Water Dispersible Granule Research Articles

Assessment of a Direct Application of TwoBacillus thuringiensis israelensisFormulations for Immediate and Residual Control ofAedes albopictus

The bacterial agent Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) is a highly effective larvicide against various medically important mosquito and black fly vector species. Recent formulations of this powerful larvicidal tool have been evaluated for their field efficacy in integrated mosquito management programs. Laboratory and controlled-condition trials have indicated long periods of residual efficacy, whereas field persistence is often much lower in duration. We investigated the residual persistence of high doses of 2 formulations of Bti, a water-dispersible granule (VectoBac WDG; 16 mg/liter) and an extruded pellet (VBC-60066; 80 mg/liter), for the management of natural larval populations of Aedes albopictus. Laboratory tests demonstrated 100% (WDG) and > or = 99.7% (VBC) average mortality across all treatments over 180 days. Field tests exhibited 100% efficacy (WDG and VBC) for 3 wk against Ae. albopictus and other coinhabiting mosquito species, with some residual efficacy lasting for > 4 wk. These results are discussed in relation to current field control of domestic Aedes vectors of public health significance.

Formulasi Pestisida Bentuk Wter Dispersible Granule (WDG)

Water Dispersible Granule (WDG) as a modification of Wettable Powder and Granule formulation is the new type of pesticide formulation in the form of granule. Like Wettable Powder, the aplication of this formulation is by dispersing it in water. WDG is consist of active ingredient, carrier, wetting agent, dispersing agent, and binding agent. According to those compositions WDG must have the properties such as very good dispersibility in water, no breaking and dusting during handling, high active content and have physical and chemical stability. Base on the type of active ingredient, WDG can be produced through two processes of preparation step i.e. wet process and dry process followed by granulation step which can be done by spray dryer, pan granulator, fluid bed, extrusion and high speed mixer.

Formulasi Bioinsectisida Dari Bakteri Bacillus Thuringiensis

Among the pathogenic bacteria, Bacillus Thuringiensis is the one of potential bacterial insecticides which has the capability in crystallizing protein in the cell as an entomoxcyn or active agent of bioinsecticides. The advantages of bioinsecticides usage are toxic only to the insect target, and it is net creating bioinsecticides are toxic. The commercial form of Bacillus Thuringiensis is made from the active bacteria agent as mixing of spora and protein crystal and carrier. The active bacteria agent prepared by two kinds of fermentation methods, sub merged fermentation and semi solid fermentation. There are 7 bioinsecticide form available in Indonesia such as Granule, Flowable Concentrate, Wettable Powder, Suspension, Aqueous Suspension, Water Dispersible Granule and Ultra Low Volume. There product are not produce yet in Indonesia, just repacking for commercial purposes.

The Best Dosage of Polymer Dispersant in WDG by Zata Potential Method

Applied self-prepared GY dispersant into 75% thifensulfuron WDG formulation,only chang the dispersant and filler content, found out the optimal amount of dispersant using zata potential analyzer. The results show that when the dosage of dispersant is 6%, zeta potential to achieve the most negative,75% tribenuron water dispersible granule apparent suspension rate of more than 90%. Zata potentiometric method is a rapid method that decide anionic dispersant dosage.

Wplyw wybranych parametr�w opryskiwania na skutecznosc dw�ch form uSytkowych herbicyd�w sulfonylomocznikowych

The objective of this study was the evaluation of spray volume and nozzle type effect on different formulation (water dispersible granules - WG and oil dispersion - OD) of two sulfonylurea herbicides: the mixture iodosulfuron methyl sodium + amidosulfuron and iodosulfuron methyl sodium + mesosulfuron methyl efficacy. There were investigated three levels of spray volume (125 l*ha-1, 250 l*ha-1 and 350 l*ha-1) and two types of nozzle (extended range flat nozzle TeeJet XR 11003-VS and drift guard flat nozzle TeeJet DG 11003-VS). Each herbicide was used at recommended dose and reduced by half. Spray volume and nozzle type did not affect activity of the mixture iodosulfuron methyl sodium + amidosulfuron, but differentiated the efficacy of OD formulation of iodosulfuron methyl sodium + mesosulfuron methyl, when it was applied at lowered dose. As spray volume rose, herbicide efficacy decreased. Nozzle type influenced OD formulation of the mixture iodosulfuron methyl sodium + mesosulfuron methyl, independently on dose. Significantly weaker efficacy was obtained when drift guard nozzle was used.

