Water Distribution Process Research Articles

Sistem Monitoring Tekanan Air pada PDAM Gianyar Berbasis Web

Regional Water Company (PDAM) Gianyar Regency is one of the regionally owned companies in Gianyar Regency. Gianyar PDAM is responsible for the availability of clean water for consumers in the Gianyar region and its surroundings. In a water distribution system, the PDAM monitors water pressure in the pipeline so that water is guaranteed to flow to the customer. During this time the system of recording water pressure on the manometer installed in each particular zone is done manually using report paper. The difficulty caused is the slow monitoring of water pressure reported by the recording officer to the distribution officer, so that the water distribution process becomes stagnant which ultimately harms the customers and the PDAM itself. This study aims to create a system that can record water pressure which makes it easier for the distribution head to get information quickly. With the research phase which includes data collection techniques, system analysis, and system design to maximize research and implement systems and tests on each system, it can be concluded that the system that has been made can run well and as expected. The functional features generated in this study are the dashboard graph of the average water pressure per month, processing master employee data, processing village master data, processing master manometer data, processing schedule data, manometer monitoring by officers, manometer monitoring by admin and manometer monitoring report .

Certainty Level of Water Delivery of the Required Quality by Water Supply Networks.

The security of water delivery of the required quality by water supply networks is identified with the concept of reliability. Therefore, a method of reliability evaluation of water distribution of the required quality was developed. The method is based on the probabilistic character of secondary water contamination in the water supply network. Data for the method are taken from monitoring of the water distribution system. The method takes into consideration the number and locations of individual measurement points and the results of the tests of water quality indicators at these points. The sets of measurement points and water quality indicators constitute a matrix research (observation) field in the model. The proposed method was implemented to assess the reliability of a water distribution process with respect to water with the required microbiological quality indicators in a real distribution system.

Effects of Water-supply Pipe Materials on the Quality of Drinking Water

With three types of plastic water-supply pipes (PVC-U pipe, PP-R pipe and PE pipe) commonly used in the project as the object, this study designed a static soaking experiment to simulate the process of water delivery and distribution in drinking water pipe network, and selected the total organic carbon (TOC) as the comprehensive performance evaluation indicator to investigate the change in the amount and rate of release of organics in different plastic pipes over time.

Modeling chlorine distribution in water supply system utilizing empirically determined chlorine decay rate

Analysis of free chlorine propagation in water supply network has a significant meaning for the process of water distribution. Results of numerical studies allow the proper selection of disinfectant or suitable monitoring of pipelines endangered by stagnation of water. The first-order reaction of chlorine decay in pipe boundary layer and inside the waterbody is commonly successfully assumed in numerical modeling. The aim of this studies was to analyze transport of chlorine inside the rural water supply system. The calculations were performed with application of Epanet 2.0 with assumed the first-order re action of chlorine decay and empirically determined chlorine decay rate in the mass of waterbody. The periodical disinfection of water in the network with the constant chlorine concentration 0.3 mg·dm-3 introduced during the whole time duration of simulation was assumed to calculations. The obtained results of chlorine distribution showed that even after 4 days there were available pipelines in which concentration of free chlorine was lower than 0.2 mg·dm-3. Thus, the microbiological protection of water quality is unavailable in these pipelines.

Efficiency End Optimum Decisions in the Modeling Process of Water Distribution

Efficiency End Optimum Decisions in the Modeling Process of Water Distribution

Assessment of the Energy Use for Water Supply in Beijing

Urban water supply systems consist of water intaking, water delivery, water purification, water distribution, and other processes that require energy. As urban population increases, water resources must be drained from a larger watershed and delivered through longer pipelines. Additionally, the requirements of water purification techniques are being raised, and higher building height poses challenges to water distribution. All these factors have caused evident changes in the energy use in the water supply system. Estimation of the energy used in the water supply system is one of the bases for low-carbon city construction and assessments. This paper provides a method for assessing the energy use by a water system in an urban area and performs a case study for Beijing, China. This study investigated the urban water supply system of Beijing from 1979 to 2017 by collecting data of water sources, water treatment techniques, delivery pipelines, water pressure, and seepage rates. It estimated the energy use per cubic unit of water in the water supply system and plotted the trend through time. The results showed that the energy use per cubic unit of water supply in Beijing increased from 0.30 KWh to 0.65 KWh from 1979 to 2014. After the commissioning of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in 2014, the energy use per cubic unit water was altered structurally and remained steady, because the water transported by the project replaced groundwater and reduced the electricity requirement for pumping. The results demonstrate that the South-to-North Water Diversion Project significantly helps Beijing reduce carbon emissions.

