Water Distribution Pattern Research Articles

Inexact Two-Stage Stochastic Programming for Water Resources Allocation under Considering Demand Uncertainties and Response—A Case Study of Tianjin, China

In this paper, an inexact two-stage stochastic programming model was developed for supporting regional water resource allocation management under uncertainties. The proposed model is an integrated framework of interval parameter programming and two-stage stochastic programming, which can tackle uncertain parameters expressed as interval values with probability distribution information. The proposed model was successfully applied to a typical heavy industrial city suffering water shortage in the east of China, Tianjin. The uncertainties of future water demand were taken into account through generating a set of representative scenarios. The results indicated that different scenarios would affect the water distribution patterns, water shortages, total benefits and system cost. The results revealed that the transferred water from Luan River and Changjiang River would still be the main water resource for each water user. Besides, nearly all water demand in planning horizon would be guaranteed through the reasonable dispatch except under high demand level scenario, in which a small proportion of water requirement in agricultural, municipal and environmental sectors would not be satisfied. The developed method could be used by environmental managers to identify the optimal water supply plan from multiple sources to different end-user sectors under system uncertainties.

Revision of the genus Cuvierina Boas, 1886 based on integrative taxonomic data, including the description of a new species from the Pacific Ocean (Gastropoda, Thecosomata)

Shelled pteropods (Gastropoda, Thecosomata, Euthecosomata) are a group of holoplanktonic gastropods that occur predominantly in the surface layers of the world’s oceans. Accurate species identifications are essential for tracking changes in species assemblages of planktonic gastropods, because different species are expected to have different sensitivities to ocean changes. The genus Cuvierina has a worldwide warm water distribution pattern between ~36°N and ~39°S. Based on an integrative taxonomic approach combining morphometric, genetic, and biogeographic information, the two subgenera of Cuvierina, Cuvierina s. str. and Urceolarica, are rejected. A new species is introduced: Cuvierina tsudai sp. n., which has to date been considered the same species as Cuvierina pacifica. Cuvierina tsudai sp. n. is endemic to the Pacific Ocean and is characterised by a shell height of 7.2-8.0 mm, a moderately cylindrical shell shape, the absence of micro-ornamentation and a triangular aperture. Cuvierina pacifica is restricted to the centre of the oligotrophic southern Pacific gyre, has a shell height of 6.6-8.5 mm, a more cylindrical shell shape, no micro-ornamentation and a less triangular aperture than Cuvierina tsudai sp. n.

Effect of irrigation frequency and water distribution pattern on leaf gas exchange of cv. ‘Syrah’ grown on a clay soil at two levels of water availability

The implications of water availability in grapevine physiology have been widely studied before. However, for a given irrigation water amount, the effect of other aspects such as application frequency, or emitter spacing and flow rate (i.e.: distribution pattern) has been scarcely studied, with nearly no previous research on their implications on leaf gas exchange. The aim of this work was to evaluate the physiological response of grapevine to two irrigation frequencies (IrrF, every 2 and 4days) and two water distribution patterns (DisP, 2L h−1 emitters every 0.6m vs. 4L h−1 emitters every 1.2m). The experiment was carried out in a cv. Syrah vineyard with a clay soil in central Spain, and the two factors were evaluated under two water availability conditions (low and medium). IrrF and DisP promoted changes in leaf gas exchange. Under low WA conditions, plants irrigated every 4days had higher average net assimilation than plants irrigated every 2days. Under medium WA conditions leaf gas exchange depended on the day of measurement with respect to irrigation. Water distribution pattern effect was less evident, but plants with closer emitters performed better under medium WA. The results obtained suggest that variations in irrigation frequency and water availability promote plant acclimation to water deficit conditions, more intense as irrigation dose was lower and as irrigation frequency was higher.