Indoxacarb의 수화제 및 입상수화제 살포액 조제 시 농작업자의 노출량 측정 및 위해성 평가

Exposure and risk assessments were conducted to evaluate the relative safety of mixing/loading work of indoxacarb between wettable powder (WP) and water dispersible granule (WG). Hand exposure was monitored using cotton gloves while inhalation exposure was measured using personal air monitor. Method validation for the exposure monitoring was established successfully through several experiments. Limit of determination and limit of quantitation were 0.25 and 1 ng, respectively. R 2 of calibration curve linearity was more than 0.9999 and reproducibility was 0.7-6. Recovery of indoxacarb from gloves, solid sorbent and glass fiber filter at three different levels was 81.5-108.8%. Trapping efficiency and breakthrough tests gave 981.5- 108.8% of recovery. During mixing/loading procedure, hand exposure amount (75 percentile of 30 repetitions) for indoxacarb WP was 6 folds (459.8 mg/kg a.i) than that of WG (81.4 mg/kg a.i). This result indicates that WG has less drift than WP thanks to its granular type of formulation. Inhalation amount was 10 �8 -10 �7 % of spray mixture prepared and 10 �4 -10 �3 % of hand exposure. In inhalation case, no significant differences were observed between two formulations. Margin of safety was calculated for risk assessment using male Korean average body weight and acceptable operator exposure level as the important exposure factors. Mixing/ loading procedures for both of the formulations were considered to be of least risk because calculated MOS values were more than 1.

Efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematodes and their based-product on some species of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Egypt

The infectivity of three Egyptian Heterorhabditid nematode species Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar), Heterorhabditis indica (Poinar) and Heterorhabditis baujardi (Poinar) ( Rhabditida : Heterorhabdilidae) and one imported Steinernematid species, Steinernema abbasi (Elawad) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidea) were evaluated against preadult of the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and adult of Egyptian mealybug Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas) (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) under laboratory conditions. Also, laboratory and semifield evaluation of the efficiency of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) alone or mixed with wax remover Oleyl-polypeptide, against adults and nymphs of the mealybug Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) were carried out. Nematode reproduction in their cadavers were detected. Moreover, the effect of Steinernema carpocapsae alone or with medical additive (Docusate Sodium) comparing with Super Misrona oil were studied on the grape mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) . Three methods of formulation of Egyptian entomopathogenic nematodes were tested for their effectiveness on H. bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae. These formulations are water-dispersible granules (WDG), Calcium alginate geland infected cadavers. The infectivity of the formulated nematodes was tested against I. aegyptiaca adults.

Effect of Short Exposures to Spinetoram Against Three Stored-Product Beetle Species

Laboratory bioassays were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of two formulations of spinetoram, water dispersible granules (WG), and suspension concentrate (SC-NC), against three major stored-grain beetle species, the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae); the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); and the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Adults of the above species were exposed on wheat treated with spinetoram at 1 ppm (1 mg/kg of wheat) for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 40, and 72 h. After this interval, mortality was recorded (immediate mortality) and the surviving individuals were transferred in untreated wheat, where mortality was recorded again 7 d later (delayed mortality). Then, all adults were removed, and the number of progeny production in the untreated substrate was measured 65 d later. From the species tested, R. dominica was by far the most susceptible, given that immediate and delayed mortality for the 72-h exposure interval reached 44 and 97%, respectively. At the same time, progeny production was low, in most of the exposure intervals tested. In contrast, for S. oryzae, delayed mortality was negligible, with the exception of 72 h at the SC-NC formulation. However, in most of the cases examined, progeny production for S. oryzae was high. Finally, adult mortality for T. confusum was extremely low, regardless of the exposure interval and the type of the formulation. Nevertheless, offspring emergence of this species was low. By combining the results of the current study and the data that are available from the literature for short exposures to spinosad, we can conclude that the two ingredients were equally effective against these three stored-grain beetle species.

