Water Disposal Systems Research Articles

Обеспеченность услугами водоснабжения и водоотведения в Карагандинской области

В статье проведен анализ охвата услугами водоснабжения и водоотведения среди сельского и городского населения Карагандинской области, представлены данные по протяженности сетей и их техническом состоянии, также о эффективной работе сооружений системы водоотведения. Цель работы — изучить степень охвата услугами водоснабжения и водоотведения и их технического состояния среди сельского и городского населения Карагандинской области за период 2010–2020 годов. Ретроспективный анализ вторичных данных за10 лет, а именно формы «О работе водопроводных и канализационных сооружений в Республике Казахстан». Из 421 сельских населенных пунктов области 245 обеспечены централизованным водоснабжением (89,9 %), 166 — децентрализованным (9,9 %) и 8 — привозным (0,2 %). Охват централизованным водоснабжением в городских местностях области составляет 98 %, охват централизованным водоотведением 78,43 %. Протяженность водопроводных сетей в сельской местности имеет тенденцию к увеличению и составляет 80,5 %, система водоотведения также увеличилась на 81,2 %. В городской местности протяженность сетей осталась неизменной. Охват сельского населения центральным водоснабжением и водоотведением за исследуемый период значительно увеличился. Полученные результаты исследований указывают на то, что в настоящее время имеется значительная диспропорция между обеспеченностью населения централизованным водоснабжением и централизованным водоотведением. Техническое состояние сетей водоснабжения и канализации в сельской местности остается на неудовлетворительном уровне, что приводит к высоким потерям и ухудшению качества питьевой воды.

LABORATORY STUDY ON THE SEDIMENTATION OF SURFACE WASTEWATER POLLUTANT COMPONENTS IN HISTORICAL PART OF SAMARA

The article discusses the existing drainage systems in Samara, the proposed project for the reconstruction of storm collector outlets located within the boundaries of the historical part of Samara.
 One of the factors of reservoir pollution (of Volga and Samara rivers) is untreated surface wastewater. The article specifies the outlets in the historical part of the city pernicious for the water reservoir.
 The study on the sedimentation of pollutant components contained in surface wastewater disposed from the historical part of Samara was held.
 As a result of the research, it was found that due to treatment facilities and storage tanks construction, as well as wastewater pumping into the household sewerage system, surface wastewater pumping will reduce the anthropogenic impact on the reservoir.
 It will also contribute to some extent to household waste dilution and increase the hydraulic load on urban sewage treatment plants.
 The water bodies of the water area of Samara are experiencing anthropogenic pressure, including due to untreated surface wastewater.
 The qualitative indicators of surface wastewater of a large industrial center have been studied on the example of the urban district of Samara. A list of negative indicators for water bodies has been determined; their maximal, average and minimal value ranges have been specified. It was revealed that the presented data will not have a negative impact on the centralized water disposal systems of settlements and urban districts.

A study to assess the knowledge and practice regarding sanitation and hygiene among women in parts of Delhi, India

Background: Poor hygienic practices, inadequate water supply, and poor sanitary conditions play a major role in the spread of infectious diseases. So, safe drinking water and basic sanitation is of crucial importance to the prevention of health problems.
 Objects: To study the knowledge, attitude, and practices related to drinking water and sanitation facilities among the urban slum population of different areas of Delhi.
 Design: Open label, observational, non-randomized, community-based study.
 Methodology: A cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the knowledge of 297 females of different slum areas of Delhi regarding sanitation and hygiene, their attitude, and practices were collected using a previously validated questionnaire. The data obtained was analyzed on MS Office (Excel).
 Major Outcome: Major Outcome: Findings of the study showed that 42% of the subjects had average knowledge and 75 % of the subjects followed unsafe practices on water, sanitation and hygiene.
 Result: The study was conducted on 297 housewives having mean age as 34.14 years living mostly in joint family with 6000- 12000 monthly family income. 76.4% had toilet in their household but lack proper water disposal system.
 Conclusion: Conclusion: The knowledge and practice on hygiene and sanitation among the households of slum areas of Delhi was found to be satisfactory. This study found significant association between knowledge, practice, age, education, occupation, family income per month. It was observed that young women had good knowledge however financial constrains rule the roast.
 Keywords: Sanitation and hygiene; Knowledge; Attitude; Practices, WASH.