Understanding the ecology of tree-seedling growth in dry tropical environment: a management perspective

The dry tropical forests are among the most vulnerable ecosystems of the world and, however, are relatively understudied. These forests provide various ecosystem services, and are progressively being converted into patches of dry scrubs, savanna and marginal cropland systems, due to various anthropogenic perturbations. Soils of these regions are relatively nutrient poor with a patchy nutrient and water distribution pattern. Therefore, the variability in these natural resources imposed by the present climate change scenario may affect the forest plant community of dry tropics via its impact on seedling growth and recruitment. Seedlings are considered as the most sensitive stage of plant lifecycle, and therefore, understanding of seedling regeneration may help in restoration of forest ecosystems. Seedling growth is majorly regulated by various naturally occurring resources (such as light, water, nutrient, etc.) and disturbances (such as defoliation, grass competition, fire, etc.). Therefore, efforts on the regeneration of these forest systems are highly necessitated. In the present study, we critically reviewed the studies on seedling survival and growth under different resource and disturbance regimes with a special focus to dry tropical environment. We found that water, light, nutrients, herbivory, and grass competition majorly regulates recruitments, growth, and establishment of the tree seedling in dry tropical environment. Most of the studies are limited to observe the effect of one or two factors over the seedling survival and growth. However, the resources and disturbances may have an interactive effect over seedling growth. Therefore, studies encompassing the interactions of various growth factors (resources and disturbances) under different climatic conditions are urgently needed for the successful regeneration of tree seedlings and for the restoration of plant community. Moreover, it will improve our ability to manage the tropical vegetation under changing climatic scenario.

Effect of intra-irrigation meteorological variability on seasonal center-pivot irrigation performance and corn yield

Water application depth of a center-pivot (CP) irrigation system is not uniformly distributed across a field due to emitter package design, tower dynamics, and meteorological variability. The objective of this research was to measure and model the effect of the intra-irrigation meteorological variabilities on CP seasonal water distribution pattern and corn yield. The 2013 irrigation season of a commercial CP cropped with corn was analyzed. From 60 irrigation events applied to the corn, 10 were evaluated using radial catch cans. The mechanical movement of CP towers for the sixty irrigation events was characterized using Global Navigation Satellite System-Real Time Kinematic (GNSS-RTK) monitoring. Meteorological variables at 1s frequency were measured with an automatic weather station installed in the farm. The ballistic model calibrated and validated for rotating spray plate sprinklers under different nozzle sizes and wind conditions was mounted on the CP lateral, following the correspondent sprinkler package. The CP lateral was moved following the measured or simulated tower dynamic, and the current or averaged meteorological conditions of each irrigation event were applied to the corn. Crop yield was simulated by coupling the water distribution pattern simulated under the different cases with the Ador-crop model. Differences were observed for simulated seasonal water distribution pattern of the CP under homogeneous wind conditions (averaged for each irrigation event) or under variable of time wind conditions (measures). Simulated yield considering discontinuous tower dynamics and intra-irrigation meteorological variability has the largest correlation coefficient with the measured corn yield. Other factors were not considered in the yield simulation as variability in nutrient availability, emergence problems, and diseases and soil variability could explain the differences between the simulated and measured corn yield. The intra-irrigation meteorological variability has an important effect on the water distribution pattern of windy irrigation events of CP systems. Depending on the wind speed along the crop season, the intra-irrigation variability will have a major or minor effect on seasonal water distribution pattern and crop yield variability.

Water and gas distribution and its controlling factors of large scale tight sand gas fields: A case study of western Sulige gas field, Ordos Basin, NW China

Abstract The chemical characteristics and occurrence state of formation water in western Sulige gas field were analyzed based on geological features of reservoirs, the gas and water distribution regularity and the main controlling factors were determined. Aquifer zones are widely distributed in the whole Western Sulige gas field, gas zones developed poorly and distributed limitedly. Vertically, gas and water zones are of poor continuity and distributed in an isolated and staggered pattern. Inside the gas reservoir, there is not a uniform gas and water interface because of the hard differentiation between gas and water. On the whole, the lower segment of H8 Member in Shihezi Formation and S1 Member in Shanxi Formation are both better than the upper segment of H8 Member. Gas and water distribution of Western Sulige gas field is mainly controlled by gas-generating intensity, the distances between reservoirs and hydrocarbon source rocks, configuration relationship of sand shale and physical property differences inside sand body complex. Among them, gas-generating intensity mainly controls the macro pattern of gas and water distribution, with the decrease of gas-generating intensity, good gas accumulation gradually changes to be water associated gas reservoir. The closer the distance between reservoirs and hydrocarbon source rocks, the more developed the gas zones, on the contrary, the gas-bearing water zone and coexisting gas and water zone are more developed. Sand shale configuration relationship and physical property differences inside sand body complex mainly control the local gas filling and accumulation. Five types of gas and water distribution patterns are summarized: pure gas, thick reservoir with mixed gas and water, water above the gas, gas above the water, and gas sandwiched between water.

