Water Distribution Pipelines Research Articles

A cross-sectional study of enteric disease risks associated with water quality and sanitation in Hyderabad City

Research Article| August 01 2002 A cross-sectional study of enteric disease risks associated with water quality and sanitation in Hyderabad City J. C. Mohanty; J. C. Mohanty 1Information and Public Relations Dept, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderbad, India Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar T. E. Ford; T. E. Ford 2Department of Microbiology, Montana State University, Lewis Hall, Room 109, P.O. Box 173520, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA Tel: 406 994 2903 Fax: 406 994 4926; E-mail: ford@deas.harvard.edu Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar J. J. Harrington; J. J. Harrington 3Harvard School of Public Health, Bldg 1, Rm G17, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USATel: 617 432 3434 Fax: 617 432 3349 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar V. Lakshmipathy V. Lakshmipathy 4Regional Center for Urban and Environmental Studies, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua (2002) 51 (5): 239–251. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2002.0021 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Permissions Search Site Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsThis Journal Search Advanced Search Citation J. C. Mohanty, T. E. Ford, J. J. Harrington, V. Lakshmipathy; A cross-sectional study of enteric disease risks associated with water quality and sanitation in Hyderabad City. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 1 August 2002; 51 (5): 239–251. doi: https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2002.0021 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex This paper describes a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study to estimate enteric disease risks from drinking water and poor sanitary conditions in Hyderabad City, India. Community incidence rates of enteric diseases potentially transmitted through water (acute gastrointestinal infections, typhoid, hepatitis A) obtained from questionnaire administration were found to be approximately 200-fold greater than estimates based on hospital incidence data. Community incidence rates were therefore used for comparison with a range of socio-economic and drinking water system parameters. The incidence of these diseases was found to be significantly higher in areas where sewage overflows were frequent and where sewage could accumulate around the home, where utensils were cleaned on the street, where water distribution pipelines leaked and where no residual chlorine was maintained. Surprisingly, socio-economic factors such as education and income were not strongly associated with waterborne diseases.Regression modelling also supported an association between health outcome and the following independent variables: rate of sewage overflow, % of cast iron pipe (as a measure of less leakage potential) and % samples without residual chlorine. The strength of the relationships suggests that improvement in sewage collection systems and water disinfection, and repair of water distribution system leakage should result in significant reduction in enteric diseases. This study provides a simple epidemiological approach to identify preliminary linkages between water quality and disease that can be used to affect policy decisions. distribution system, enteric disease incidence, surveillance This content is only available as a PDF. © IWA Publishing 2002 You do not currently have access to this content.

DAMAGE DIRECTIVITY IN BURIED PIPELINES OF KOBE CITY DURING THE 1995 EARTHQUAKE

In this paper, we analysed the damage ratio in water distribution, gas and telecommunication pipelines buried normal and parallel to the fault direction using GIS database. We attempt to simulate strong ground motions in these two directions at near-field considering the S-wave radiation pattern. We have also analysed and compared the buried pipes behaviour located normal or parallel to the fault direction in the ground with horizontal or inclined bedrock, using a three-dimensional finite element approach. Both statistical and analytical results show that response and damage ratio of the pipes buried normal to the fault direction are larger than those in parallel direction. It is also shown that the effect of seismic directivity at near field is large, while at far field, the effect due to inclination of the bedrock on the ratio of pipe damage in these two directions is predominant.

Water mains and distribution pipes in soil - external corrosion and protection methods

Extensive statistical investigations based on damage reports show that the corrosion damage frequency for buried water mains and distribution pipelines in Sweden increased during the 1970s and 1980s. For this reason, a number of statistical and technical investigations of the corrosion and counter-measures were carried out. The paper reports on the corrosion damage statistics for water pipelines and the costs of the corrosion damage. Further, ways of actively working to reduce the corrosion damage frequency are described. These measures include the introduction of cast iron pipes with high quality coatings and the application of cathodic protection on different types of existing pipelines, and, further, the systematic replacement of pipeline sections, which show a high corrosion damage frequency.

Pipeline integrity maintenance using a tethered inspection vehicle (TIV): Lowe, R.; Robson, P. Insight, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 413–416 (Jun. 1995)

In recent years there has been a growing awareness of the benefits of using intelligent pigs as a means of maintaining the integrity of pipelines. These pigs are autonomous devices which are transported internally through a pipeline and conduct inspections on-line without the need for taking the pipeline out of operation. This awareness has resulted in the worldwide acceptance of the use of high-resolution on-line inspection equipment for the inspection of high-pressure transmission pipelines. This inspection technology has now been further developed by British Gas for low-pressure pipelines, such as gas and water distribution pipelines, refinery pipelines and even pipelines from the jetty loading point to the terminal. Indeed, discrete sections of decommissioned high-pressure transmission pipelines can also be inspected by this method. This paper describes the tethered inspection vehicle (TIV) as a method of ensuring pipeline integrity, while eliminating unnecessary hydrostatic testing, thereby avoiding the environmental consequences of pipeline failure.