Influence of financing water protection measures in the field of transport on water quality of water bodies

Transport is a major water consumer and source of environmental pollution, including water resources. In order to preserve and improve water quality in water bodies at industrial and transport enterprises, including railway enterprises, water protection measures entailing permanent signifi cant funding are required. The study is aimed to develop a methodology for determining dependence of water quality of the water body on the real financing of water protection measures; theoretical justifi cation of the choice of water quality of the water body from the quality of wastewater (WW) of water users, discharging them into the water body and amount of financing of water protection measures. The solution of the task of determining the best water quality in a water body under limited fi nancing of water protection measures and rational distribution of fi nancial resources between water users, including transport infrastructure objects, is proposed. Financing of water protection measures in Russia is less than abroad and has been decreasing over the last three decades. The limits for pollutant concentrations in pollutant discharges into water bodies and water disposal systems in Russia are often set very strict, sometimes more stringent than those for drinking water, which leads to unjustifi ed spending of investment costs. It is pointed out that at present in Russia market relations in the field of nature and, in particular, water use have not been formed. The basic diffi culties at realization of these relations in our country are designated. When using the proposed methodology, the rational quality of water resources of water users by limiting pollutants and the rational distribution of funds for water protection measures among water users within the limited amount of financing are determined. The extent to which water quality in a water body changes is also determined. The possibility of practical application of the proposed methodology is considered.

Safety and Reliability of Concrete Components in Water Supply and Disposal

Water supply and disposal systems make an important part of the social vital activities. The operation features, reliability and longevity of water supply and disposal components made of concrete, mostly depend on the quality of concrete fillers taking up to 80% of the concrete volume and significantly affecting its properties. At the plants or construction sites the negative impact of such fillers is compensated by the increase in cement gaging which is not desirable. That is why, for the sake of cement stretch-out the authors suggest adding a dusty component to the conventional components of concrete mix. Along with improving the prefabricated unit quality and savings in the construction, the use of ash and expanded clay dust increases the utilization of this industrial waste, reduces the cost of maintaining ash and expanded clay dumps, and contributes to the protection of the environment from pollution.

Language Inclusion Checking of Timed Automata Based on Property Patterns

The language inclusion checking of timed automata is described as the following: given two timed automata M and N, where M is a system model and N is a specification model (which represents the properties that the system needs to satisfy), check whether the language of M is included in the language of N. The language inclusion checking of timed automata can detect whether a system model satisfies a given property under the time constraints. There exist excellent studies on verifying real-time systems using timed automata. However, there is no thorough method of timed automata language inclusion checking for real-life systems. Therefore, this paper proposes a language inclusion checking method of timed automata based on the property patterns. On the one hand, we summarize commonly used property patterns described by timed automata, which can guide people to model the properties with time constraints. On the other hand, the system model M often contains a large number of events, but in general, the property N only needs to pay attention to the sequences and time limits of a few events. Therefore, the timed automata language inclusion checking algorithm is improved so that only the concerned events are required. Our method is applied to a water disposal system and it is also evaluated using benchmark systems. The determinization problem of timed automata is undecidable, which may lead to an infinite state space. However, our method is still practical because the properties established according to property patterns are often deterministic.

