Water Distillation Process Research Articles

Performance of Structured Packing for the Deuterated Water Distillation Process at Above Atmospheric Pressure

The National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies (ICSI) was established in 1970 for research focused the industrial pilot plant. ICSI was created with the purpose of developing the heavy water production technology needed mainly for the operation of the CANDU reactors that equip the Cernavoda Nuclear Power Plant in Romania. This technology has been demonstrated and has been successfully transferred to the heavy water production plant. The accumulated experience in the field of isotopic separation allowed for the development of a second pilot plant, also for the purpose of heavy water, but this time for the purpose of separating deuterium and tritium for the recovery of tritium, mainly from the tritiated heavy water of the CANDU reactors. This experimental pilot is based on a technology that combines two hydrogen isotope separation processes: liquid-phase water-hydrogen catalytic isotopic exchange and hydrogen isotope cryogenic distillation. The success of the separation process consists of the technical solution given to the exchange area, its geometry (distillation-isotopic exchange), and last but not least, the performance of the hydrophilic packing, respectively, of the catalyst. Thus, an extensive research program was initiated and carried out over many years for the development of mixed catalytic packages consisting of a hydrophobic Pt/carbon catalyst (with different concentrations of platinum up to 2%) and hydrophilic packing (stainless steel or phosphorous bronze) manufactured within ICSI and made in different configurations (successive layers, random or structured). This program for the improvement of catalytic packages continues by implementing new solutions regarding the improvement of materials that ensure a large contact surface between the liquid and vapors, respectively, vapor and gas, thus increasing the isotopic separation performance. This paper presents an experimental analysis of two types of hydrophilic stainless steel packings developed for the purpose of separating hydrogen isotopes by water distillation to be used in the manufacture of mixed catalytic packages for the catalytic isotopic exchange process. This paper refers to the experiments performed with deuterated water on the hydrophilic packing in conditions of total reflux. The experiments were performed on a column equipped with two types of hydrophilic packing.

Investigating the Potential of Essential Oils from Citrus reticulata Leaves in Mitigating Memory Decline and Oxidative Stress in the Scopolamine-Treated Zebrafish Model.

Petitgrain essential oil (PGEO) is derived from the water distillation process on mandarin (Citrus reticulata) leaves. The chemical constituents of PGEO were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method which revealed the presence of six compounds (100%). The major peaks were for methyl-N-methyl anthranilate (89.93%) and γ-terpinene (6.25%). Over 19 days, zebrafish (Tubingen strain) received PGEO (25, 150, and 300 μL/L) before induction of cognitive impairment with scopolamine immersion (SCOP, 100 μM). Anxiety-like behavior and memory of the zebrafish were assessed by a novel tank diving test (NTT), Y-maze test, and novel object recognition test (NOR). Additionally, the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the extent of the brain's oxidative stress were explored. In conjunction, in silico forecasts were used to determine the pharmacokinetic properties of the principal compounds discovered in PGEO, employing platforms such as SwissADME, Molininspiration, and pKCSM. The findings provided evidence that PGEO possesses the capability to enhance memory by AChE inhibition, alleviate SCOP-induced anxiety during behavioral tasks, and diminish brain oxidative stress.

Molecular dynamics study of membrane distillation process through nanopores

Nanoscale-pored membranes offer enhanced potential for water distillation due to the rapid water vapor transfer in nanopores. Through molecular dynamics simulations, this study investigates the water distillation process within a single nanopore, focusing on the effects of nanopore diameter, feed liquid temperature, and the water-nanopore contact angle. Our results reveal that the permeate flux through nanopores can be three orders of magnitude larger than that through microscale pore membranes. Decreasing the diameter of nanopores increases the permeate flux due to the increasing ability of water evaporation at the feed side. Additionally, increasing the wall surface hydrophilicity enhances the permeate flux through nanopores, and when the contact angle is 95°, nanopores still exhibit excellent anti-wetting properties, demonstrating the enormous potential for practical applications. The findings of this study have crucial implications for the future design of nanoporous membranes for membrane distillation.

