Water Depth Profiles Research Articles

DELINEATION OF FLOOD PLAIN EXTENSION

Floodplain delineation is an effective approach in either avoiding of water crisis or making pragmatic decisions in terms of water management strategies. In this study a flood plain extension has been developed in ArcGIS and HE-CRAS models and a comparison has been made within three different scenarios of discharge. The results showed in low and medium discharge scenarios the buffer zone acts as a safety factor zone to adjacent infrastructure either agricultural or residential, but in high discharge condition buffer zone is entirely filled with stream water hence yet more safety regulation should be considered in order to avoid human and resource loss or damage within adjacent areas. Keywords: Flood plain delineation, Water depth profile, HE-CRAS, F. Sakhaee. Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, Civil Engineering Dept., Saint Louis University, USA

Integrated Hydrological-Hydraulic Model for Flood Simulation in Tropical Urban Catchment

In recent decades, Malaysia has become one of the world’s most urbanized nations, causing severe flash flooding. Urbanization should meet the population’s needs by increasing the development of paved areas, which has significantly changed the catchment’s hydrological and hydraulic characteristics. Therefore, the frequency of flash flooding in Malaysia’s urban areas has grown year after year. Numerous techniques have been used, including the statistical approach, modeling, and storm design methods, in flood simulation. This research integrated hydrology and hydraulic models to simulate the urban flood events in the Aur River catchment. The primary objective is to determine water level and forecast peak flow based on hydrological assessment in the drainage system using XPSWMM software. The rainfall data for 60 min was used for this study in the hydrological analysis by obtaining an intensity-duration-frequency curve and peak flow value (Q peak). XPSWMM is used to simulate the response of a catchment to rainfall events in which runoff, water depth profile, and outflow hydrograph are obtained. Peak runoff is also obtained from the modified rational method for validation purposes. The proposed method was verified by comparing the result with the standard method. This is essential to identify flash flooding, which can lead to efficient flood mitigation planning and management in the urban catchment. The increase in residential areas results in the alteration of time of concentration, water quantity, and flow rate. Thus, to mitigate present and future problems, the effects of urbanization on water resources and flood should be analyzed.

A modification for the calculation of water depth profiles in oil-treated skin by in vivo confocal Raman microscopy.

In this study, an extended calculation method for the determination of the water profiles in oil-treated skin is proposed, which is based on the calculation of the ratio between the Raman band intensities of water (3350-3550 cm-1 ) and keratin Amide I at 1650 cm-1 . The proposed method is compared with the conventional method based on the ratio of the Raman band intensities of water (3350-3550 cm-1 ) and keratin at 2930 cm-1 . The conventional method creates artifacts in the depth profiles of the water concentration in oil-treated skin, showing a lower amount of water in the upper and intermediate layers of the stratum corneum, which is due to the superposition of oil- and keratin-related Raman bands at 2930 cm-1 . The proposed extended method shows no artifacts and has the potential to determine the water depth profiles after topical application of formulations on the skin.

Experimental characterization of various scale hydraulic signatures in a flooded branched street network

ABSTRACTUnderstanding urban flood flow repartition mechanisms within street network remains challenging. This paper presents an experimental dataset of water depth and velocity profiles in the Icube experimental rig. The spatial variability of discharge along a street is highlighted. Comparing the water depth gradient orientation and the flow repartition promotes for complex repartition mechanisms at small scales. Comparable unit-discharge values are observed in both large and narrow streets. Interestingly, the intensity of the discharge deviation at the crossroad scale is related with the asymmetry of the velocity profile entering a crossroad. Moreover, discharges at the crossroad and the subdistrict scales show that downscaling of the flow repartition relationship is difficult. At real scale, results show that inflow velocity profile asymmetry may persist on a distance of several street widths downstream of a crossroad. Such distances are insufficient to consider disconnected crossroads as done in the literature to establish discharge repartition relationships.

