Water Content Values Research Articles

Desulfurization of pyrolytic oils from waste tire pyrolysis in a fluidized bed reactor with boron nitride adsorbents

The study focused on producing hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) as an adsorbent which provides high efficiency in desulfurization processes. The synthesized hBN is used for sulfur removal from liquid fuel derived from end-of-life tires (ELTs). Characterization of hBN was performed using FTIR, XRD, TGA, and SEM-EDS analyses. Liquid fuel was produced in a fluidized bed reactor at 550 °C under a nitrogen gas flow. Post-desulfurization, the fuel's density, water content, and calorific value increased, while sulfur content and flash point decreased, with sulfur content showing a significant reduction of 79.23 %. The desulfurized fuel (PS-A) exhibited better combustion characteristics and closely resembled diesel fuel performance, though it slightly reduced engine effective efficiency by 1.06 % compared to diesel. Both PS-A and pre-desulfurized fuel (PS-B) significantly reduced soot emissions by 23.28 % and 20.81 %, respectively, compared to diesel. Additionally, CO emissions were lower for PS-A and PS-B, with reductions of 4.35 % and 2.00 %, respectively. However, CO2 emissions increased by 1.60 % for PS-A and 0.86 % for PS-B, attributed to higher fuel consumption. Overall, hBN effectively reduced sulfur content and improved several fuel properties of pyrolytic liquids. The study highlights the environmental and economic benefits of enhancing ELT-derived liquid fuels and suggests potential applications in real systems, serving as a foundation for new technologies and projects.

Chronic mild cadmium exposure increases the vulnerability of tomato plants to dehydration

Heavy metal contamination increases plant susceptibility to both biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the comprehensive impact of heavy metal pollution on plant hydraulics, which is crucial for plant productivity, and the interaction between heavy metal stress and environmental factors on plant health are not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of cadmium exposure on plant-water relations and hydraulics of Solanum lycopersicum L., cultivar Piccadilly. Particular attention was given to leaf hydraulic conductance (KL) in response to cadmium pollution and dehydration.Cadmium exposure exhibited negligible impacts on tomato productivity but resulted in significant differences in pressure-volume derived traits. Leaves and roots of Cd-treated plants showed reduced wall stiffness compared to control samples. However, Cd-treated leaves had a less negative turgor loss point (Ψtlp), whereas Cd-treated roots exhibited more negative Ψtlp values due to lower osmotic potential at full turgor compared to control samples.Leaves and root cells of Cd-treated plants showed higher values of saturated water content compared to control plants, along with a distinct mineral profile between the two experimental groups. Despite similar leaf water potential thresholds for 50% and 80% loss of KL in control and cadmium-treated leaves, plants grown in cadmium-polluted soil showed higher leaf cell damages even under well watered conditions. This, in turn, affected the plant ability to recover from drought upon rehydration by compromising cell rehydration ability.Overall, the present findings suggest that under conditions of low water availability, cadmium pollution increases the risk of leaf hydraulic failure.

Plant-based protein emulsions with soy protein isolate and gluten improve freeze-thaw stability and shelf life of pork meatballs

This study investigated the effects of oil-in-water emulsions used as fat substitutes on the physicochemical properties of meatballs during frozen storage. Different formulations of fat replacers were prepared, including pork fat as the control (C), oil and water (OW), oil-in-water emulsion (E), emulsion with soy protein isolate (SE), emulsion with gluten (GE), and emulsion with soy protein isolate and gluten (SG). These fat substitutes were applied to a meatball paste. The samples were stored at −18 °C for 30 and 60 days, and their physicochemical properties were analyzed after thawing at 4 °C for 12 h. The SE formulation had the highest values for both water content and liquid holding capacity during frozen storage (P < 0.05). SE, GE, and SG showed significantly higher hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness than those of E during storage (P < 0.05). The vegetable protein addition treatments maintained a compact structure throughout storage. SE, GE, and SG prevented lipid and protein oxidation during frozen storage. These results demonstrated that SE, GE, and SG offer significant advantages in improving the freeze-thaw stability, liquid holding capacity, and oxidation stability of pork meatballs during long-term frozen storage. Therefore, our study suggest that plant-based protein emulsions can effectively replace animal fats while maintaining product quality, offering valuable implications for the meat processing industry.

