Water Distribution Pipelines Research Articles

Data-Driven Inline Leak Detection for Pipelines Using Flow-Induced Acoustics Analysis

Fluid and water distribution networks are essential to the modern world. However, these systems are prone to leaks, which can lead to significant water loss, damage to infrastructure, and environmental pollution. The proposed solution makes use of Acoustic Emission sensors placed in discrete locations in the pipeline which measures the sound in the pipeline caused by the flow of fluids. Computation models are used to deduce the location from the input provided by the sensors. In case of leak, the leak is localized through cross correlation and TDOA methods. This solution is particularly developed for water distribution pipelines. Keyword: Acoustic data analysis, Data-driven models, Cross-Correlation, Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA)

IoT Water Management and Distribution System for Smart City using Artificial Intelligence

Year after year, the accessible percentage of the world's freshwater resources decreases. According to a World Economic Forum assessment, increased water consumption will result in catastrophic global shortages during the next two decades. The majority of water loss occurs during distribution in pipes during shipment. A water distribution system" using the Internet of Things (IoT) combining "cloud and fog computing" is presented for water distribution and underground pipeline health monitoring to remove the loss. Consumer needs must be assessed to design an effective IoT-based water supply system. As a result, a deep learning method known as Long short-term memory (LSTM) is suggested to estimate customer water consumption. An integrated IoT "Water Distribution Network (WDN)" is being created by employing hydraulic engineering and more accurate demand forecasts. The WDN design will minimize transport losses while maintaining water quality for users. This will result in the creation of smart systems for distributing water. Finally, the suggested algorithms' performance is analyzed and compared. The results demonstrate that the water distribution system with intelligence can effectively monitor the network.

INTER-VILLAGE COOPERATION IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: A NEW SOCIAL INSTITUTIONAL PROCESS IN VOLCANIC DISASTER-PRONE AREAS

Water resources management is one of the crucial issues in people’s lives, especially in areas where disasters often occur. Mount Merapi, as one of the active volcanoes in its area, is also a forest ecosystem in which the water source fulfills household, agriculture, and other basic needs; after the 2010 Merapi eruption, several springs were covered with eruptive material, destroying the water distribution pipeline. The post-eruption government policy was to reorganize the Merapi area and designate several areas (villages) to become Disaster-Prone Areas (Kawasan Rawan Bencana/KRB) and Directly Affected Areas (Area Terdampak Langsung). Establishing inter-village cooperation in water management at Merapi KRB is inseparable from this location’s local wisdom and social institutions. Local wisdom and social institutions become the reinforcement and strength of cooperation between villages amid various regulatory challenges and formal structures from regional and central governments. This is interesting because a dynamic interplay exists between local wisdom, social institutions, and state legal structures that contribute to forming new institutions for managing water resources in disaster-prone areas.

Estimation of the Restoration Period of the Water Supply System in Lima, Peru, After a Scenario Earthquake

The restoration period of the water supply system in Lima, Peru, after a scenario earthquake was estimated in this study. To achieve the objective, the probabilistic assessment model for post-earthquake residual capacity of the utility lifeline system initially proposed by Nojima and Sugito (2005) and revised by following related studies was employed. The dataset of water distribution pipelines was provided by Potable Water and Sewer System Service in Lima, Peru (SEDAPAL), and the spatial distribution of ground motion with a moment magnitude of 8.6 was considered as a scenario earthquake in this study. The water disruption was anticipated to continue for approximately one month in certain districts of Lima, Peru. The estimated smallest water supplying ratio was 21.1% in Villa El Salvador after the scenario earthquake.