Numerical Simulation of Gate Control for Unsteady Irrigation Flow to Improve Water Use Efficiency in Farming

In the case of irrigation, to implement the water distribution plan, the flow needs to be changed through the gate which leads to the occurrence of unavoidable unsteady flow. In order to improve the level of irrigation management, it is necessary to understand the changes taking place in the canal water flow during the process of water distribution. The de Saint-Venant equations were solved based on the method of characteristics and a model was built to simulate the unsteady flow in the channel of the Yintang irrigation district. Then, the obtained results were validated by the employed model. On the basis of simulation results, a model for the variations in the gate opening was established based on the theory of under-gate discharge. In this study, the simulation results, as established from the model, are very consistent with the simulation results of existing commercial software and a simple design for the operation was conducted from the adjustment of gate openings and multi-stage gate operation modes. Overall, the established gate control model built in this study is reliable, which provides a basis for the decision-making process for the relevant staff.

PROGRAM PIPANISASI DENGAN SISTEM ADMINISTRASI TERPADU AIR BERSIH DUSUN SONO TENGAH DESA KEBON AGUNG KABUPATEN MALANG

Water is a primary requirement for humans, the process of obtaining it can be done in various ways, one of them is the underground water drilling process. The process of underground water drilling is also done in Sono Tengah. Because it is managed conventionally the water distribution process has not been maximized and in accordance with the expectations of all citizens. The results of initial observation at the drilling site is the need for clean water network arrangement and good administrative governance. Based on these two programs, the IbM program emphasizes the improvement of network and good administrative management system through the utilization of computerized system. Through the utilization of science and technology in the form of rearrangement of existing pipelines is expected to occur the distribution of water to every citizen well and all citizens in Sono Tengah can jointly enjoy the existence of well water drill. Therefore, based on the above fact, maintenance is required periodically and permanently for the continuity of the distribution of clean water. In this case IKIP Budi Utomo as one of the universities in Malang feel care and do one of the tri dharma that is devotion to society and results obtained are expected to be a good cooperation between the community and campus in the form of mutual assistance and coordinate between universities as the printing of scholars and the community as stakeholders.

Increased strength and related mechanisms for mortars at cryogenic temperatures

Properties of cement-based materials at cryogenic temperatures are quite different from those at room temperatures. The strength of mortars at cryogenic temperatures was experimentally studied and an empirical model was established. The freezing thermodynamic process of pore water and pore size distribution in mortars were characterized by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermoporometry (TPM), respectively. The relationship between the increased cryogenic strength and pore ice formation was discussed. The results showed that flexural strength of mortars increased at a higher rate than compressive strength. Water content and initial strength at room temperatures were the main factors influencing the cryogenic strength. Higher water content and higher initial strength resulted in higher cryogenic strength. Ice formation in pores is one of the main reasons for the mortar’s cryogenic strength increase. Nearly half of the water remained unfrozen in pores with radius less than 40 nm at −40 °C. Both ice formed in capillary pores and gel pores contributes to the strength increase observed at cryogenic temperatures.

A Comparative Analysis of Urban Drinking Water Management and Distribution Processes; a Case Study of Guma Valley Drinking Water Treatment Company in Freetown, Sierra Leone and Wuxi Drinking Waterwork

A Comparative Analysis of Urban Drinking Water Management and Distribution Processes; a Case Study of Guma Valley Drinking Water Treatment Company in Freetown, Sierra Leone and Wuxi Drinking Waterwork

Developing an integrated risk management framework for agricultural water conveyance and distribution systems within fuzzy decision making approaches

Irrigation canal networks, as the primary agricultural water conveyance and delivery systems, are exposed to a variety of hazards affecting the water distribution processes. This study, for the first time, develops a comprehensive risk management framework for the canal network through a Fuzzy Hierarchical method. In this regard, the risk is analyzed by a combination of probability, consequence, and vulnerability against identified hazards based on the hierarchical framework. The developed model is based on fuzzy numbers to consider the uncertainties arise from experts' opinion. To aggregate the calculated risk in the hierarchical framework, the Fuzzy Simple Additive Weighting (FSAW) approach was employed. To enhance the reliability of the water distribution system and decrease the risk of failure, six risk management alternatives are proposed based on the risk assessment results and the most significant hazards. To prioritize managerial scenarios, two sets of criteria were selected including quantitative criteria (consisting of cost of operation and risk reduction) and a qualitative set (compromising social and operational criteria). The risk management scenarios were prioritized based on two rational multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods of a Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). Regarding different degrees of importance of the criteria, a pair-wise comparison was conducted by a group of experts to determine the relative weight of the criteria. According to the risk assessment results, the riskiest hazards are poor maintenance, seepage, unexpected event, drought, and vandalism of the structure. Moreover, employing the MCDM model in risk-based decision-making reveals that “maintenance improvement” is ranked as the first scenario, with score values of 0.851 and 0.237 employing the SAW, and TOPSIS approaches, respectively.