Dynamic pipe fracture by waterhammer of gradual valve closure

The waterhammer which occurred in the water distribution pipeline system was analized by the method of characteristics. The result of the analysis shows the variety of pressure loading time because of differences of gradual valve closing time. The elastic plastic analysis concerning with the dynamic characteristics of PVC pipe material was applied to find the area of quasi-static zone and dynamic zone. Finally the results of waterhammer analysis were classified to quasi-static zone or dynamic zone by the results of pipe fracture study.

The Morgan Hill Earthquake of April 24, 1984—Effects on Facilities of the Santa Clara Valley Water District

The Santa Clara Valley Water District (the District) is a public agency with flood control and water supply management authority in Santa Clara County, California. The District operates ten dams and reservoirs, two water treatment plants which supply potable water, 74 miles of large-diameter water distribution pipelines and 34 miles of small canals. Flood control facilities include 45 miles of streams channeled by levees and 17 miles of bayfront levees. Immediately after the earthquake, the District's Emergency Operations Center was activated. Major dams were inspected immediately by operations staff in accordance with standing instructions. The fundamental operations of the District were not interrupted by the earthquake in any significant way. Both water treatment plants operated continuously during and after the earthquake. Damage was limited to minor (functionally insignificant) surficial cracking at two embankment dams. Electronic distance measuring surveys indicated that a large existing landslide, on which one of the water treatment plants is located, moved as much as 13 mm as a result of the earthquake.

Aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms in tubercles of the Columbus, Ohio, water distribution system

Aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms were enumerated in tubercles collected from sections of the water distribution pipeline in the Columbus, Ohio, metropolitan area. Coliform bacteria were not detected in the tubercles examined. Sulfate-reducing bacteria were detected in 80% of the samples. Nitrate-reducing heterotrophs were present in all samples. The results, including plate counts of aerobic heterotrophs, indicated variation in bacterial densities depending on the tubercle sample and fraction examined. The associations among the viable counts obtained by the different culture methods were analyzed statistically, using three methods (Pearson, Spearman, and Kendall).

Bottom Turbulence—Proceedings of the 8th International Liège colloquium on ocean hydrodynamics

The combination of flow cytometry (FCM) and 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing data was investigated for the purpose of monitoring and characterizing microbial changes in drinking water distribution systems. High frequency sampling (5 min intervals for 1 h) was performed at the outlet of a treatment plant and at one location in the full-scale distribution network. In total, 52 bulk water samples were analysed with FCM, pyrosequencing and conventional methods (adenosine-triphosphate, ATP; heterotrophic plate count, HPC). FCM and pyrosequencing results individually showed that changes in the microbial community occurred in the water distribution system, which was not detected with conventional monitoring. FCM data showed an increase in the total bacterial cell concentrations (from 345 ± 15 × 103 to 425 ± 35 × 103 cells mL−1) and in the percentage of intact bacterial cells (from 39 ± 3.5% to 53 ± 4.4%) during water distribution. This shift was also observed in the FCM fluorescence fingerprints, which are characteristic of each water sample. A similar shift was detected in the microbial community composition as characterized with pyrosequencing, showing that FCM and genetic fingerprints are congruent. FCM and pyrosequencing data were subsequently combined for the calculation of cell concentration changes for each bacterial phylum. The results revealed an increase in cell concentrations of specific bacterial phyla (e.g., Proteobacteria), along with a decrease in other phyla (e.g., Actinobacteria), which could not be concluded from the two methods individually. The combination of FCM and pyrosequencing methods is a promising approach for future drinking water quality monitoring and for advanced studies on drinking water distribution pipeline ecology.

Economic Aspects of Mitigating Pipeline Corrosion

Questionnaires were distributed to water, oil, gas, and product pipeline companies. The questionnaires concerned gas distribution, gathering and transmission pipelines, product transmission pipelines, oil gathering and transmission pipelines and water distribution and transmission pipelines. The data were categorized into geographical areas; that is, the western, central, and eastern United States as well is foreign pipeline companies. As an adjunct to their primary objective, the committee proposes fifteen areas of pipeline planning in which further research and investigation would be of great value to the pipeline industry.