Analysis of wastewater reuse options using a multicriteria decision tool for Phuket, Thailand

The act of balancing between water demand and water supply in Phuket Island is facing challenges, suggesting water reuse options in various activities on the island should be properly promoted considering the potential benefits in a variety of dimensions. This research presented options to reuse effluent water from wastewater treatment plants for Phuket Municipality in 3 main activity groups, namely, domestic reuse, agricultural reuse, and raw water for water treatment plants (WTP). Water demand, additional water treatment trains, and the length of the major water distribution pipeline for each water reuse option were designed, and its cost and expenses were calculated. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was used by 1000Minds internet-based software to prioritize the suitability of each water reuse option based on a four-dimensional scorecard, including economic, social, health, and environmental aspects. The decision algorithm for the trade-off scenario based on the government's budget allocation was proposed to obtain weighing without subjective expert opinions. The results revealed that recycling effluent water as raw water for the existing WTP was the first priority, followed by agriculture reuse for planting coconut, Phuket's economic crops, and domestic reuse. There was a significant difference in the total scores of economic and health indicators between the first- and second-priority options because of the difference in the additional treatment system in which the first-priority option applied the microfiltration and reverse osmosis system, which could effectively eliminate viruses and chemical micropollutants. In addition, the first priority option required a much smaller piping system than other water reuse options because it relied on the existing plumbing system of WTP, lowering the investment cost, which was a very important indicator for decision-making.

Thermal analysis under static and fatigue conditions on HDPE

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) represents one of the best choices for water and gas distribution pipeline thanks to its light weight and good mechanical performance. One of the strengths of this plastic material is the possibility to join it via welding adopting a procedure according to the standard. However, the welding procedure can severally alter the mechanical performance of the material under service loads. In the present work comparison between virgin and welded HDPE specimens is carried out adopting rapid approaches, such as the Risitano’s Thermographic Method and the Static Thermographic Method, monitoring the evolution of the specimen’s superficial temperature under static tensile and fatigue tests. Mechanical performance has been compared, as well as the fatigue limit obtained with traditional fatigue tests, showing good agreement. Reliable fatigue data have been obtained in a very short amount of time and with few specimens by adopting Energy Methods.

PLANNING OF CLEAN WATER DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE NETWORK AT UNIVERSITAS JAMBI KAMPUS PINANG MASAK MENDALO

In 2021 it is estimated that there are 19,836 people at Universitas Jambi Kampus Pinang Masak Mendalo. One of the most important aspects to support activities in Universitas Jambi Kampus Pinang Masak Mendalo is a clean water supply. This study aims to determine clean water needs, to analyse hydraulic factors such as water discharge, flow speed, water pressure, and head loss using EPANET program, and to calculate the budget required to build a water distribution pipeline system. The results of water distribution pipeline network design are clean water needs at Universitas Jambi Kampus Pinang Masak Mendalo as much as 665,910 liters/day or 18.4975 liters/second and at the maximum daily needs as much as 732,500 liters/day or 20.3472 liters/second in the projected year of 2031. Analyses of hydraulic factors in the pipeline distribution system using EPANET program and manual calculation give the same results, but there are some pipe segments that do not fulfill of flow velocity standard, that are on pipe A1 = 0.15 m/s, B1 = 0.08 m/s dan pipa B2 = 0.25 m/s. The cost required to build a clean water distribution pipeline network at the Universitas Jambi Kampus Pinang Masak Mendalo, is amounting Rp238,252,263.00,-

Empowering clean water whilst safeguarding water distribution pipeline integrity: towards manganese- and iron-free lime hydrate for water treatment

Active and passive manganese and iron impurities in drinking water-grade lime hydrate are removed through redox treatment.

A new maximal flow algorithm for solving optimization problems with linguistic capacities and flows