PECULIARITIES OF THE PV-MD PHOTOMODULE STRUCTURE FORMATION DURING THE ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND DISTILLATE PRODUCTION

The operating conditions of the photomodule are largely determined by the thermal regime, which affects the efficiency of electricity generation. The use of a forced cooling system in the photomodule with the implementation of the salt water distillation process allows you to control the thermal regime and obtain an additional product in the form of fresh water. The choice of the method of controlling the cooling process and the mode of its implementation makes it possible to achieve a rational combination of electrical and technological productivity of the photomodule. In this paper, analytical studies of the formation of the temperature field of the absorber of the hybrid solar collector (PV-MD) during cooling due to the evaporation of the heat carrier and recovery of the heat of the formed steam were carried out. The research method makes it possible to analyze the characteristics of the PV-MD collector, namely, the heating temperature of the absorber and coolant, as well as the performance of the distillate system, depending on the structure of the module and its operating conditions. The aim of the work is to develop a method for calculating the thermal performance characteristics of the hybrid solar collector in the conditions of a cascade method of heat and mass transfer of salt solution and distillate and to identify the rational architecture of the device. A complex mathematical model of local analysis of heat and mass exchange processes of a hybrid solar collector for real solar and climatic conditions is used. The analysis of heat and mass transfer in variant conditions showed that the degree of uniformity of the absorber temperature field, which depends on the efficiency of electricity production, when applying the PV-MD method is the same as for the PVT method. Cascade recovery of thermal energy using the PV-MD method for collectors of typical sizes is limited in efficiency to two stages. The generalized dependences for determining the technological productivity of the two-stage PV-MD collector in terms of distillate and absorber temperature when the external operating conditions of the collector change, which can be used to evaluate the efficiency of converting solar energy into a technological product, have been obtained.

Superhydrophilic metal-organic frameworks film modified surface for tritium removal from tritiated heavy water

Tritium extraction from heavy water moderators with catalytic exchange reactions had hydrogen explosion, fire risk, and complicated system design, which restricted the industrial scale usage. Herein, we reported a safer and simpler tritiated heavy water distillation process with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) modified surface. MOFs with microstructure, microporous pores, and hydrophilic nature showed superhydrophilic properties, which was a benefit to better interface contact properties between water drop, vapor, and packing. High separation efficiency was achieved with height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) of 1.53 cm under optimized operation conditions. Pilot-scale two-column tritiated heavy water distillation system was simulated and optimized based on experimental results with a high separation factor and recovery rate of tritium. This work demonstrates the first attempt at MOFs engineered surface for tritiated heavy water treatment, advancing a new concept in the design of tritiated heavy water distillation with intrinsic safety for industrial applications.

Design and Analysis of Grey Water Purifier for Agricultural Application

Abstract: Increase in population in urban areas with lacking drinking water, there is a critical need to sort out the problems caused by the problems caused by energy and water as they are most common and essential part the human life. In this modern society the balancing of energy and adequate water supply with ergonomic surrounding is most important. These problems can short out by implementing Reverse osmosis (RO) system or by Conventional thermal distillation method. Utilising solar thermal energy membrane water distillation process represents a renewable energy and eco-friendly system. In ecologically perspective water demand in cities and urban areas are sorted by building environments in regions with a high correlation between water shortage and high solar rays. The main objective of this research is to treat the grey water with renewable energy system with cost effective manner

A novel experimental case study on optimization of Peltier air cooler using Taguchi method