Dependability of water disposal systems of major cities

The Aim of the paper is to develop an analytical procedure for calculating the dependability indicator of a specific tree-like transporting network, i.e., the water disposal system of a major city.Methods. It is suggested using the relative volume of sewage water released from a sewage system into the environment as the result of the failure of the former’s components as the measure of dependability. This paper presents a simple and convenient method for calculating such volume. The method is based on the representation of a tree-like sewage network as a combination of Y fragments referred to as structural elements. Every such element is formally replaced with its pseudo equivalent with a failure rate calculated assuming that the volumes of untreated waste water released by actual and fictitious elements are equal. A consistent application of this approach reduces the problem of estimation of the volume of released waste water to elementary subproblems that are solved using probability methods.Results. The problem of identifying the operational dependability indicator comes down to a recurrent stepwise procedure for equalization of Y fragments of the network, at each step of which the calculation data from the preceding step are used as the input data. Each such step, starting from the entry network, leads to another (virtual) network, for which the procedure repeats. The equalization process ends when the original network is represented by only one pseudo element, for which the dependability indicator is defined in an elementary way.Conclusion. The authors developed a convenient method for calculating the operational dependability indicator of a tree-like sewer network of a major city. Some practical problems are referred to that can be solved using the proposed method. Future lines of research in the domain were identified.

Readiness of Water Sanitation and Hygiene Facilities (WASH) as an Effort to Prevent COVID-19 Transmission in Elementary Schools at Ngaliyan District, Semarang City

Introduction: Ngaliyan sub-district on Semarang city has the highest cases of Covid-19 (212 cases) in July 2021. High proportion of them occurred on elementary school-aged children aged 7-12 years. Among other levels of education, this group also has the lowest levels of sanitation. This study aimed to determine the readiness of WASH facilities as an effort to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 in elementary schools at Ngaliyan Sub-District, Semarang City.Methods : This study was a descriptive observational study. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, on 36 elementary schools in Ngaliyan District (total sampling method). Readiness of Water Sanitation and Hygiene Facilities (WASH) in each school were observed using checklist. Data were classified and compared to the requirements.Results: The results of this study indicate that 100% of primary schools in Ngaliyan sub-district have the readiness of WASH facilities. Of the 36 primary schools, 97% of schools met the requirements for clean water, 64% for the toilet conditions, 14% for the waste disposal and 100% of the waste water disposal system and 67% for the hand washing facilities.Conclusion: In general, WASH facilities in the elementary schools in Ngaliyan Sub district was ready for the transmission of COVID-19 prevention, but some improvements should be done, especially for the waste disposal, toilet conditions and hand washing facilities.

MONITORING WATER QUALITY IN VEGETABLE HYDROPONICS USING ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER

pH stands for the power of Hydrogen, which is an important factor in hydroponic systems. The hydrogen ion concentration determines the value of the acidity in the solution. If the pH value of the solution is below 7.0, then it is called acidic, and if the pH value is above 7.0, it is called alkaline. The pH value can change, so it is necessary to pay attention to the acidity of the water so that the roots absorb nutrients properly that farmers often find it difficult to take measurements. Mustard plants have a pH range of 5.5 – 6.5. Based on the pH range, it is necessary to have a tool to monitor the quality of the pH in mustard plants. This monitoring is carried out by creating a hydroponic nutrient water disposal system by combining agriculture and mechatronics. Mechatronics will control the nutrient distribution system so that it can be monitored with a smartphone via wireless connectivity such as the GSM module (800L. The water quality monitoring system works by using ultrasonic sensors, sensor probes and TDS sensors, as well as the GSM 800L module. monitoring of water quality in hydroponic mustard plants) using an Arduino microcontroller and detecting pH conditions and solute content. As for the disposal of nutrient water, using a water pump connected to the microcontroller via a relay. Based on the prototype carried out on June 26, 2021, the condition of water quality has decreased in nutritional quality with the first data (pH 6.31 solute 529 ppm) and the latest data (pH 9.09 and solute 662 ppm). When the water quality is below the nutritional standard, the water pump turns on to remove the nutrient water. The results of the prototype that has been carried out have succeeded in monitoring water quality hydroponics and can be used by farmers.

Моделирование потока инфильтрационных вод, поступающего в системы канализации

Infiltration water generated as a result of storm event coming to water disposal system has an impact on the accuracy of the water balance calculation by the companies. Modeling the infiltration water flow using the package of finite element analysis (Ansys CFX) will help providing more exact estimation of water volume in order to increase authenticity of water balance consolidation. The purpose of the study was to create a model of sewerage network section based on Ansys CFX with due consideration of the arriving infiltration water flow generated as a result of storm events as exemplified by two sections with different soil characteristics, namely, fine sand and coarse sand. As a result, there has been developed a conceptual model of infiltration water inflow coming through soils with different characteristics to the sewerage system.