The maximal flow problems (MFPs) are among the most significant optimization problems in network flow theory with widespread and diverse applications. To represent qualitative aspects of uncertainty in the maximal flow model, which asks for the largest amount of flow transported from one vertex to another, the use of linguistic variables has effective means for experts in expressing their views. In this paper, we first define trapezoidal Pythagorean fuzzy numbers (TrPFNs) along with some new arithmetic operations which cover the gaps in previously defined operations. For defuzzification of TrPFNs, we introduce a ranking procedure based on value and ambiguity indices. This work puts forward a theoretical framework for a new Pythagorean fuzzy maximal flow algorithm (PFMFA), which helps to solve different optimization problems with PF information by considering linguistic capacities and flows. The implementation of the algorithm is elaborated by considering two case studies. Firstly, we examine the maximum flow of a water distribution pipeline network in Pyigyitagon Township, Mandalay, Myanmar. Secondly, we compute maximum PF power flow in a 14-bus electricity network provided by the IEEE working group, concerning the example data from the University of Washington. The results illustrate the superiority of the proposed method and give a detailed analysis of flow connected with several practical performances. In addition, the Pythagorean fuzzy optimal flows corresponding to each network arc are compared and performance comparison of our method is investigated which shows the increasing and decreasing trends of backward and forward arcs of the network, respectively. Moreover, the runtime analysis of existing well-known maximal flow algorithms is provided. Finally, we present the advantages of our technique to promote its cogency.

Prediction of Fault Occurrences in Smart City Water Distribution System Using Time-Series Forecasting Algorithm

The proposed research work is focused on forecasting the future requirements of water supply based on the current requirement of water and also identifying the possibility of occurrences of cracks and leaks using the ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) model. The experiments were conducted using real-time experimental hardware. The pressure data obtained and their p -value is less than 0.05, which represents the stability of the data in the ARIMA model. The forecasted pressure data range between 0.451379 N/m2 and 2.022273 N/m2. The frequency of the forecasted pressure ranges between 1.706869 N/m2 and 3.065836 N/m2 (maximum peak) and −0.81046 N/m2 and 1.042164 N/m2 (minimum peak). Forecasted data of pressure at damaged condition lie between 2.880788 N/m2 and 3.29797 N/m2 and frequency ranges between 4.866227 N/m2 and 5.664348 N/m2. Similarly, future forecasted data of water requirement for the next 1 year range between 614.6292 (liters/week) and 620.0099 (liters/week), the frequency of the forecast value with maximum ranging from 617.0086 (liters/week) to 628.5465 (liters/week), and the minimum peaks ranging from 611.0967 (liters/week) to 612.2914 (liters/week). The above data are for a single water distribution pipeline.

Application of the Differential Evolutionary Algorithm to the Estimation of Pipe Embedding Parameters.

The time-delay estimation (TDE) method is the primary method for predicting leakage locations in buried water distribution pipelines. The accuracy of TDE depends on the acoustic speed and attenuation of the leakage signal propagating along the pipeline. The analytical prediction model is the typical approach for obtaining the propagation speed and attenuation of leakage waves. However, the embedding parameters of the buried pipe in this model must be measured using soil tests, which are very difficult, costly, and time-consuming. These factors restrict the application of the TDE method in pinpointing pipeline leakage. A method for inverse identification of pipe embedding parameters using discrete wavenumbers obtained in field testing is presented in this paper, and the differential evolution algorithm is introduced as an optimization solution. A field experiment is conducted to validate the method, and the test wavenumbers are measured in a cast-iron pipeline. The estimated sensitive parameters in the analytical model using the method are soil elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and pipe–soil contact coefficient, while the conventional soil test is used to measure the soil density due to the character of the optimization algorithm and the soil properties. The application effects show that the estimated parameters are close to those measured from a conventional soil test. The wave speed based on the estimated parameters was an excellent match for the on-site test in the engineering application. This work provides a less costly and more straightforward way to apply the TDE method for leak localization in buried pipelines.

Impact of Biofilms on Water Distribution System of a Tertiary Institution in Northern Nigeria

The aim of this research was to determine the impact of biofilms on water distribution system of FederalUniversity Birnin Kebbi. Samples were collected from different water distribution pipelines in the University.Total heterotrophic count was carried out to determine the microbial load and Most Probable Method (MPN)was used to detect the presence of fecal coliforms in the water. Total heterotrophic bacterial count rangedbetween 1.6×103 to 3.9×103 cfu/ml. Escherichia Coli showed the highest frequency (25%) of occurrence, whilethe least frequency of occurrence (5%) was recorded for Klebsiella spp and Enterobacter spp respectively. Theisolates identified were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp,Enterobacteria Spp, Salmonella Spp and Bacillus Spp. Presence of these isolates is of significant concern andmay cause some water borne diseases like diarrhea, dysentery etc. It is therefore recommended that water boardtreatment plant should use disinfectant chemicals like chlorine and perform regular proactive preventivemaintenance, microbial monitoring and infrastructure replacement and repair so as to reduce the occurrence ofbiofilms in the Water Distribution system.