Risque chimique sur sites pollués par des métaux lourds : intérêt de la biométrologie

The presence of hazardous dimethomorph residues in the environment poses a threat to birds, aquatic organisms and mammals. The novel pure strain Bacillus cereus WL08 responsible for detoxifying dimethomorph was isolated from dimethomorph-polluted soils. The immobilized system of WL08 was developed using bamboo charcoal (BC) and sodium alginate (SA). Immobilization significantly improved tolerance and stability of strain WL08. Under optimal conditions of pH 7.0 and 30 ℃, free and immobilized WL08 degraded 66.95% and 96.88% of 50 mg/L dimethomorph within 72 h, respectively. Moreover, strain WL08 effectively degraded dimethomorph to simple products which were lower toxic than dimethomorph. In a continuous reactor system, immobilized WL08 removed 85.61% of dimethomorph for 30 d at an influent concentration of 50–100 mg/L. In the field soil sprayed with 4.20 kg a.i./ha 80% dimethomorph water dispersible granule (WDG) was treated by immobilized WL08, the lower half-life (1.93 d) was observed, as compared with free WL08 (4.28 d) and natural dissipation (23.82 d). Immobilized WL08 can be considered as a tool for the removal of dimethomorph in water–soil systems. This study provides a feasible microbe-based strategy for bioremediation of dimethomorph-polluted environments.

Benzobicyclon 혼합제의 제형에 따른 제초활성 특성

Benzobicyclon은 HPPD활성을 억제하여 plastoquinone의 생합성을 저해하며 최종적으로 carotenoid 합성을 억제하고 대상잡초는 백화현상(bleaching)을 거쳐 고사하게 된다. 본 시험은 저항성잡초에 대한 benzobicyclon의 제형별, 증량제 종류별 제초활성을 비교하기 위하여 실시하였다. 폿트 시험에서 SU계 제초제 저항성 올챙이고랭이에 대한 benzobicyclon의 제형별 제초활성은 SC가 GR보다 높게 나타났고 이러한 결과는 시험포장에서도 동일하였는데, 이는 SC의 평균입경이 GR보다 작기 때문이다. 또한 평균입경이 동일한 benzobicyclon 혼합제의 DT와 GR간의 제초활성은 차이는 용출속도에 의해 차이가 나타났다. Benzobicyclon 혼합제 GR를 분쇄방법을 통해 유효성분의 평균입경을 각각 다르게 하여 제초활성을 비교시 습식분쇄를 거쳐 평균입경을 작게 한 GR-II의 제초활성이 높았다. 또한 건식분쇄를 거쳐 증량제를 talc와 bentonite로 사용한 GR-I보다 증량제를 <TEX>$CaCO_3$</TEX>와 kaolin을 사용한 GR-III의 제초활성이 10% 높았다. Benzobicyclon 성분을 습식분쇄하여 제형화한 GR의 제초활성이 높은 이유는 benzobicyclon 성분의 평균 입경이 작아 유효성분의 용출이 신속하게 이루어졌기 때문이고, 증량제의 종류에 따른 용출 차이는 benzobicyclon의 광물질의 종류에 따라 흡착(결합)력이 다르기 때문이다. Benzobicyclon 혼합제의 스크린 사이즈가 1mm인 GR-I와 0.7mm인 GR-IV간의 효과차이는 10% 이내이었다. Sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant weeds are spreading widely and distributed about 106,951 hectare in paddy rice fields in Korea. Morever all biotype of Scirpus juncoides which were collected at 69 spots all over paddy rice fields in 2008 were identified biotype of sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant. Benzobicyclon is a p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor, which is absorbed through root and basal stem of weeds so cause bleaching of newly developing leaves. Benzobicyclon was very effective to control Scirpus juncoides, Monochoria vaginalis, sedges and broadleaves weeds, so it have been developed various formulation like a suspension concentrate (SC), a water dispersible granule (WG), a granule (GR) and a DT (tablet for Direct application). During recently 6 years, benzobicyclon-mixtures herbicides have been registered over than 54 products in paddy fields. Herbicidal efficacy by formulations of benzobicyclon and its mixture herbicides were highest in DT, followed by SC and GR. Herbicidal efficacy of the kaolin and <TEX>$CaCO_3$</TEX> carrier of GR was better and stable than that of talc and bentonite carrier. Growth and yield of rice were not affected much by formulations, application rates and rice cultivation methods.