Preparation and Characterization of Adsorbent from Natural Zeolite Mixed Chicken Feather in Degradation of Batik Waste Dyes Based Green Chemistry

<p class="Standard">This research is the adsorption of dyestuffs from batik industry waste. The adsorption method was used chicken feather adsorbent with natural zeolite. Zeolite was activated by HF. Feather flour was activated with 0.2 M KOH. The main focus of this research is determine the potential for dye degradation with the batch method.Samples were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectrophotometer (FTIR), and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). Measurement of dye degradation includes the effect of adsorbent concentration, pH, contact time and particle size of adsorbent. The results showed that the optimum pH in the degradation of dyestuffs from the batik industry waste was pH 8.5. The optimum contact times by activated and unactivated adsorbents were 65 minutes and 120 minutes, respectively. The reaction kinetics analysis showed the Freundlich adsorption model based on the experimental data. This indicates that the surface pores of the adsorbent are very influential in the degradation of the dye. Adsorption capacity of degradation dyestuffs with adsorbents has an efficiency of 94%. In the laboratory, it has been proven that adsorbents are able to degrade dyes in batik waste before being discharged into the water disposal system.</p>

Physico-chemical Properties and Possible Applications of Sewage Sludge Combustion Ash

The main problems and prospects of water disposal systems of such a megalopolis as Saint Petersburg are considered. Methods for processing sewage sludge to an ecologically safe state, as well as the use of sludge combustion ash at the Central Aeration Station (CAS) in Saint Petersburg are proposed. Special attention was paid to the issues of sludge management in the sewage system of domestic wastewater. The possibility of using ash for extinguishing and eliminating oil spills at the CAS was confirmed experimentally in comparison with similar capabilities of marshalite and fine-grained construction sand. A method for preparing dry building mixes based on Portland cement for obtaining low-water demand construction binders was proposed.

Identifikasi Pemeliharaan Vertical Garden di Fairmont Sanur Beach Bali

Maintenance Identification on Vertical Garden at Fairmont Sanur Beach Bali. Fairmont Sanur Beach Bali has a vertical garden with an area of 10 m x 4 m. The Hotel is able to maintain the plant condition. The purpose of this research is to identify the vertical garden maintenance system at the Fairmont Sanur Beach Bali. The research method uses survey and literature study methods. Data collection techniques are observation, interview, and literature study. Data analysis methods with descriptive methods and scoring tables. The results about the identification of vertical garden maintenance systems consist of watering, water disposal system, trimming, fertilizing, replanting plants, media replacement, sanitation, pest and disease control. Watering in 2 hours creating high humidity in the media. The volume of water released is not fully experienced evapotranspiration. The planting media do not experience drought during the day, so the plants keep fresh. In the calculation of plant suitability values, the corresponding values are Hemigraphis alternata. Plants with adequate value are Epipremnum aureum, Asparagus densiflorus, Ananas bracteatus tricolor, Schefflera Arboricola, and Portulaca grandiflora. In the maintenance process requires a fertigation system to facilitate fertilization. The use of automated systems such as timmers will simplify the maintenance and a more scheduled.

Flower growing firms’ contribution to community water use management in Naivasha Sub County, Kenya