Application of Solar Energies to Reinforce the Flow Water of Foggara in the Adrar Region

The Foggara in the region of Adrar is a traditional irrigation system constitute water acquisition and distribution processes, based on draining horizontal galleries. This traditional technique shows differences in the catchment source and the water-sharing technique. They capture the waters of the water table at the foot of a Jebel or the continental aquifer, a source of the Western erg great aquifer, drainage and infiltration, and finally, only the flood waters or drain the waters of the wades. In this work, we will use renewable energy as a local energy application for the assistance of this World Heritage used in the Adrar region. Our study will be applied on the site 'Amguid in Tamntiti'.

Engaging with the politics of water governance

The goal of the study is to strengthen the analytical purchase of the term water governance and improve the utility of the concept for describing and analyzing actual water distribution processes. We argue this is necessary as most writing on water governance is more concerned with promoting particular politically inspired agendas of what water governance should be than with understanding what it actually is. We believe that water governance at heart is about political choices as to where water should flow; about the norms, rules and laws on which such choices should be based; about who is best able or qualified to decide about this; and about the kind of societal future such choices support. We identify distributions—of water, voice and authority, and expertise—as the empirical anchor and entry‐point of our conceptualization of water governance. This usefully allows foregrounding questions of equity in water governance discussions and provides the empirical foundation for a meaningful engagement with the politics of water governance. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1245. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1245This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Planning Water Human Water > Rights to Water Human Water > Water Governance

Queering Engineers? Using History to Re-think the Associations Between Masculinity and Irrigation Engineering in Peru

ABSTRACTThe analysis in this article contrasts indigenous irrigation systems with modern water engineering in Peru to denaturalize and de-normalize the binary gendered associations through which the modern engineering water profession has come to be defined. We present evidence that suggests a gradual historical change in the main source(s) and bearers of water authority in Peru; from the divine to science and from priests to modern engineers. This change has gone accompanied with a distinct masculinization of formal water rights and powers. Yet, remnants from the earlier and more gender-dual past remain visible in actual water distribution and governance processes, which mix and combine more modern engineering knowledges with insights from Inka and pre-Inka histories. By not a priori singling out men as the privileged bearers of water expertise or authority, these hybrid forms of water management in Peru may provide promising entry-point for designing and constructing systems that are better attuned to the combined goals of environmental sustainability and social equity, while also helping make the water engineering profession more hospitable to women and ‘non-modern’ men.

Low-intensity Irrigation Efficiency and their Application in the Conditions ofMountain Agriculture in Azerbaijan

This article examines the issues of introduction of low-intensity irrigation systems that are justified by their efficiency in the use of the conditions of mountain agriculture in Azerbaijan. The author argues that the advantage of low-intensity irrigation technology lies in the fact that at a minimum a small amount of moisture throughout the irrigated area is formed microclimate for more intensive development of plants, thus significantly increases the yield of different types of crops, improved water distribution process ensures uniform distribution scheme concentration, etc.

ESTABLISHMENT OF PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR MALAYSIAN WATER UTILITIES WITH THE PRESENCE OF UNDESIRABLE OUTPUT

In maintaining the efficiency of water supply services, it is crucial to monitor the performance of water utilities in a country. One of widely used tools to evaluate the performance of water supply services is Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). However, prior DEA-related approaches for water sector performance have ignored the internal structure of water supply service operations; i.e. the water treatment process and water distribution process. Another neglected aspect is the presence of Non-Revenue Water (NRW) to be considered as an undesirable output in the water distribution process. This is in line with the goal to reduce the NRW level in water supply systems. Hence, this paper proposed a two-stage Network DEA with the presence of undesirable output to evaluate the performance of Malaysian water utilities. This proposed method advances the existing DEA-based approach on water utility performance measurement, where not only the potential reduced level of NRW can be determined, but, a new performance benchmarking indicator regarding the concept of efficiency and effectiveness of the water supply industry in Malaysia can be established from the same model.