잔디용 제초제 Flupoxam 과립수화제의 생물특성 소개

The water dispersible granule flupoxam showed over 95% of weeding effect on the annual weeds of Poaceae such as Poa annua L., Digitaria ciliaris (Rets.) Koel and broad-leaf weeds. Efficacy of treatment had been lasted over 120 days in the when it was treated from March to April while lasted over 180 days when it was treated from September to October. Because the flupoxam has a high soil absorptivity, a perfected herbicide layer is formed. This results in perfect weeding effect regardless of the presence or absence of thatch. Because the flupoxam has a different mechanism of action from the conventional herbicides such as dinitroanilines, pyridines, and carbamates, it is very effective with the alternative spray. Phytotoxicity symptoms was not observed and/or produced antocyan in new leaves in the landscape trees around the lawngrass by flupoxam treatment.

Effect of Different Levels and Sources of Sulphur Application on Sugarcane Production

The experiments were conducted at two locations in Haryana. The treatments consisted of application of Cosavet Fertis (a sulphur containing fertilizer in Water Dispersible Granules (WDG) formulation) @ 18 kg S/ha (½ at sowing + ½ at 75 days after sowing (DAS) or (½ at 30 DAS + ½ at 75 DAS), Cosavet Fertis @ 13.5 kg S/ha (½ at sowing + ½ at 75 DAS) or (½ at 30 DAS + ½ at 75 DAS), Gypsum @ 25 kg S/ha and Control (No sulphur). At both the locations, the application of Cosavet Fertis @ 18 or 13.5 kg S/ha (½ at sowing + ½ at 75 DAS) or (½ at 30 DAS + ½ at 75 DAS) and Gypsum @ 25 kg S/ha produced significantly higher yield than control (No sulphur) and enhanced cane height, cane diameter, Number of millable canes over control. The increase the yield with the application of S ranged from 5.2 to 10.5% over control. These treatment gave Rs. 2938–5664 to additional return over control and cost benefit ratio (C:BR) ranged from 1.78 to 9.85. Application of Cosavet Fertis @ 18 or 13.5 kg S/ha applied at ½ at sowing + ½ at 75 DAS or ½ at 30 DAS + ½ at 75 DAS, did not significantly increase the cane yield and yield attributing character over Gypsum @ 25 kg S/ha.