Water is a life necessity and is central to various social, economic and environmental aspects such as sanitation, health, economic growth, species protection, food etc. Companies require water for their production activities and can only thrive where the social, environmental and economic dimensions are well facilitated. Healthy and vibrant communities and environments cannot exist if water management is neglected. In a period of growing environmental concerns, collaborating and working collectively among entities in public sector, private sector and community based organizations to solve environmental problems seems more viable than ever. Naivasha area portrays an interesting case consisting of different formal and informal institutions as it has a long history of formal regulations as well as of self-organized water user groups all aimed at addressing sustainability in the use of water resources. With the observed lax on the authorities end in regulating the utilization of water resources among the diverse users, this study attempted to draw out the role played by flower growing firms in conjunction with the resident communities by examining how their activities affect the water resources available and the counter measures put in place to ensure availability of the resource for both mentioned stakeholders. The study was conducted among four wards in Naivasha Sub-County with the target population and subsequent sample size encompassing both flower growing firms and the residents inhabiting the selected areas. Majority of the residents interviewed confirmed having access to piped water. It was noted that the flower farms relied more on Lake Naivasha and ground water sources in the form of boreholes for their water requirements and made use of constructed wetlands for wastewater disposal and treatment to a larger extent. Waste water disposal systems were however not well developed among the resident communities with unrestricted disposal noted, leading to contamination of the surroundings. Whilst the local authorities confirmed efforts made by the flower growing firms in waste water disposal were efficient, their contribution to local water management efforts was noted to be low with their initiatives barely recognized by the surrounding communities. The study recommended use of low cost techniques among the resident communities in waste water disposal and uptake of well-designed corporate social responsibility codes and standards by the flower growing firms to manage water abstraction while assisting the surrounding communities in their water use management efforts.

Integrated Hydroecological Monitoring of Watercourses in Zuya River Basin

The results of a comprehensive agroecological assessment of the main watercourses of the Zuya river basin are presented. Studies were conducted in 2017–2020 and included: conducting a visual survey, measuring water consumption, assessing the qualitative characteristics of runoff, including phytotesting and determining its suitability for irrigation purposes. It was determined that the main pollutants of the watercourses were sulphates, phosphates, heavy metals. The assessment of salt composition of water resources has shown that they are mostly suitable for irrigation without restriction. However, according to the results of phytotesting, an inhibitory effect was recorded, which indicates a possible decrease in the yield of crops sensitive to water-contained pollutants. The water balance calculations showed the presence of a shortage of water resources in the Zuya river basin. The environmental situation on the surveyed water bodies was identified as unfavorable. The set of priority environmental measures includes: the creation of a permanent monitoring network, the arrangement of settlements with water disposal systems, the inventory of small water storage facilities and the implementation of the required repair and operational work on them, and the optimization of the number of water users.

Практика применения противопожарных муфт для безнапорных трубопроводов инженерных систем из полимерных материалов

To exclude the possibility of fire spreading through the utility lines of buildings and structures, various technical means are used that meet the normative established characteristics. As part of the intersection nodes of the enclosing building structures of sewage and water disposal systems, fire-safety sleeves are used, which ensure the limit of fire spreading to adjacent rooms through the node crossed by the pipeline. The use of fire-safety sleeves for these utility lines is only possible for free flow conduits of the systems made of polymer materials (polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, etc.). For different types of the pipelines, other technical solutions are used to limit the spread of fire. The principle of fire-safety sleeves operation is to completely cover the intersecting mounting opening of the building structure in the shortest possible time and prevent the transfer of flame and combustion products to adjacent rooms. The efficiency of the operation of fire-safety sleeve and the preservation of its fire-technical characteristics for a given time depends on the following factors: correct installation carried out in accordance with the established instructions; design of fire-safety sleeves; physical and chemical properties of the material used for thermally expanding sleeve liner; material of a polymer pipeline. Statistics of the conducted tests show that the maximum fire resistance limits are typical for intersection nodes with polymer pipelines having diameter from 32 to 110 mm. For the pipelines with a diameter of 160 mm and more, it is very difficult to achieve similar fire-technical characteristics due to the large area of the overlapping mounting openings and the increased inertia of a fire-safety sleeve actuation.

Urban expansion in Baghdad governorate and its impact on increasing pollution Under constancy the stability of the infrastructure

The continued increase in the population, one of the enormous problems of the world’s people and the problem of accelerated population growth, is the cause of any other problem and the aim of the research is to measure the urbanization (modern housing complexes), its impact on the national electrical grid, the waste water disposal and treatment system, the capacity to raise and process waste, the collection plants and their impact on infrastructure, although they have been stable over the last three years of research and have been collected from statistical data of the Central Statistical Organization/Statistics Section, data of the Baghdad Secretariat and data of the Ministry of Reconstruction and Housing.