In vivo Tracking of DNA for Precise Determination of the Stratum Corneum Thickness and Superficial Microbiome Using Confocal Raman Microscopy

The skin barrier function is mostly provided by the stratum corneum (SC), the uppermost layer of the epidermis. To noninvasively analyze the physiological properties of the skin barrier functionin vivo, it is important to determine the SC thickness. Confocal Raman microscopy (CRM) is widely used for this task. In the present in vivo study, a new method based on the determination of the DNA concentration profile using CRM is introduced for determining the SC thickness. The obtained SC thickness values are compared with those obtained using other CRM-based methods determining the water and lipid depth profiles. The obtained results show almost no significant differences in SC thickness for the utilized methods. Therefore, the results indicate that it is possible to calculate the SC thickness by using the DNA profile in the fingerprint region, which is comparable with the SC thickness calculated by the water depth profiles (ANOVA test p = 0.77) and the lipid depth profile (ANOVA test p = 0.74). This provides the possibility to measure the SC thickness by using the DNA profile, in case the water or lipid profile analyses are influenced by a topically applied formulation. The increase in DNA concentration in the superficial SC (0–2 µm) is related to the DNA presence in the microbiome of the skin, which was not present in the SC depth below 4 µm.

Free surface profile and inception point as characteristics of aerated flow over stepped spillway: Numerical study

Abstract Stepped spillway is hydraulic structure designed to dissipate the excess in kinetic energy at the downstream of dams and can reduce the size of stilling basin at the toe of the spillway or chute. The flow on a stepped spillway is characterised by the large aeration that can prevent or reduce the cavitation damage. The air entrainment starts where the boundary layer attains the free surface of flow; this point is called “point of inception”. Within this work the inception point is determined by using software Ansys Fluent where the volume of fluid (VOF) model is used as a tool to track the free surface thereby the turbulence closure is derived in the k − ε turbulence standard model. This research aims to find new formulas for describe the variation of water depth at step edge and the positions of the inception point, at the same time the contour map of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and strain rate are presented. The found numerical results agree well with experimental results like the values of computed and measured water depth at the inception point and the numerical and experimental inception point locations. Also, the dimensionless water depth profile obtained by numerical method agrees well with that of measurement. This study confirmed that the Ansys Fluent is a robust software for simulating air entrainment and exploring more characteristics of flow over stepped spillways.

Seasonal and Spatial Variation in the Location and Reactivity of a Nitrate‐Contaminated Groundwater Discharge Zone in a Lakebed

AbstractGroundwater discharge delivering anthropogenic N from surrounding watersheds can impact lake nutrient budgets. However, upgradient groundwater processes and changing dynamics in N biogeochemistry at the groundwater‐lake interface are complex. In this study, seasonal water‐level variations in a groundwater flow‐through lake altered discharge patterns of a wastewater‐derived groundwater contaminant plume, thereby affecting biogeochemical processes controlling N transport. Pore water collected 15 cm under the lakebed along transects perpendicular to shore varied from oxic to anoxic with increasing nitrate concentrations (10–75 μM) and corresponding gradients in nitrite and nitrous oxide. Pore water depth profiles of nitrate concentrations and stable isotopic compositions largely reflected upgradient groundwater N sources and N cycle processes, with minor additional nitrate reduction in the near‐surface lakebed sediments. Potential denitrification rates determined in laboratory microcosms were 10–100 times higher in near‐surface sediments (0–5 cm) than in deeper sediments (5–30 cm) and were correlated with sediment carbon content and abundance of denitrification genes (nirS, nosZI, and nosZII). Potential anammox‐driven N2 production was detectable in deeper anoxic sediments. Injection of bromide and nitrite in the lake sediments showed that the highest net nitrite consumption rates were within the top 10 cm. However, short transit times owing to rapid upward pore water velocities (4–5 cm hr−1) limited removal of the contaminant nitrate transiting through the sediments. Results demonstrate that local hydrologic and biogeochemical processes at the point of discharge affect the distribution and discharge rate of N through lakebed sediments, but processes in the upgradient groundwater can be more important for affecting N speciation and concentration.