Surface Water Mapping from Suomi NPP-VIIRS Imagery at 30 m Resolution via Blending with Landsat Data

Monitoring the dynamics of surface water using remotely sensed data generally requires both high spatial and high temporal resolutions. One effective and popular approach for achieving this is image fusion. This study adopts a widely accepted fusion model, the Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (ESTARFM), for blending the newly available coarse-resolution Suomi NPP-VIIRS data with Landsat data in order to derive water maps at 30 m resolution. The Pan-sharpening technique was applied to preprocessing NPP-VIIRS data to achieve a higher-resolution before blending. The modified Normalized Difference Water Index (mNDWI) was employed for mapping surface water area. Two fusion alternatives, blend-then-index (BI) or index-then-blend (IB), were comparatively analyzed against a Landsat derived water map. A case study of mapping Poyang Lake in China, where water distribution pattern is complex and the water body changes frequently and drastically, was conducted. It has been revealed that the IB method derives more accurate results with less computation time than the BI method. The BI method generally underestimates water distribution, especially when the water area expands radically. The study has demonstrated the feasibility of blending NPP-VIIRS with Landsat for achieving surface water mapping at both high spatial and high temporal resolutions. It suggests that IB is superior to BI for water mapping in terms of efficiency and accuracy. The finding of this study also has important reference values for other blending works, such as image blending for vegetation cover monitoring.

Gas and water distribution of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in northwest of Ordos Basin, NW China

Abstract Based on the geologic background and reservoir characteristics, the characteristics and controlling factors of gas and water distribution of the carbonate reservoir in the 5th member of Ordovician Majiagou Formation in Northwest Ordos Basin have been examined from macro and micro aspects using data of structure, deposition, diagenesis, paleotopography, physical property, mercury injection, well logs and core observation. The 5th member of Majiagou Formation in the study area shows very complex gas and water distribution pattern: the gas layer is distributed uniformly across the whole area in 2D horizontal map, while the water layer is scattered and concentrates in small area, appearing in discontinuous distribution; there is no gas and water interbeds in vertical direction, making it difficult to develop the gas reservoir efficiently. The gas and water distribution is controlled by paleogeomorphology and diagenesis macroscopically, and is controlled by pore-throat structure, connectivity and the transportation relation between source rock and reservoir microscopically. The gas largely concentrates in and around the ancient grooves and low hill regions in the paleokast slope where the reservoirs have good physical properties and good pore – throat connectivity, and there is no bauxite between source rock and reservoir, making it easy for gas to charge and accumulate.

Exterior Decay of Wood–Plastic Composite Boards: Characterization and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate free water content and distribution in wood–plastic composite (WPC) materials decayed during exterior exposure because moisture is an essential factor for the progression of the decay process. Two segments of the same board were selected from six commercial decking boards that showed signs of decay (from a total of 27 boards that were exposed near Hilo, Hawaii). The decay process was indicated by the presence of fungal fruiting bodies. One of the two board segments was exposed in sun, the other in shadow. Whole board segments were imaged using a clinical MRI unit, and then selected areas were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Samples were cut from the cross section of the board to determine material density as an indicator of the degree of decay advancement. The presence of free water detected by MRI was correlated to the mechanism of decay in the WPC board segments and to the water distribution measured in the boards. Both board segments showed a significant amount of decay, where SEM images showed the presence of fungal hyphae inside the boards, particularly the segment exposed in shadow. MRI showed that the expected pattern of free water distribution—a moisture gradient from greatest on the outside of the board to least inside—was not evident in the decayed board evaluated in this study. On the contrary, a reverse moisture gradient was observed in some areas where there appeared to be a relatively high concentration of free water in the center of the board. This could be explained by moisture transfer of fungal mycelia into the core of the board and the generation of water as decay fungi metabolize wood.