Domestic Water Distribution Planning from Springs in Jatimulyo Village, Girimulyo District, Kulon Progo

During the dry season, most of the springs in Jatimulyo Village deliver less water. This condition causes difficulties for people in the area. Only two springs supply sufficient water for distribution. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the water distribution from the two springs, Mudal and Sumitro. This study aims to provide an alternative technical plan for the distribution of domestic water and to provide recommendations in the distribution and regulation of the use of water from the Mudal and Sumitro springs to the local authority and community in Jatimulyo Village. The distribution system relies on gravity so that it does not require any pump. This study has conducted using the hydraulic equation for water flow through a pipe to analyze the design water discharge required for each reservoir. For water distribution planning, counting the number of houses that will be served was conducted using Google Earth imagery. The results of this study indicate that from the Mudal spring, water distribution pipelines can cover 282 houses, with a total required water discharge of 1,632 liters/second. For the Sumitro spring, the first alternative scheme can serve 161 houses and requires 0.932 liters/second water discharge. As for the second alternative, it is estimated to be able to serve 138 houses with a total required water discharge of 0.799 liters/second. It is necessary to measure all spring discharge every month. It will help determining the fluctuation of the discharge of each spring.

English

Many rural households do not have access to treated drinking water. However, some households may be in regions where a water treatment plant has excess capacity to supply some additional households. In such circumstances, small diameter low-pressure supply systems can be connected to major transmission lines to give these households access to water. These typically occur in locations that do not belong to recognized municipal or other local government. Such supply systems, commonly referred to as “trickle fill,” have been implemented in South America, Africa and Canada. This paper explains the concept of trickle fill supply systems. A user-friendly decision-making framework is proposed to assist the decision maker to determine whether the implementation of a trickle fill system is economically feasible for a given rural area. The decision-making assessment template (DMAT) takes into projects the economic, energy and carbon footprint changes. A case study for a rural municipality in the province of Alberta, Canada is presented to illustrate the value of the DMAT and the feasibility of trickle fill water supply as a solution. In this case study, a trickle fill water supply solution is found to be technically and economically viable and would reduce energy consumption and the carbon footprint. It is shown that trickle fill solution can be implemented, resulting in an average cost of water to be $165 per month per household. This is higher than the affordability threshold of 2% of the median household income, but comparable to the cost that the end users currently pay for drinking water in the area. A capital grant from a higher level of government, or low interest rate financing, would reduce the end user costs to the level of the affordability criterion mentioned here. Hence, a trickle fill solution is worth investigating for some rural residents. Key words: Rural water systems; economic feasibility; carbon footprint, small diameter water distribution pipelines.

Prioritizing water distribution pipelines rehabilitation using machine learning algorithms

The majority of water pipelines are subjected to serious deterioration and degradation challenges. This research examines the application of optimized neural network models for estimating the condition of water pipelines in Shaker Al-Bahery, Egypt. The proposed hybrid models are compared against the classical neural network, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, and group method of data handling using four evaluation metrics. These metrics are; Fraction of Prediction within a Factor of Two (FACT2), Willmott's index of agreement (WI), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and Mean Bias Error (MBE). The results show that the neural network trained using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm (FACT2 = 0.93, WI = 0.96, RMSE = 0.09, and MBE = 0.05) outperforms other machine learning models. Furthermore, three multi-objective swarm intelligence algorithms are applied to determine the near-optimum intervention strategies, namely PSO salp swarm optimization, and grey wolf optimization. The performances of the aforementioned algorithms are evaluated using Generalized Spread (GS), Spread (Δ), and Generational Distance (GD). The results yield that the PSO algorithm (GS = 0.54, Δ = 0.82, and GD = 0.01) exhibits better results when compared to the other algorithms. The obtained near-optimum solutions are ranked using a new additive ratio assessment and grey relational analysis decision-making techniques. Finally, the overall ranking is obtained using a new approach based on the half-quadratic theory. This aggregated ranking obtains a consensus index and a trust level of 0.97.