Nowadays, the commercial application of Thermoelectric Peltier cooler has widely increased including portable air/water refrigerator, electronic cooling process, thermal management systems in medical science, water distillation process and so on. Many studies have proved that the thermal/exergetic/economic performance of Peltier cooler significantly depends on fluid flow conditions on both sides of the module, input power and number of Peltier modules. Hence, in this research, attempts are made to provide an experimental-based optimization process for Peltier air cooler using well-known Taguchi method. Thermal fluid conditions, input power and number of modules (in the same total input power) are varied to optimize the cooler from COP (coefficient of performance), exergetic efficiency and cost per unit of cooling viewpoints. Number of modules are changed from 1 to 2, 3 and then 4 modules. The air flow rate and input power are varied between 30 and 78 m3/h and 22–60 W respectively for each tested mode. The results indicate that, the greater number of modules provides higher COP (in the same total input power). Optimum number of modules minimizes the cost per unit of cooling of the Peltier cooler. Increment of air flow on the cold side, increases and then decreases the COP of the cooler which is meaningful. Number of modules was found as the most effective factor while input power and thermal fluid conditions are as the second and the third effective parameters. Interestingly, Taguchi method can identify the impact level of each factor (number of modules, input power and air flow) on desired parameters (COP, cooling cost and exergy efficiency) as reported and discussed in this paper.

Design and Fabrication of Marigold Flower Hydrosol Extraction Machine and Manure Making

Abstract: India is the religious country with a huge population. And their are lots of hindu temple present here. This devotion towards god comes with price in the from of flower. And this flower create a lot of pollution in solid from and due to improper management of this waste create air pollution and other types of pollution which harms the nature critically. In an average in India their are 60 cores tons of marigold flower are devoted to the god and create such a problems as we discuss. Hence to tackle such a situation in such a way to create some revenue from those waste and also reduce pollution we design and fabricated marigold flowers hydrosol and manure extracting machine. This machine works on water distillation process and represent thermodynamic cycle. Here flowers get boiled with water and it create steam of flower essences and get cold down into liquid from in condenser and by this process we get hydrosol and manure (in boiler). Their are also other process to extract these items from flower but water distillation process is more easy, effective and simple than other process and it create absolutely low or no pollution

D-limonene from orange (Citrus Maxima) peel extraction as destructive agent of styrofoam waste

Styrofoam is widely used for food packaging because it has good weight, stability, and stiffness but it cannot be decomposed naturally by microorganisms. D-Limonene, one of the monoterpene derivatives, is an environmentally friendly styrofoam solvent. This monoterpene is the main component of essential oil that can be extracted from orange peel. The aim of this study is to destruct styrofoam wastes (foods packaging, electronics packaging, foam boards and cup noodles) using d-limonene from orange (Citrus Maxima) peel extraction by water distillation process. The orange peel after size reduction is extracted by water distillation process at 94°C for 7 hours to produce essential oils. It was used to destruct styrofoam waste at the different volume ratio (1:0:0; 1:0:3; 1:1:2; 1:2:1) of the essential oil mixture (essential oil : ethanol: water). The result of this study shows that styrofoam wastes can be destructed using d-limonene from orange (Citrus Maxima) peel extraction. D-limonene of essential oil from orange (Citrus Maxima) peel can be used as destructive agent of styrofoam waste. The fastest destruction time of styrofoam waste occurs at electronic packaging with essential oil mixture by volume ratio of 1:1:2.

A laboratory study of the acaricidal, repellent and oviposition deterrent effects of three botanical oils on Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

The biological activities of essential oil obtained from water distillation process of basil leaves [ Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae)] cv Round Midnight and crude oil obtained from the cold-pressed process of chinaberry tree seeds [ Melia azedarach L. (Sapindales: Meliaceae)] and a commercial neem oil product (Nimbecidine) [ Azadirachta indica (A. Juss, 1830) (Sapindales: Meliaceae)] were assessed against two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) (Acari: Tetranychidae) using a residual method on leaf disc under laboratory conditions at Bursa Uludağ University during 2018-2019. The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) of Nimbecidine, chinaberry and basil oils were estimated as 0.8 and 1.8 mg/L, 4.0 and 6.9%, 5.4 and 11.7%, respectively, 72 h after treatment. The lethal times (LT50 and LT90) of Nimbecidine (1 mg/L), chinaberry (6%) and the basil (8.4%) were 64 and 107 h, 41 and 73 h, 65 and 110 h, respectively. The females had a strong aversion to bean leaf surfaces sprayed with the sublethal concentrations of Nimbecidine (0.125-0.75 mg/L), chinaberry (0.75-3%) and basil (0.7-1.4%) oils. Significant decreases were recorded in the number of eggs laid on bean leaves sprayed with the sublethal concentrations for Nimbecidine (0.031-0.5 mg/L), chinaberry (0.75-3%) and the basil (1.4-5.6%) oils compared with unsprayed bean leaves. The study showed that the assessed concentrations of the oils obtained from the basil and chinaberry compared to the commercial botanical product (Nimbecidine) have similar biological effects on T. urticae .