Hydrodynamic simulation of urban stormwater drain (Delhi city, India) using iRIC Model

Flooding in urban areas takes place mainly due to increased urbanization, decrease in infiltration rate and poor infrastructure for stormwater drainage network. Nays2DFlood is a recently developed solver by iRIC for the simulation of river flow regime. The number of input data requirement is few which makes this solver superior to other models but has been rarely applied to urban catchments. In this paper, a hydrodynamic model was developed to assess the model’s feasibility to simulate urban stormwater drainage system of Delhi, capital city of India for mapping inundation extents using Nays2DFlood solver. The data used in this model is a DEM (5 × 5 m resolution) and daily discharge data of the drains. The simulated drainage is analysed keeping in mind the constraints which were observed during the collection of field data; the storm-water drains are choked, the drains have improper flow gradient or damaged flow gradients. Based on the simulated results, the water depth and velocity profiles were analysed for the drain. The model identified four critical locations where the problem like zig-zag bed slope of the drain, undersized cross-section of the drain and last but not the least the backflow problem which were in close agreement with the observed field data. The flood propagation exactly predicting the inundated area. Thus, Nays2DFlood solver model can also be applied to urban catchments for identifying the flood extent.

In Vivo Human Hair Hydration Measurements by Using Opto-Thermal Radiometry

The water content in human hair is very important for its cosmetic properties and general health. However, to measure water content in hair, especially in vivo hair, is very difficult. Opto-thermal transient emission radiometry (OTTER) is a promising, infrared remote sensing technology that can be used for this kind of measurements. It can not only measure the water content but also the water depth profile in hair. By measuring the water content and its depth profile in hair, we can understand the status of hair, i.e., healthy or damaged, etc. In this paper, we will present our latest study on in vivo human hair hydration measurements by using OTTER. We will first present the theoretical background and then show the experimental results. We will also compare the OTTER hair results with other established measurement technique results, such as condenser trans-epidermal water loss method.

Flow simulation over a triangular labyrinth side weir in a rectangular channel

Labyrinth side weirs are used as regulator outlets in river diversion structures , water conveyance systems and sewer networks . Herein , the flow around triangular labyrinth side weir with three different included angles (θ = 45 , 60 and 90°) were numerically studied . The 3D RANS equations were solved and VOF method was implemented for free-surface tracking . Different boundary conditions and geometric dimensions were examined and their results were compared with experimental data. Different two-equation turbulence models were implemented. The water depth profiles and overflow discharge were compared with experimental results. The root mean square error of simulated water depth profile using standard k-e model was less than 1 mm. The diverted water discharge was computed with relative error less than 0.7%. The discharge of the labyrinth side weir was 1.7, 1.33 and 1.25 times the discharge of an equivalent normal side weir for θ = 45 , 60 and 90°, respectively.

Impact of mechanical disturbance and acidification on the metal(loid) and C, P, S mobility at the sediment water interface examined using a fractionation meso profiling ICP-QQQ-MS approach

The impact of mechanical disturbance and oxygen induced acidification on the concentration and size fractionation of the 12 metal(loid)s As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, V and the polyatomic nonmetals C, P and S in the pore water was studied. Using the meso profiling and sampling system (messy) 12 pore water depth profiles were sampled from two incubation experiments undertaken in parallel, which were both mechanically disturbed in the lab and subsequently exposed to a different air supply. In parallel to the low invasive, automated sampling process the redox potential, the pH value and the O2 concentration were detected. Simultaneous quantification of all analytes by inductively coupled plasma-triple quad-mass spectrometry in the two different size classes dissolved (<0.45 μm) and colloidal (0.45–16 μm) showed: i) the predominant influence of the pH on the mobility of metals; ii) the mobility of metalloids was strongly impacted by the mechanical disturbance; and iii) the colloidal release is less important except for Fe, P, and Ni.

Using United States Geological Survey stream gages to predict flow and temperature conditions to maintain freshwater mussel habitat

AbstractHabitat conditions necessary to support freshwater mussels can be difficult to characterize and predict, particularly for rare or endangered species such as the federally endangered dwarf wedgemussel, Alasmidonta heterodon. In this study, we evaluate flow and temperature conditions in three areas of the mainstem Delaware River known to consistently support A. heterodon, and we develop predictive models using the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gages and thermal stations in order to identify conditions under which habitat alteration could threaten the species. Flow and temperature prediction models based on nearby existing USGS gage and thermal stations were predictive for all three sites. Both discharge prediction and water depth profile models indicate one location (Site 3) was the most vulnerable to low‐flow conditions as it requires the highest discharge rate (26.3 cms) at the USGS Callicoon gage to maintain both the full wetted perimeter (Pfull) and minimal wetted perimeter (Pmin) and prevent occlusion of areas that contain A. heterodon. Flow management targets aimed at protecting Site 3 should also protect Sites 1 and 2. Although analyses indicated significant benthic habitat available in all three sites even under low discharge rates, specific mussel locations could be vulnerable to dewatering and thermal stress if only Pmin values were maintained. Results indicate the magnitude of site temperature deviations from thermal stations varied by site and river temperature. In general, our results suggest that existing temperature and stream gage infrastructure may be used predictively to evaluate the effects of different flow targets on mainstem Delaware River A. heterodon habitat.