Approaches towards Design of Green Matrices to Formulate Agricultural and Bio-active Materials and Provide Improved Efficacy

Abstract Agricultural formulations containing hydrophobic active ingredients and spray solutions are used in aqueous medium. Typical concentrates are formulated as (a) solvent-based emulsifiable concentrates, (b) water-based suspension concentrates, (c) oil-based suspensions, and (d) solid forms like water-dispersible granules form the bulk of agricultural formulations. Efficacy of the active ingredients depends upon the particle/droplet size distribution in the spray solution and it is advantageous to have submicron size distribution with additional protection against wash off. Global awareness and strong regulatory initiative are the driving force for the design of green and environmentally friendly delivery matrices. Following approaches are viable solutions to address the green delivery targets. This paper will address typical examples of solvent pairs to formulate solvent-based formulations; stable micro-emulsion concentrates using all EPA approved (exemption from tolerance) components usable for food-crops. Water-based suspension concentrates with excellent suspensibility were developed by using newly developed polymer composites. Proprietary derivatized vegetable oils were used as self-emulsifying oils to formulate stable concentrates with good emulsification on dilution in water, without having to use conventional emulsifiers. Additional benefit with such compositions would be sustained release capability. Solventless zero volatile organic compounds (VOC) compositions were also developed for end-use applications with acceptable bio-activity by using proprietary polymer surfactant pairs.

Effects of repeated field applications of two formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on non-target saltmarsh invertebrates in Atlantic coastal wetlands

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis ( Bti) is commonly used for selective control of larval populations of mosquitoes in coastal wetlands. A two year-study was implemented to investigate whether repeated treatments with Bti applied either as a liquid (VectoBac ® 12AS) or a water-dispersible granule (VectoBac ® WG) formulation may affect the abundance and diversity of non-target aquatic invertebrates in saltmarsh pools. Taxonomic composition of the invertebrate communities was typical of brackishwater intermittent ecosystems, with a dominance of annelids, crustaceans and nematocerans. Conditions were contrasted between the two years of the survey, both in terms of annual cumulative rainfall and rainfall distribution throughout the year. As a consequence, the hydroperiod and some other environmental characteristics associated with pool drying played a major role in the dynamics of the invertebrate community. In summer 2006, pool drying reduced the abundance of the polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor, of the amphipod crustacean Corophium volutator and of chironomid larvae. These taxa were able to recolonize rapidly the pools after flooding in September 2006. In 2007, rainfall was more regularly distributed across the year, and the pools did not get dry. Hydrozoans, Chironomini and Orthocladiinae larvae, and oligochaetes were more abundant in treated than in control pools, especially in VectoBac ® WG-treated pools. No adverse effects of the treatments were shown on the abundance of N. diversicolor, C. volutator and midge larvae, suggesting that the availability of these food sources for birds was not negatively affected by Bti applications. It is concluded that, as currently performed in Western France coastal wetlands, land-based treatments of saltmarsh pools for larval mosquito control with Bti, used either as VectoBac ® 12AS or VectoBac ® WG, did not adversely impact non-target aquatic invertebrate communities.

The detection of pesticides in water using ZnCdSe quantum dot films

This paper reports an attempt to develop a sensor system for detecting pesticides based on the effect of an analyte on the photoluminescence (PL) intensity of ZnCdSe quantum dot (QD) films. The ZnCdSe QDs were synthesized using a wet-chemical process. The sensor system comprises an excitation light source made of a laser diode, a dual arm fibre optic probe, a spectrometer and a sensor chamber. The QD films were deposited by dropping QD solution onto the probe surface and drying them at ambient temperature. The pesticides used in this study were Dipel, Siven 85% WP and Water-Dispersible Granules WG insecticides. The detection of pesticides was done by comparing the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the films dipped in the deionized water and in pesticide solutions by varying the concentration of the pesticide solutions from 2.5 to 2500 μg l −1. It was observed that the PL intensity of the films was quenched by the presence of the pesticide molecules. The quenching degree increased with the concentration of the pesticide solutions. There is a linear relationship between the pesticide solution concentrations and the QD film sensor sensitivities. The sensitivity of the sensor system depended on the type of pesticides successively from the highest to lowest sensitivity in the order Siven 85% WP, Dipel and Water-Dispersible Granules WG. The QD films could be used as fluorescence sensors to detect water that is contaminated by pesticides.