Decentralized Co‐Generation of Fresh Water and Electricity at Point of Consumption

AbstractMany in the community believe that additional anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere can push the Earth into a vicious cycle and down a path of no return. Consequently, solar energy must sit at the center of the water–energy–climate nexus as the world is shifting into a decarbonized and circular economy. Simultaneous production of electricity and fresh water by photovoltaic‐membrane distillation (PV‐MD), a newly developed technology, turns waste heat from solar PV panels into a power source to drive an efficient water distillation process. It produces fresh and clean potable‐quality water on‐site from various water sources with impaired quality, such as seawater, contaminated rivers, lakes, groundwater, and industrial wastewater. Due to the low barrier of entry, it is well suited to providing both electricity and fresh water in decentralized manner for point‐of‐consumption locations, especially off‐grid communities and communities with small‐ to medium‐sized populations even with challenging economic conditions. This essay highlights the potential of PV‐MD to supply decentralized water and electricity for regions suffering from both economic and physical water scarcity as well as its promise to contribute to agriculture in (semi)arid regions.

Preservation potential of lemon basil essential oil on tofu: Development of a natural food preservative

The antimicrobial activity of lemon basil (Ocimum × africanum Lour.) has been described. This activity can be elaborated further and possibly applied for natural foods preservative. In this study, the constituents of lemon basil essential oil were analysed, and its preservation potential on the tofu was evaluated. The essential oil was distilled from dried plant materials using a steam and water distillation process. The constituents of essential oil of lemon basil were analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) technique. Its application for preservation of tofu was evaluated based on its capacity in inhibiting the growth of bacteria on the tofu as well as the physical observation of the tofu during ten days of preservation at room temperature. The lemon basil essential oil constituted of 21 constituents, with a high fraction of oxygenated compounds, including neral and geranial, were detected. Lemon basil essential oil at an optimum concentration of 3.125 mg/ml inhibited the bacterial growth on the tofu during storage and improved its shelf life up to 4 days.

Rigorous Dynamic Simulation of Cryogenic Distillation of Hydrogen Isotopologues in the Fuel Cycle of a Thermonuclear Reactor Based on UV Flash

Operation of the fuel cycle of a thermonuclear fusion reactor naturally leads to accumulation of surplus protium, but in some cases it can also lead to accumulation of surplus deuterium. Both surplus protium and deuterium have to be separated, detritiated, and discharged to the environment, normally passing a final detritiation stage based on either the liquid phase catalytic exchange or water distillation process. The concept of a multicolumn cryogenic distillation (CD) system capable of discharging a time-varying surplus of deuterium is presented in this paper. A model of a CD column based on a UV (internal energy U – volume V) flash formulation and equation of state (EOS) thermodynamic model for hydrogen isotopologue mixtures is also presented at the principal step to a comprehensive model of the isotope separation system. Although fundamental for constant volume systems, the UV formulation of the thermodynamic state has not been widely used in transient simulations; in particular, for distillation dynamics modeling, other approaches are much more common. At the same time, in helium cryogenics the UV formulation has gained wide usage in large-scale dynamic simulations. It is known from the literature that a UV formulation of the distillation problem is very challenging for a numerically stable implementation. To cope with this situation, we present our findings on the sources of numerical instabilities and approaches.