The revised EEMCO guidance for the in vivo measurement of water in the skin.

Noninvasive quantification of stratum corneum water content is widely used in skin research and topical product development. The original EEMCO guidelines on measurements of skin hydration by electrical methods and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) by evaporimeter published in 1997 and 2001 have been revisited and updated with the incorporation of recently available technologies. Electrical methods and open-chamber evaporimeters for measurement of TEWL are still the preferred techniques to measure the water balance in the stratum corneum. The background technology and biophysics of these instruments remain relevant and valid. However, new methods that can image surface hydration and measure depth profiles of dermal water content now available. Open-chamber measurement of TEWL has been supplemented with semiopen and closed chamber probes, which are more robust to environmental influence and therefore convenient to use and more applicable to field studies. However, closed chamber methods interfere with the evaporation of water, and the methods cannot be used for continuous monitoring. Validation of methods with respect to intra- and inter-instrument variation remains challenging. No validation standard or test phantom is available. The established methods for measurement of epidermal water content and TEWL have been supplemented with important new technologies including methods that allow imaging of epidermal water distribution and water depth profiles. A much more complete and sophisticated characterization of the various aspects of the dermal water barrier has been accomplished by means of today's noninvasive techniques; however, instrument standardization and validation remain a challenge.

Hydrodynamic simulation of urban stormwater drain (Delhi city, India) using iRIC Model

Flooding in urban areas takes place mainly due to increased urbanization, decrease in infiltration rate and poor infrastructure for stormwater drainage network. Nays2DFlood is a recently developed solver by iRIC for the simulation of river flow regime. The number of input data requirement is few which makes this solver superior to other models but has been rarely applied to urban catchments. In this paper, a hydrodynamic model was developed to assess the model’s feasibility to simulate urban stormwater drainage system of Delhi, capital city of India for mapping inundation extents using Nays2DFlood solver. The data used in this model is a DEM (5 × 5 m resolution) and daily discharge data of the drains. The simulated drainage is analysed keeping in mind the constraints which were observed during the collection of field data; the storm-water drains are choked, the drains have improper flow gradient or damaged flow gradients. Based on the simulated results, the water depth and velocity profiles were analysed for the drain. The model identified four critical locations where the problem like zig-zag bed slope of the drain, undersized cross-section of the drain and last but not the least the backflow problem which were in close agreement with the observed field data. The flood propagation exactly predicting the inundated area. Thus, Nays2DFlood solver model can also be applied to urban catchments for identifying the flood extent.

Mining Channel Water Depth Information From IoT-Based Big Automated Identification System Data for Safe Waterway Navigation

Internet of Things technology has been widely used in water traffic research. Many critical waterways in the world are becoming more crowded due to many factors in waterway environments, such as invisibility, variability, and uncertainty. Accurate water depth information is necessary to improve navigation safety. Water depth information of electronic charts cannot be updated in a timely way, while the actual water depth is unpredictable, and this factor threatens the safety of vessels in waterway environments. Based on the shore-based network, ship navigation data and other big data can be integrated to vessels navigation environments in real time. In this paper, we present a new scheme to quickly and accurately construct a vessel safety navigation depth reference map, which contains appropriate channel water depth information. This effective scheme is based on automated identification system (AIS) data and increases the travel safety through crowded waterways. AIS data include rich maritime traffic information. Both the static and the dynamic information about vessels through waterways can be extracted and processed from big real-time AIS data. Based on extensive actual experiments, we apply data mining techniques to extract the waterway depth information both draft-depth and vessel trajectories based on AIS data. The data are collected from vessels in both locations: 1) the Nantong port, in Jiangsu Province, China and 2) Meizhou Bay waterway, in Fujian Province, China. The Hermite interpolation scheme is used to patch the trajectories of vessels, and the BP neural network model is introduced to predict the maximum vessel draft. Clustering and data fusion methods are employed to construct a vessel safety navigation depth reference map according to the cluster area of vessel trajectories and draft information. The experimental results demonstrate that the vessel safety navigation depth reference map accurately reflects the current water depth profile of channels. This paper can provide accurate and timely channel water-depth information for the vessel navigation and the maritime supervision. The proposed scheme in this paper can also provide reference for trajectory data processing and mining.