Designing of Hydraulically Balanced Water Distribution Network Based on GIS and EPANET

The main objectives of this paper are, designing and balancing of Water Distribution Network (WDN) based on loops hydraulically balanced method as well as using Geographical Information System (GIS) methodology with the contribution of EPANET. GIS methodology is used to ensure WDN’s integrity and skeletonized a proper and functional WDN by using Network Analyst utilizing the geometric network and topology network by hierarchical geo-databases. The problem is to make WDN hydraulically balanced by applying WDN balancing method. For that reason, we have analyzed water flows in each pipe and performed the iterations process on loops in order to make the algebraic summation of head loss“h_f” around any closed loop zero. In case, the summation of pipe flows must be equal to the flow amount entering or leaving the system through each node. At each iteration, reasonable changes occurred at pipes flow until the head loss has become very small or fixed zero as (optimizes correction) by using excel sheet solver. Since this method is confirmed to be effective, simulations were done by using GIS and EPANET water distribution platform. As a result, we accomplished hydraulically balanced WDN. Finally, we have analyzed and simulated hydraulics parameters for the targeted area in Kabul city. Thus, determined successfully the hydraulics state of parameters around the network as a positive result. It is worth mentioning that, Hardy-cross method is being used for approaching more precise optimized correction and consequences concerning hydraulically-balanced and optimal WDN. This method can be done for complex loops WDN as well; the advantage of the method is simple math and self-correction. Managers and engineers who work in the field of water supply this methodology has been recommended as the more advantageous workflow in planning water distribution pattern.

Efeito da cobertura morta no padrão de distribuição de água em microaspersão

This study evaluated the mulch effect on water distribution pattern by a microsprinkler irrigation system, when applying increasing levels of water in green dwarf coconut trees. The experiment was carried out at a commercial orchard, in the Irrigation District of Plato de Neopolis, in the State of Sergipe, Brazil, corresponding to two types of cover and four levels of irrigation (50, 100, 150 e 200 L plant -1 day -1 ). Materials used as mulch were: 1) biomantle produced industrially from the dry coconut

Analysis of water application with semi-portable big size sprinkler irrigation systems in semi-arid areas

Sustainability of irrigated agriculture depends heavily on getting a high efficiency application for the irrigation. It is very important to understand the factors that affect to irrigation uniformity and discharge efficiency, especially using semi-portable big size sprinkler. There are not studies conducted with big size sprinklers which work on high flow rates and big layouts spacing. In this paper, the spray losses (Ls) and water distribution of sprinkler irrigation system with semi-portable big size sprinkler on semi-arid areas have been characterized. The factors affecting on discharge efficiency and irrigation uniformity were analysed (working pressure, irrigation layout and weather conditions). The field tests were conducted in outdoor conditions with a single sprinkler system. Six predictive equations were obtained to estimate drift and evaporation losses. The proposed equations use operating pressure, wind speed and vapour pressure deficit. The results show an increment of 3.26% for Ls for each increment of 1ms−1 of wind speed. Spray losses rise up to 22.7% at 450kPa operating pressure when wind speed and vapour pressure deficit increased up to 4.2ms−1 and 6kPa, respectively. A significantly effect of wind is appreciated on the spray losses and water distribution pattern under different conditions with regard for working pressure and sprinkler spacing. This behaviour is very similar to obtained with medium size sprinklers. Technical criteria can be used to optimize irrigation management according to the design factors and the climatic parameters.

Comparison of fluidic and impact sprinklers based on hydraulic performance

A comparative study of an outside signal sprinkler (OS), a fluidic sprinkler (FS), and an impact sprinkler (IS) was carried out. The OS, FS, and IS were evaluated individually under indoor experimental conditions. Water distribution evaluations were measured under four operating pressures at a 1.5-m nozzle height (above the ground). Approximately 36 individual trials were performed. The results show that the discharge coefficient of the OS and FS was slightly larger than that of the IS. The water distribution profiles of the OS, FS, and IS were parabola-shaped, ellipse-shaped, and doughnut-shaped, respectively. The wetted radius for the OS was similar to the wetted radius of the FS and was 8.7–12 % less than the IS. An accurate and simple empirical equation for the wetted radius of OS and FS is reported. Additionally, equations of water application rate, with regard to distance from the sprinklers, are given. The average coefficients of determination for the OS, FS, and IS were 91.8, 89.2, and 79.1 %, respectively. Individual spray sprinkler water distributions were mathematically overlapped to calculate the combined uniformity coefficient (CU). Maximal combined CUs of 80.88, 80.92, and 78.12 % were found for the OS, FS, and IS, respectively. Both the OS and FS were found to have greater CU values than the IS, which indicates that the OS and FS provided a better water distribution pattern than the IS at low pressure.