PENGARUH PENYERAPAN RADIASI SURYA PADA MEDIA TIPE KOTAK DAN BERGELOMBANG BERBAHAN DASAR STAINLESS STEEL TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN DESTILASI AIR PAYAU DI PESISIR PANTAI SEBA

The use of solar radiation absorber on box and corrugated media can improve the ability orperformance of the brackish water distillation process into freshwater. This process of brackishwater distillation is to separate the excessive salt elements contained in brackish water, by heatingby using solar energy so that evaporation takes place within the distillator and under certainconditions will experience condensation, so that the hot vapor turns phase into water because itcomes into contact with a cold glass surface. Thus, the water will be obtained clean and not saltyanymore. While salt water will be left in the container destilator because there are elements ofsalt in which have a larger density. This study was conducted using real experimental method (true experimental) on laboratory scale. The test is done at 8:00 until 16:00 with the volume of water inthe distillator as much as 35 liters. The results show that efficiency increases in parabolic over time butdecreases above at 14.00. This happens because the intensity of solar radiation will decrease along withthe sun’s incline to the west, so the heat received by the destilator decreases. The highest efficiencyoccurs at 12.00 ie on the absorbent type of box of 16.72% while the absorbent type of wave surgeshighest efficiency also occurs at 12:00 at 12.509%, this happens because at this time the sun radiatessuryanya maximum.

Integrated process for the production of natural extracts from black spruce bark

Black spruce bark is an underestimated by-product from Quebec wood industry containing important quantities of valuable chemicals. We are presenting here an integrated process leading to a simultaneous extraction of an essential oil, a hydrosol and a polyphenol enriched hot water extract while the residual bark remains available for heat generation due to its preserved calorific value. Two types of hydrodistillation were tested: steam distillation (SD) and water distillation (WD). Since no difference was found between the two processes neither in respect to the essential oil and hydrosol production nor in respect to their chemical compositions, the focus of the present research was on the hot water extracts obtained from the two processes. The drained extract from water distillation process (WD-DE) was obtained at high yield (21.6%), and was determined to have the phenol and proanthocyanidin contents (337mg GAE/g, 139mg CChE/g) in the same range as the control (extract from simple hot water extraction), along with the remarkable concentration of trans-resveratrol (627mg/100g dry extract). The results of DPPH radical and ORAC tests indicate that all studied extracts have antioxidant activities, especially the WD-DE. Higher heating values of the remaining bark after extractions were determined to be almost identical as those of the original bark (around 20MJ/kg), indicating that black spruce bark would still be available for combustion, otherwise its conventional use, after the extraction. The integrated process of black spruce bark extraction presented here represents a new approach to the complete valorization of residual bark from wood transformation.

Ionic liquid-mediated microwave-assisted simultaneous extraction and distillation of gallic acid, ellagic acid and essential oil from the leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Abstract The ionic liquid (IL) microwave-assisted simultaneous extraction and distillation (ILMSED) of gallic acid (GA), ellagic acid (EA) and essential oil (EO) from the powdered leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis was investigated and optimized. A wide range of imidazolium-based ILs with different cations and anions were evaluated for this process, and compared in terms of the GA, EA and EO yields. Notably, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate was used as an extraction solvent in the current study. The ILMSED process for the three analytes (i.e., GA, EA and EO) was optimized by a series of single factor experiments, followed by response surface methodology analysis. The optimal conditions were determined to be a liquid-solid ratio, microwave irradiation time and microwave power of 50 mL/g, 20 min and 440 W (0.34 W/g at a [C 4 mim]BF 4 concentration of 0.5 M), respectively. The main constituents found in the EO extracted from the leaves of E. camaldulensis were globulol and aromadendrene. A comparison of our ILMSED process with an existing hot water extraction and distillation process revealed that the former approach was much more efficient in terms of being time-saving and low energy. Satisfactory yields of GA (35.2 ± 1.1 mg/g), EA (7.5 ± 0.3 mg/g) and EO (5.8 ± 0.3 mg/g) were achieved.