Contact and fumigant toxicity of plant essential oils and efficacy of spray formulations containing the oils against B‐ and Q‐biotypes of Bemisia tabaci

The contact + fumigant toxicity of 92 plant essential oils and control efficacy of 18 experimental spray formulations containing nine selected essential oils (0.5 and 0.1% sprays) and six commercial insecticides to females from B- and Q-biotypes of Bemisia tabaci were evaluated using vapour-phase mortality and spray bioassays. Garlic and oregano (LC50 , 0.15 mL cm(-3) ) were the most toxic oils against B- and Q-biotype females. Strong fumigant toxicity to both biotype females was also obtained from catnip, cinnamon bark, clove bud, clove leaf, davana, savory and vetiver Haiti oils (LC50 , 0.17-0.48 mL cm(-3) ). The 0.5% sprays of these oils (except for thyme red oil) resulted in 90-100% mortality against both biotype females. Only garlic applied as 0.1% spray provided 100% mortality. Spinosad 100 g L(-1) suspension concentrate (SC) treatment resulted in 92 and 95% mortality against both biotype females, whereas acetamiprid 80 g L(-1) wettable powder (WP), imidacloprid 80 g L(-1) SC, thiamethoxam 100 g L(-1) water-dispersible granule (WDG) and pyridaben 200 g L(-1) WP treatments resulted in 89-100% mortality against B-biotype females only. In the light of global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic insecticides in the agricultural environment, the essential oils described, particularly garlic, cinnamon bark and vetiver Haiti, merit further study as potential insecticides for the control of B. tabaci populations as fumigants with contact action.

WG and WP Formulations of Captan with Polymeric Surfactants

Abstract Water-dispersible Granules (WGs) and Wettable Powder (WP) are two important types of agrochemical formulations. The combined shares of WG and WP formulations by volume were 30 % among all the agrochemical formulation types in 2007. WG formulation is continuously increasing in share as a safer and greener formulation type. Both formulation compositions and formulation process affect the performance of WG and WP. This research demonstrated a concise and systematic approach to develop WG via low pressure extrusion process and WP blade-mixer blending process in the laboratory. Specifically, Captan technical as a model active ingredient was formulated together with polymeric dispersants, alkyl sodium sulfosuccinate wetting agents, and Kaolin clay diluents under controlled process conditions. The formulated samples were investigated in suspension stability, disintegration behavior, particle size, and granule morphology, and their composition-structure-performance relationships were discussed.

Laboratory and Field Evaluation of FormulatedBacillus thuringiensisvar.israelensisas a Feed Additive and Using Topical Applications for Control ofMusca domestica(Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae in Caged-Poultry Manure

Infestations of house flies, Musca domestica L., are a continual problem around poultry establishments. Acute toxicity of two commercial Bacillus thuringiensis variety israelensis (Bti) formulations (water-dispersible granules and bran formulation) was evaluated against larvae in the laboratory and against natural populations of M. domestica larvae in the field applied in feed to chickens and as topical applications in the poultry houses. Bioassay data showed that susceptibility of M. domestica larvae increased to a given concentration of Bti as the duration of exposure increased. In the laboratory studies, the LC(50) values of Bti for the larvae ranged between 65 and 77.4 μg/ml. In the field, a concentration of 10 g Bti/kg of feed resulted in 90% reduction of larvae at 4 wk after treatment. A higher concentration (2 g/liter) of Bti in spray applications was not significantly more effective than the lower concentration of 1 g/liter. Adding Bti to chicken feed is potentially an efficient measure for the management and control of house flies in caged-poultry facilities.