Spatial prediction of soil–water transmissivity based on fuzzy logic in a Brazilian headwater watershed

The Mantiqueira Range region is one of the most important Brazilian headwater regions, from which a great number of springs flow to form one of the most important watercourses for São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais States. These natural features make the Mantiqueira Range an important hydrological region for research and development of technologies for management and environmental preservation. Areas in which the predominant land-use is native forest have proved to be strategic for groundwater recharge purposes, and thus, to mitigate drought effects that are being observed recently in Southeastern Brazil. In this context, to identify and map these areas lead to better and more successful decision making regarding soil–water conservation and management. In headwater watersheds, the knowledge about spatial distribution of soil–water transmissivity can be very important to sustainable use and conservation of environmental resources. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of pattern recognition on landscape classification tools combined with digital soil mapping techniques for mapping soil–water transmissivity in a watershed located at one of the most important Brazilian headwaters, in Southeastern Brazil. The model used solum depth and saturated hydraulic conductivity as soil deterministic elements and topographic indexes. The results showed that the method proposed combining terrain attributes and Geomorphons, which is a mapping tool that allows for the identification of landforms within a landscape through digital elevation model analysis, was very efficient and, therefore, used to predict the soil–water transmissivity for the watershed. Areas with high to moderate soil–water transmissivity values were associated with the steepest slopes, shallow and moderately deep Inceptisols and native forest fragments. Since the relief and solum depth features of Inceptisols did not show optimal conditions for soil water percolation, the results demonstrated that land-use and management factors are crucial for groundwater recharge in the region of the Mantiqueira Range. The results also showed that areas with native forests play a fundamental role in water distribution processes in the soil profile in mountainous catchments in Southeastern Brazil. These results strengthen the importance of soil conservation practices and adequate land-use to sustain this kind of environment in Brazil.

Changes of microbial composition during wastewater reclamation and distribution systems revealed by high-throughput sequencing analyses

This study employed 454-pyrosequencing to investigate microbial and pathogenic communities in two wastewater reclamation and distribution systems. A total of 11972 effective 16S rRNA sequences were acquired from these two reclamation systems, and then designated to relevant taxonomic ranks by using RDP classifier. The Chao index and Shannon diversity index showed that the diversities of microbial communities decreased along wastewater reclamation processes. Proteobacteria was the most dominant phylum in reclaimed water after disinfection, which accounted for 83% and 88% in two systems, respectively. Human opportunistic pathogens, including Clostridium, Escherichia, Shigella, Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium, were selected and enriched by disinfection processes. The total chlorine and nutrients (TOC, NH3-N and NO3-N) significantly affected the microbial and pathogenic communities during reclaimed water storage and distribution processes. Our results indicated that the disinfectant-resistant pathogens should be controlled in reclaimed water, since the increases in relative abundances of pathogenic bacteria after disinfection implicate the potential public health associated with reclaimed water.

A structure–efficiency based performance evaluation of the urban water cycle in northern China and its policy implications

Understanding the urban water cycle is critical, as the watershed water cycle is greatly influenced by cities under the processes of urbanization with problems of high frequency of water shortage, environment deterioration and ecological degradation. Different from traditional evaluation method which focuses on one or some component of the whole system, this research aims to propose an innovative framework to evaluate the performance of the urban water cycle by means of the structure–efficiency index (SE_index). This index aggregates key indicators from structure and efficiency aspects (i.e. S_index and E_index), based on the water balance principle (which considers a multi-source water distribution process, water consumption process, and the wastewater treatment and discharge process). An entropy weight method is used to determine the weights of different indicators in an objective way. The performance levels of the urban water cycle of case study cities in Haihe River basin are evaluated, and key indicators are identified by sensitivity analysis. Four city categories with different structures or efficiency characteristics are presented by cluster analysis technique and their associated policy implications are discussed. For cities with relatively low S_index and E_index values (such as Xingtai, Hebi, Shjiazhuang and Hebi), it is meaningful to both optimize their urban water cycle structure and improve the efficiency of the water supply and different water use sectors. Although cities such as Beijing and Tianjin have relatively high S_index and E_index values, there is still room for them to make structure optimization compared with other cities in the basin. The proposed SE_index and its application can help provide quantitative information on the urban water cycle performance status to promote sustainable urban water policy making and related infrastructure planning.

English

Water is basic need of human being. Water treatment is one of the important process involved in the water distribution process. In PCMC area the water distribution infrastructure is widely spreaded effectively. Water management is a matter of high priority in India and those responsible for major operations of water distribution need to be educated in this endeavor. Automation provides optimized solution to all problems of distribution of water system. The entire system has features of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system to control and monitor the water supply and in case of power failures to maintain continuity of power supply. Now-a-days, Water distribution system faces some problems like water leakage & improper water supply. This leakage causes drastic reduction in pressure of water flowing through supply line. Due to this, consumer gets less amount of water. By, considering above scenario we are trying to find solution for the problem. Hence, we are working with Water Supply Department of Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation. The main aim of this project is to provide effective water supply to each consumer & to detect the leakage sites and malpractices. In this project we are working on the distributed network under the area of single water tank. Mainly we are focusing on the pressure transmitter which are located at different branches in distribution network to indicate pressure variation at different location. Thus, we are going to develop a system in which we can analyze the pressure from different branches of distribution network and compare it with fixed benchmark. In this way, we are able to control& monitor the whole system.