Agarwood Oil Yield As A Result of Changes in Cell Morphology Due To Soaking Process

This study emphasis on the hydration effects (by immersion technique) towards the morphology of agarwood chips. Agarwood chips were obtained from the Aquilaria Malaccensis trunk. The effects of hydration also reflected by the oil yield extracted from soaked agarwood chips. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis conducted to evaluate the microstructure of the agarwood chips. The hydration effect was evaluated by varying the soaking time and it is analyzed by its moisture content. The resulting oil yield was obtained from conventional water distillation process. The distillation time was standardized for 96hours for all samples. Agarwood oil collected and quantify at the end of the distillation process. The total oil yield at different soaking time produces a bell-shaped graph ranging from 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The maximum oil yield can be obtained by agarwood chips soaked for 14 days. The result can be explained by the morphology of agarwood chips cell. The cell has expanded and finally damage, thus releasing the content to the soaking water. Water enters cell wall through diffusion and increase the turgor pressure. Soaking water become more acidic through time and corrodes the cell wall. This enhances the wall damaging process. However, longer soaking time causes more oil content wasted to the soaking water. It is concluded that the most suitable soaking time for agarwood oil extraction is 14 days. On the other hand, soaking process able to changes the morphology of the agarwood chips in order to enhance the oil yield.

다중효용 담수 설비의 증기이젝터 진공장치에 관한 수치해석

A steam jet vacuum system that will be implemented in a multi-effect desalination plant is numerically investigated. The objective of this study is to numerically investigate the performance characteristic of the steam jet vacuum system for the sea water distillation process. The effects of design parameter such as nozzle size and converging duct angle are discussed in order to get a better understanding of flow characteristics inside the steam ejector and subsequently pave the way for more op- timum designs. The simulation results have been in good agreement with experimental data and have well reproduced the shock train phenomena of the throat region.

Co-composting of rose oil processing waste with caged layer manure and straw or sawdust: Effects of carbon source and C/N ratio on decomposition

Rose oil is a specific essential oil that is produced mainly for the cosmetics industry in a few selected locations around the world. Rose oil production is a water distillation process from petals of Rosa damascena Mill. Since the oil content of the rose petals of this variety is between 0.3-0.4% (w/w), almost 4000 to 3000 kg of rose petals are needed to produce 1 kg of rose oil. Rose oil production is a seasonal activity and takes place during the relatively short period where the roses are blooming. As a result, large quantities of solid waste are produced over a limited time interval. This research aims: (i) to determine the possibilities of aerobic co-composting as a waste management option for rose oil processing waste with caged layer manure; (ii) to identify effects of different carbon sources - straw or sawdust on co-composting of rose oil processing waste and caged layer manure, which are both readily available in Isparta, where significant rose oil production also takes place; (iii) to determine the effects of different C/N ratios on co-composting by the means of organic matter decomposition and dry matter loss. Composting experiments were carried out by 12 identical laboratory-scale composting reactors (60 L) simultaneously. The results of the study showed that the best results were obtained with a mixture consisting of 50% rose oil processing waste, 64% caged layer manure and 15% straw wet weight in terms of organic matter loss (66%) and dry matter loss (38%).

Experimental Investigation on Hydrogen Cryogenic Distillation Equipped with Package Made by ICIT

Cryogenic distillation is the back-end process used in water detritiation technologies with the aim to separate the hydrogen isotopes and concentrate it for further extraction and storage.At ICIT, research towards cryogenic distillation has been approached to develop the technology for heavy water detritiation at CANDU reactors. These results can be also useful for fusion reactors.ICIT has developed a technology for producing heavy water which was completed through a technological transfer to a heavy water plant. With this technology, ICIT has developed a research program to achieve high efficiency ordered packing for the water distillation process. These packings have been promoted at Cernavoda NPP and now equip the heavy water upgrading installations for the CANDU reactors. The packages for water distillation processes were made of phosphorous bronze, being required a very high wettability.Considering on water distillation process similarity, respectively hydrogen distillation, ICIT has started a research program for the development of similar package made by stainless steel, to be used at cryogenic distillation.This paper presents two types of ICIT packages developed for hydrogen distillation and performance data obtained on laboratory scale. In order to determine the characteristics of the package, the installation was operated in the total reflux mode, for different flow rate for the liquid. There were made several experiments considering different operating conditions.