Backreef and beach carbonate sediments of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia: impacts of reef geometry and currents on sediment composition

Three sites in the Red Sea were investigated to assess the variability of composition in Holocene sediments of the backreef environment within 0–2 m of water depth. This is important because composition of the sediment is commonly used to estimate water depth in ancient carbonate rocks. The site located at the King Abdullah Economic City (Saudi Arabia) contains a fringing reef with the reef tract located very close to the beach at the north end, flaring to the south to produce a narrower backreef area compared to the other two sites. This geometry produces a north to south current with a velocity of up to 15 cm s−1, particularly during high onshore winds. The sediments contain predominantly non-skeletal grains, including peloids, coated grains, ooids, and grapestones that form on the bottom. The percentage of coralgal grains in the sediment was significantly lower than at the other two sites studied. Om Al Misk Island and Shoaiba have a much lower-velocity current within the backreef zone and contain predominantly coralgal sediments from the beach to the landward edge of the reef tract. The two locations containing the predominantly coralgal microfacies were statistically similar, but the King Abdullah Economic City site was statistically different despite having a similar water depth profile. Slight differences in reef configuration, including reef orientation and distance from the shore, can produce considerable differences in sediment thickness and composition within the backreef environment, which should induce caution in the interpretation of water depth in ancient carbonate rocks using composition.

Metal(loid) speciation and size fractionation in sediment pore water depth profiles examined with a new meso profiling system

In an exemplary incubation study with an anaerobic sediment sampled at an oxbow of the river Lahn in Germany (50°18′56.87″N; 7°37′41.25″E) and contaminated by former mining activity, a novel meso profiling and sampling system (messy) is presented. Messy enables a low invasive, automated sampling of pore water profiles across the sediment water interface (SWI), down to ∼20 cm depth with a spacial resolution of 1 cm. In parallel to the pore water sampling it measures physicochemical sediment parameters such as redox potential and pH value. In an incubation experiment of 151 days the ability of the setup was proven to address several different aspects relevant for fresh water and marine sediment studies: (i) The influence of mechanical disturbance and oxygen induced acidification on the mobility of 13 metals and metalloids (Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, U, V, Zn) was quantified based on 11 profiles. The analytes were quantified by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Three groups of elements were identified with respect to the release into the pore water and the overlying water under different experimental conditions. (ii) The capability to investigate the impacts of changing physicochemical sediment properties on arsenic and antimony (III/V) speciation is shown. (iii) An approach to obtain information on size fractionation effects and to address the colloidal pore water fractions (0.45 μm–16 μm) was successfully conducted for the elements Ag, As, Cu, Fe and Mn.

Lattice Boltzmann Method of a Flooding Accident at Gopeng, Perak, Malaysia

The extraordinary flood had hit the residential area at Taman Raia Mesra, Gopeng, Perak, Malaysia, in November 2016. The event illustrated how the river basin had been fully inundated due to the heavy rainfall and caused the overflow to this affected area. It was reported that the occurrence became worst as the outlet of retention pond which connects to the river is unsuitable for the water outflow. Henceforth, this paper attempts to evaluate the causal factor of this recent disaster by using a model developed from Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). The model also incorporated with the rainfall and stormwater in LABSWE™. The simulation was commenced with the basic tests for model validation comprising turbulent and jet-forced flow in a circular channel, which resulted in a good agreement for both models. The simulation continued by using LABSWE model to reveal the water depth and velocity profile at the study site. These results had proven the incompatibility size of the outlet pond which is too small for the water to flow out to the river. The study is capable of providing the authorities with a sustainable design of proper drainage system, especially in Malaysia which is constantly receiving the outrageous heavy rainfall.