Optimization of Water Distribution Networks Using Genetic Algorithm Based SOP–WDN Program

Water distribution networks are vital hydraulic infrastructures, essential for providing consumers with sufficient water of appropriate quality. The cost of construction, operation, and maintenance of such networks is extremely large. The problem of optimization of a water distribution network is governed by the type of water distribution network and the size of pipelines placed in the distribution network. This problem of optimal diameter allocation of pipes in a distribution network has been heavily researched over the past few decades. This study describes the development of an algorithm, ‘Smart Optimization Program for Water Distribution Networks’ (SOP–WDN), which applies genetic algorithm to the problem of the least-cost design of water distribution networks. SOP–WDN demonstrates the application of an evolutionary optimization technique, i.e., genetic algorithm, linked with a hydraulic simulation solver EPANET, for the optimal design of water distribution networks. The developed algorithm was applied to three benchmark water distribution network optimization problems and produced consistently good results. SOP–WDN can be utilized as a tool for guiding engineers during the design and rehabilitation of water distribution pipelines.

A comparative analysis of perforation and blister features on internally corroded aged water pipeline wall

AbstractDespite well‐controlled chlorination, no known operational outages and physicochemical parameters of the water indicating a slight tendency to form carbonate deposits, aged and internally uncoated pipelines may experience unexpected internal corrosion events that raise integrity concerns. A typical corrosion damage was investigated consisting of a single perforation covered by a corrosion product cap (CPC) approximately 5 cm in diameter and surrounded by a relatively dense population of blisters of approx. 1 cm in diameter covering shallow corrosion pits. It was observed on the inner wall of an aged on‐land water distribution pipeline after decades of corrosion‐free operation. A dense population of bacteria, sulphides and extracellular polysaccharide substances were detected in the CPC, but none at the pit bottom surrounding the perforation and within the blisters, but abundant fungi were observed on scanning electron microscopy images of the blister bottom. The morphology of the blisters suggests that the blister formation is due to the loss of adhesion of the corrosion product layer, which is influenced by the formation of spherulitic crystals. The Fourier transform infra‐red spectroscopy results suggest that the growth of these carbonate crystals is related to the adsorption of microbially generated carbonyl groups. The results support a likely scenario of the effect of biomineralization on the appearance of corrosion through the formation of blisters, which may provide a niche for microbes that eventually cause corrosion damage.

A review of microbial corrosion in reclaimed water pipelines: challenges and mitigation strategies

Abstract With the continuous development and expansion of the water reclamation and reuse market, it is vital to ensure water quality safety and stability over the entire water reuse system. Because the quality of reclaimed water is distinct from that of drinking water, it is likely to deteriorate, even after advanced treatment, during distribution and transport. This review identifies the common microbial corrosion in reclaimed water distribution pipelines and end use applications (e.g. industrial cooling system) and the dominant corrosive microorganisms in reclaimed water. The microbial corrosion mechanism and the affecting factors on microbial corrosion are discussed in depth. Moreover, this study also proposes possible strategies for dealing with pipeline microbial corrosion, including the control of the assimilable organic carbon content via coagulation and filtration processes as well as disinfection technologies for microbial inactivation. This study is of great novelty to provide a comprehensive overview of microbial corrosion in reclaimed water distribution and application and point out future directions towards sustainable and long-lasting water reuse.

Assessment of water and residue quality in three different drinking water distribution pipelines within high density areas in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria

Assessment of water and residue quality in three different drinking water distribution pipelines within high density areas in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria

Effects of dissolved oxygen on water quality and biofilms in the raw water distribution pipeline for a reserved water source

Higher initial DO concentrations could enhance the nitrification reaction and purification process of the raw water.