Microgravity Oxygen Diffusion and Water Retention Measurements in Unsaturated Porous Media aboard the International Space Station

Water distribution patterns in pore spaces of particulate porous media directly control the resulting diffusion pathway for air required for biological activity (e.g., plant root respiration). Motivated by the potential of using plants for future life‐support systems in space, the question arises whether fluid behavior in porous media is significantly altered under microgravity (≈10−6gearth) conditions. Altered fluid phase distribution has been suspected in the onset of hypoxia in plant root modules under microgravity, yet the exact mechanisms remain uncertain. The Optimization of Root Zone Substrates (ORZS) experiment was the first to directly measure porous‐media water retention and oxygen diffusion parameters under prolonged microgravity conditions (sufficient for equilibration of the fluid phases). Porous‐ceramic aggregates tested included 1‐ to 2‐mm Turface, 0.25‐ to 1‐mm Profile, and a 50:50 mixture of both. Each porous medium had three replicates in a nine‐cell array. The experiment used sealed dual‐chamber diffusion cells controlled by an automated measurement system with water‐content adjustment. Sensors measured matric potentials and water input or withdrawal in the media, along with oxygen concentrations dynamics in the gas‐filled chambers confining the medium. The effective oxygen‐diffusion coefficients were determined from temporal variations in measured oxygen‐concentrations fitted to a Fickian‐type relationship for the dual‐chamber geometry. Ground‐based determinations of matric potential and diffusion coefficients as a function of air‐filled porosity were compared to microgravity data. Results pointed to enhanced hysteresis in the oxygen‐diffusion dependency on bulk air‐filled porosity in microgravity indicative of altered water‐distribution patterns relative to Earth‐based measurements. During drying we observed fundamentally different diffusivities in Profile and Mix attributed to nonuniform water distributions forming under drying conditions dominated by capillary and viscous forces in the absence of a hydrostatic force not observed on Earth. Water‐retention parameters were not significantly different from Earth‐based parameters, although gas diffusion parameters were significantly different for finer particle‐sized media. The apparent reduction in the volume‐averaged diffusive transport in microgravity may require adjustment in plant‐growth system management protocols and model development for reliable response prediction of microgravity porous‐medium systems.

Modeling soil water dynamics in a drip-irrigated intercropping field under plastic mulch

Intercropping, drip irrigation, and the use of plastic mulch are important management practices, which can, when utilized simultaneously, increase crop production and save irrigation water. Investigating soil water dynamics in the root zone of the intercropping field under such conditions is essential in order to understand the combined effects of these practices and to promote their wider use. However, not much work has been done to investigate soil water dynamics in the root zone of drip-irrigated, strip intercropping fields under plastic mulch. Three field experiments with different irrigation treatments (high T1, moderate T2, and low T3) were conducted to evaluate soil water contents (SWC) at different locations, for different irrigation treatments, and with respect to dripper lines and plants (corn and tomatoes). Experimental data were then used to calibrate the HYDRUS (2D/3D) model. Comparison between experimental data and model simulations showed that HYDRUS (2D/3D) described different irrigation events and SWC in the root zone well, with average relative errors of 10.8, 9.5, and 11.6 % for irrigation treatments T1, T2, and T3, respectively, and with corresponding root mean square errors of 0.043, 0.035, and 0.040 cm3 cm−3, respectively. The results showed that the SWC in the shallow root zone (0–40 cm) was lower under non-mulched locations than under mulched locations, irrespective of the irrigation treatment, while no significant differences in the SWC were observed in the deeper root zone (40–100 cm). The SWC in the shallow root zone was significantly higher for the high irrigation treatment (T1) than for the low irrigation treatment, while, again, no differences were observed in the deeper root zone. Simulations of two-dimensional SWC distributions revealed that the low irrigation treatment (T3) produced serious severe water stress (with SWCs near the wilting point) in the 30–40 cm part of the root zone, and that using separate drip emitter lines for each crop is well suited for producing the optimal soil water distribution pattern in the root zone of the intercropping field. The results of this study can be very useful in designing an optimal irrigation plan for intercropped fields.