Water mass circulation and weathering inputs in the Labrador Sea based on coupled Hf–Nd isotope compositions and rare earth element distributions

The Labrador Sea is one of the key areas for deep water formation driving the Atlantic thermohaline circulation and thus plays an important role in Northern Hemisphere climatic fluctuations. In order to better constrain the overturning processes and the origins of the distinct water masses, combined dissolved Hf–Nd isotopic compositions and rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns were obtained from four water depth profiles along a section across the Labrador Sea. These were complemented by one surface sample off the southern tip of Greenland, three shallow water samples off the coast of Newfoundland, and two deep water samples off Nova Scotia.Although light REEs are markedly enriched in the surface waters off the coast of Newfoundland compared to north Atlantic waters, the REE concentration profiles are essentially invariant throughout the water column across the Labrador Sea. The hafnium concentrations of surface waters exhibit a narrow range between 0.6 and 1pmol/kg but are not significantly higher than at depth.Neodymium isotope signatures (ɛNd) vary from unradiogenic values between −16.8 and −14.9 at the surface to more radiogenic values near −11.0 at the bottom of the Labrador Sea mainly reflecting the advection of the Denmark Strait Overflow Water and North East Atlantic Deep Water, the signatures of which are influenced by weathering contributions from Icelandic basalts. Unlike Nd, water column radiogenic Hf isotope signatures (ɛHf) are more variable representing diverse weathering inputs from the surrounding landmasses. The least radiogenic seawater ɛHf signatures (up to −11.7) are found in surface waters close to Greenland and near the Canadian margin. This reflects the influence of recirculating Irminger Current Waters, which are affected by highly unradiogenic inputs from Greenland. A three to four ɛHf unit difference is observed between Denmark Strait Overflow Water (ɛHf∼−4) and North East Atlantic Deep Water (ɛHf∼−0.1), although their source waters have essentially the same ɛNd signature. This most likely reflects different weathering signals of hafnium delivered to Denmark Strait Overflow Water and North East Atlantic Deep Water (incongruent weathering of old rocks from Greenland versus basaltic rocks from Iceland). In addition, the ɛHf data resolve two layers within the main body of Labrador Sea Water not visible in the ɛNd distribution, which are shallow Labrador Sea Water (ɛHf∼−2) and deep Labrador Sea Water (ɛHf∼−4.5). The latter layer was formed between the late 1980’s and mid 1990’s during the last cold state of the Labrador Sea and underwent substantial modification since its formation through the admixture of Irminger Water, Iceland Slope Water and North East Atlantic Deep Water, which is reflected in its less radiogenic ɛHf signature. The overall behavior of Hf in the water column suggests its higher sensitivity to local changes in weathering inputs on annual to decadal timescales. Although application of Hf isotopes as a tracer for global water mass mixing is complicated by their susceptibility to incongruent weathering inputs they are a promising tracer of local processes in restricted basins such as the Labrador Sea.

Thematic Map Construction of Erosion and Deposition in Rivers Using GIS-based DEM Comparison Technique

Rivers refer to either natural or artificial structures whose primary functions are flood control and water conservation. Due to recent localized torrential downpours led by climate change, large amounts of eroded soil have been carried away, forming deposits downstream, which in turn degrades the capacity to fulfill these functions. To manage rivers more effectively, we need data on riverbed erosion and deposition. However, environmental factors make it challenging to take measurements in rivers, and data errors tend to prevent researchers from grasping the current state of erosions and deposits. In this context, the aim of the present study is to provide basic data required for river management. To this end, the author made annual measurements with a Real-time Kinematic-Global Positioning System (RTK-GPS) and a total station in Pats Cabin Canyon, Oregon, United States, and also prepared thematic maps of erosion and deposition thickness as well as water depth profiles based on a GIS spatial analysis. Furthermore, the author statistically analyzed the accuracy of three dimensional (3D) measurement points and only used the data that falls within two standard deviations (i.e. &#xB1;2&#x3C3;). In addition, the author determined a threshold for a DEM of Difference (DoD) by installing measurement points in the rivers and taking measurements, and then estimated erosion and deposition thickness within a confidence interval of &#xB1;0.1m. Based on the results, the author established reliable data on river depth profiles and thematic maps of erosion and deposition thickness using pre-determined work flows. It is anticipated that the riverbed data can be utilized for effective river management.