conduits Using EPS Geofoam

In the recent years, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia started some huge projects in the field of infrastructure development through all the Kingdom regions. Reinforced concrete pipes are considered to be a good and economic choice for sewage pipes because they are less expensive, locally produced, and environmentally safe. The use of reinforced concrete pipes is not limited to the sewage systems, but they are also used in water and oil transfer as well as in storm water drainage systems and utility tunnels throughout the Kingdom cities.

The Study of Urban Energy Balance and Water Balance in Bashundhara Residential Area, Dhaka

Dhaka is a densely populated megacity. Many parts of this city are overcrowded. The city is now expanding on all sides, but on the eastern front, there are some major developments by public and private organizations. Bashundhara residential area is one of them which is being developed by the Bashundhara group on eastern the side of Dhaka city since the 1980s. There are some urban microclimatic challenges in this area, such as poor water drainage system, waterlogging, natural canals are blocked by the new development, no parks, playfield within the studied area, set back rule violation by landowners, little vegetation contributed to an imbalance in Energy and Water cycle. This study focused on the study of the current situation and possible development through altering and adding surface pavement, vegetation, and trees, reducing building footprint, enlarging water surface by remote sensing technology using qGIS software. Though there are some limitations of this study, the results show strong scope for the development of the existing microclimatic situation in Bashundhara residential area as well as knowledge from this exercise can be applied to other parts of Dhaka.

Strategizing of Kuzbass water resources

The authors explore efficient use of water resources as one of the strategic trends for development of the Kemerovo region which can be achieved by developing regional water supply and drainage systems. Thus, the purpose of the study is to define the major trends for long-term development strategies of water supply and drainage in Kuzbass which will take into account potential risks and strategic threats and which will be aimed at realization of strategic opportunities of the region. The study is based on Dr. V.L. Kvint’s theory of strategy and strategizing methodology. The authors analyze the original state of the regional water resources in dynamics, the structure of water use, global and regional trends which affect the global water resources (an increasing lack of water resources in the world, primarily), growing digitalization of water resources management systems, water supply and drainage systems, and they estimate their impact on Kuzbass water resources. The authors use the results of the analysis to determine the strategic trends for developing water supply and drainage in Kuzbass: creating strategic reserve of fresh water in Kuzbass, increasing reliability and energy efficiency of water supply and drainage system of Kuzbass, incorporating high technology into water supply and drainage system in Kuzbass, production of branded bottled drinking water in Kuzbass. Such strategic approach will provide for efficient use of water resources in the long-term perspective.