Response of grapevine cv. Syrah to irrigation frequency and water distribution pattern in a clay soil

Water availability is one of the major factors that determine vineyard performance in many grape growing regions, so its implications have been widely studied before. However, for a given irrigation water amount, other aspects such as application frequency, or emitter spacing and flow rate (i.e., distribution pattern), may play a relevant role, but these factors have been scarcely studied. The aim of this work was to evaluate the agronomic implications of two irrigation frequencies (IrrF, every 2 and 4 days) and two water distribution patterns (DisP, 2Lh−1 emitters every 0.6m vs. 4Lh−1 emitters every 1.2m). The experiment was carried out during four consecutive seasons in a cv. Syrah vineyard with a clay soil in central Spain, and the two factors were evaluated under two water availability conditions (low and medium). IrrF and DisP promoted changes in water status that affected some aspects of vegetative development and yield components under both water availability conditions, although the effects observed were not the same every year. Berry size was the most sensitive parameter to changes in IrrF and DisP. The effects were more evident under low water availability. Soil texture has certainly conditioned the results obtained, since high frequency irrigation implied applying small amounts of water that resulted in limited superficial water bulbs, which probably favored water evaporation.

Liquid water distribution patterns featuring back-diffusion transport in a PEM fuel cell with neutron imaging

Back-diffusion in PEM fuel cells is the water transport mechanism contributing to balance the water content profile in the membrane (in the through-plane direction), transporting water molecules from the cathode electrode towards the anode side of the membrane. In this technical note, neutron radiographs are presented for a 50 cm2 N-117 fuel cell with serpentine flow field, where the effect of the back diffusion transport mechanism is clearly identified, in the form of crossed patterns following the cross-flow layout of the flow field. The back diffusion water transport is evident despite the high thickness of the N-117 membrane.

Electrical measurement of the hydration state of the skin surface in vivo.

Healthy skin surface is smooth and soft, because it is covered by the properly hydrated stratum corneum (SC), an extremely thin and soft barrier membrane produced by the underlying normal epidermis. By contrast, the skin surfaces covering pathological lesions exhibit dry and scaly changes and the SC shows poor barrier function. The SC barrier function has been assessed in vivo by instrumentally measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL). However, there was a lack of any appropriate method for evaluating the hydration state of the skin surface in vivo until 1980 when we reported the feasibility of employing high-frequency conductance or capacitance to evaluate it quickly and accurately. With such measurements, we can assess easily the moisturizing efficacy of various topical agents in vivo as well as the distribution pattern of water in the SC by combining it with a serial tape-stripping procedure of the skin surface.

Preliminary analysis of spatiotemporal pattern of global land surface water

Land surface water (LSW) is one of the most important resources for human survival and development, and it is also a main component of global water recycling. A full understanding of the spatial distribution of land surface water and a continuous measuring of its dynamics can support to diagnose the global ecosystem and environment. Based on the Global Land 30-water 2000 and Global Land 30-water 2010 products, this research analyzed the spatial distribution pattern and temporal fluctuation of land surface water under scale-levels of global, latitude and longitude, continents, and climate zones. The Global Land 30-water products were corrected the temporal inconsistency of original remotely sensed data using MODIS time-series data, and then calculated the indices such as water area, water ration and coefficient of spatial variation for further analysis. Results show that total water area of land surface is about 3.68 million km2 (2010), and occupies 2.73% of land area. The spatial distribution of land surface water is extremely uneven and is gathered mainly in mid- to high-latitude area of the Northern Hemisphere and tropic area. The comparison of water ratio between 2000 and 2010 indicates the overall fluctuation is small but spatially differentiated. The Global Land 30-water products and the statistics provided the fundamental information for analyzing the spatial distribution pattern and temporal fluctuation of land surface water and diagnosing the global ecosystem and environment.

Shape dependence of the radial distribution function of hydration water around proteins

The characterization of hydration water in proteins is important to understand their structure, function and folding properties. A calculation of the shape parameters reveals considerable asymmetry in the shapes of globular proteins. The present study suggests a generalized approach for the calculation of radial distribution of hydration water by accounting for the shape asymmetry in proteins. The surface and radial distribution function is analyzed for three groups of high resolution globular proteins and nonglobular proteins. This generalized approach depicts a considerable difference in the hydration water distribution pattern around aspherical proteins as compared to the earlier method and this difference is more pronounced for nonglobular proteins. The peaks for normalized RDF are found to be sharper compared to those of bulk water. The normalized RDF of hydration water exactly coincides with that of the bulk beyond 8.0 Å. The radial distribution of hydration water as a function of the water–protein distance matches with the experimentally observed distribution of hydration water around myoglobin. The results reveal that the distribution of hydration water is dependent on the shapes of proteins and hence a generalized approach should be used for the calculation of hydration water distribution around proteins, especially for nonglobular proteins.