Winter Annual Broadleaf Weeds and Winter Wheat Response to Postemergence Application of Two Saflufenacil Formulations

Field experiments in winter wheat were initiated at two locations in the fall of 2006 and 2007 to evaluate winter annual broadleaf weeds and winter wheat response to POST applications of two saflufenacil formulations applied alone and in combination with 2,4-D amine. Emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and water-dispersible granule (WG) formulations of saflufenacil at 13, 25, and 50 g ai ha−1were applied with 1.0% (v/v) crop oil concentrate (COC) and mixed with 2,4-D amine at 533 g ae ha−1without adjuvant. Regardless of rate or formulation, saflufenacil plus COC and saflufenacil plus 2,4-D amine controlled blue mustard ≥ 91% at 17 to 20 d after treatment (DAT) compared with ≤ 50% control with 2,4-D amine alone. At least 25 g ha−1of saflufenacil EC was necessary to control flixweed &gt; 90%. Excluding COC from saflufenacil plus 2,4-D amine reduced flixweed control from the saflufenacil WG formulation more than the EC formulation. Most saflufenacil treatments did not control henbit satisfactorily (≤ 80%). Wheat foliar necrosis increased with increasing saflufenacil rate to as high as 30% at 3 to 6 DAT, but declined to &lt; 15% at 10 to 20 DAT and was not evident at 30 DAT. Saflufenacil rate, formulation, and mixing with 2,4-D amine also influenced wheat stunting, but to a lesser extent than foliar necrosis. Saflufenacil EC consistently caused greater foliar necrosis and stunting on wheat than saflufenacil WG. Leaf necrosis and stunting were reduced by tank-mixing saflufenacil formulations with 2,4-D amine without COC. Grain yields of most saflufenacil treatments were similar to 2,4-D amine under weedy conditions and herbicide treatments had no effect on grain yield in weed-free experiments. Saflufenacil formulations at 25 to 50 g ha−1with 2,4-D amine and saflufenacil WG at 25 to 50 g ha−1with COC can control winter annual broadleaf weeds with minimal injury (&lt; 15%) and no grain yield reductions. The addition of saflufenacil as a POST-applied herbicide would give wheat growers another useful tool to control annual broadleaf weeds, including herbicide-resistant weed species.

Application of New Solid Polymeric Dispersant, Easy-Sperse® P-20 (Spray-Dried Polymer Composites) in Suspension Concentrates and Water Dispersible Granule Formulations—Improvement in Suspensibility and Rain-fastnesss

Abstract Easy-Sperse® P-20 [ES P-20] is a synergistic, spray-dried composite of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and partially neutralized methyl vinyl ether maleic acid butyl/ethyl half ester polymer. In this work, ES P-20 was used as an additive in water-based suspension concentrate (SC) and water dispersible granule (WDG) for improving the suspensibility and rain-fastness performance of those samples. SC samples with 40 % Diuron, 30 % Isoproturon, and 40 % Imidacloprid were prepared. The suspensibility, rain-fastness, viscosity, pH, heat-aged stability, and particle size distribution were measured and compared. Our data showed that the use of ES P-20 could improve the SC suspensibility. The majority of the samples tested reached&amp;gt;70 % suspensibility at 0.2 %, 0.5 %, and 1 % active ingredients after dilution with water and after 4 h standing at room temperature. For some samples, the suspensibility was found to be&amp;gt;90 %, while the formulations without ES P-20 showed a suspensibility of &amp;lt;50 % in most cases. After adding ES P-20, the SC sample with 40 % Diuron also demonstrated better rain-fastness. This indicates that ES P-20 can enhance water resistance during water rinsing. WDG samples with 90 % Atrazine, 80 % Diuron, and 75 % Nicosulfuron were also made successfully using ES P-20 as one of the polymeric dispersants via a laboratory basket extruder. Performance data including friability/hardness, disintegration, wetting time, and suspensibility were evaluated. The data provided illustrate the advantage of using ES P-20 for improving the suspensibility in water. In conclusion, ES P-20 shows synergy with anionic dispersants in dispersing AIs. It also improves heat-aged stability and reduces settling of the AI with time. The formulations with ES P-20 showed increased resistance to water wash in our laboratory tests. The results demonstrated that ES P-20 can be used effectively in formulating zero volatile organic compound compositions like SC and WDG.