WATER DISPOSAL SYSTEMS.AS ONE OF THE MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING ROAD SURFACE DESTRUCTION

In our time, the problem of proper water disposal systems is acute. Surface water disposal systems.is an engineering system, the main purpose of which is the timely removal of melt and rainwater from the site. This system must work smoothly, because the accumulation of moisture entails many negative consequences for structures, soil, plants, and the like. The rainwater from the site should be as thought out and implemented as much as possible, taking into account the characteristics of each type of site. Special attention should be paid to water disposal systems from highways. Excess water on transport routes and streets poses a very serious hazard to drivers, passengers and pedestrians. In addition, it is the reason for disruptions in transport links.
 The installation of such a system in the streets should ensure the strength and stability of road structures, as well as create favorable conditions for the operational use of city roads because of the rapid and complete removal of surface water entering the street gutter of a stormwater drainage system. This system is an integral part of the general stormwater drainage system from the territory of the settlement. Therefore, its design is carried out in conjunction with the general drainage system from all over the city and is called stormwater sewer system (drains). That is, it is a sewer that consists of rainwater catchments, sand traps, rainwater gutters, pipes and catch basins. Its primary purpose is to dispose rain, melt water and surface water from internal drainage systems of buildings, too, after watering and washing the streets, receiving water release from drainage systems, from drainage of tram tracks and road drainage of shallow foundation, etc.
 Therefore, the design of drainage systems in the streets and on the roads is carried out in compliance with the norms and rules specified in DBN B.2.5-75 and DBN B 2.3-5: 2018.

Analysis of the wastewater treatment device for the damper tank of sewage pumping stations

The article presents a model range of an automated wastewater strainer developed on the basis of utility model “Device to perform primary wastewater treatment of suspended solids at sewage pumping stations”. The device is aimed at efficient mechanical treatment of domestic, storm and industrial effluents at sewage pumping stations and other objects of the water disposal system. The operating parameters of the device are designed based on the gradation of daily flow rates, volumetric solids content and operating conditions. The verification calculation of structural elements for strength and stiffness was carried out taking into account dynamic loads. The parameters of the actuators were determined the selection of gear motors was made.

Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality of Drinking Water in Wegeda Town, Northwest Ethiopia.

Waterborne diseases continue to challenge communities in low-income countries like Ethiopia. Clinical information in Wegeda town showed that the prevalence of waterborne diseases was 58%. This study aimed to evaluate bacteriological and physicochemical drinking water quality in Wegeda town. This study will add valuable scientific data for future intervention. Water samples from protected and unprotected springs, hand-dug well, taps, and households' containers were collected from November 2018 to June 2019 for bacteriological and physicochemical analyses. Besides, information about the potential risk factors was collected using a structured questionnaire. A total of 120 water samples were collected and analyzed for total and fecal coliform counts using the multiple tube fermentation method (MPN). The presence of Escherichia coli was also checked from fecal coliform positive samples collected from households' containers. Selected physicochemical parameters were also determined using the standard methods. In all cases, the median values of total and fecal coliform counts ranged from 5 to 27 and 2 to 13 MPN/100 ml, respectively. Accordingly, all of the drinking water samples did not comply with the standards. Coliforms were significantly higher in the households' containers than in the sources (p < 0.05) and also significantly varied by water sources. The highest and lowest coliform counts were recorded in unprotected spring and taps, respectively. Besides, 18.33% of water samples collected from households' containers were tested positive for E. coli. Regarding physicochemical parameters, most values were within the acceptable limit values recommended by the WHO. However, water samples from unprotected spring and hand-dug well did not satisfy the turbidity limit value set by the WHO. Drinking water systems in Wegeda town were likely contaminated with pathogenic bacteria likely due to poor protection and sanitation practices. Providing the community with potable water, toilets, domestic and animal waste disposal systems, and intensive health education and sanitation practices for the community are highly recommended.