Effect of Body Size and Condition Factor on Proximate Composition of Clarias batrachus Under Different Concentration of Ammonia

This study is focused on examining the proximate body composition (water, fats, proteins, and ash) of Clarias batrachus, exposed to different concentrations of ammonia. Fish were kept in different groups with ammonia concentrations of 0 mg/L (T-0), 0.25mg/L (T-I), 0.5mg/L (T-II), 0.75mg/L (T-III), and 1mg/L (T-IV) for 3 months. At the end of the trial, a total of 50 samples of C. batrachus (10 from each treatment group) were taken to analyze the body composition. Mean (±SE) values of water, ash, fat, and protein contents in % wet body weight of C. batrachus were found 77.07±0.80% to 82.23±0.55%, 2.98±0.03%to 3.34±0.17%, 3.90±0.19% to 4.58±0.30% and 10.53±0.40 to 15.36±0.56 in the different studied treatment groups. Water and protein contents were significantly (P&lt;0.05) affected by the exposure of ammonia to C. batrachus. Significantly highest level of protein content was found in the fish group which was not treated with ammonia exposure (T-0). Whereas ash and fat contents showed no significant (P&gt;0.05) difference between the ammonia-treated groups and the control group. Regression analysis showed a clear effect of fish size on water and protein contents in C. batrachus reared in different treatment groups. While ash was found correlated only in T-0 (p&lt;0.001; r=0.939), and fat in T-0 (p&lt;0.001; r=0.929) and T-III (p&lt;0.05; r=0.636). However, the condition factor remained constant with the proximate composition of C. batrachus. This study would be helpful in the measurement of the body composition of fishes with the size of fishes affected by different concentrations of ammonia to analyze the nutritional value of C. batrachus.

Evaluation of a Multivariate Calibration Model for the WET Sensor That Incorporates Apparent Dielectric Permittivity and Bulk Soil Electrical Conductivity

The measurement of apparent dielectric permittivity (εs) by low-frequency capacitance sensors and its conversion to the volumetric water content of soil (θ) through a factory calibration is a valuable tool in precision irrigation. Under certain soil conditions, however, εs readings are substantially affected by the bulk soil electrical conductivity (ECb) variability, which is omitted in default calibration, leading to inaccurate θ estimations. This poses a challenge to the reliability of the capacitance sensors that require soil-specific calibrations, considering the ECb impact to ensure the accuracy in θ measurements. In this work, a multivariate calibration equation (multivariate) incorporating both εs and ECb for the determination of θ by the capacitance WET sensor (Delta-T Devices Ltd., Cambridge, UK) is examined. The experiments were conducted in the laboratory using the WET sensor, which measured θ, εs, and ECb simultaneously over a range of soil types with a predetermined actual volumetric water content value (θm) ranging from θ = 0 to saturation, which were obtained by wetting the soils with four water solutions of different electrical conductivities (ECi). The multivariate model’s performance was evaluated against the univariate CAL and the manufacturer’s (Manuf) calibration methods with the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). According to the results, the multivariate model provided the most accurate θ estimations, (RMSE ≤ 0.022 m3m−3) compared to CAL (RMSE ≤ 0.027 m3m−3) and Manuf (RMSE ≤ 0.042 m3m−3), across all the examined soils. This study validates the effects of ECb on θ for the WET and recommends the multivariate approach for improving the capacitance sensors’ accuracy in soil moisture measurements.

Effects of coal mining disturbance on spatial and temporal distribution of soil water content in Northwest China‐based on 3D EBK model

AbstractNorthwest China is both an important coal storage base and an ecologically fragile area, and soil water content (SWC) is a key factor limiting the ecological development of Northwest China. Revealing the characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution changes of soil water content in mining areas under coal mining disturbance and the influencing mechanism is crucial for the protection of water resources in mining areas. In this study, the soil water content (depth 0–1000 cm) of a typical coal mine subsidence area in the western part of Shendong Coal Group was monitored in situ for 1 year after mining, and the absolute value, variability, and spatial distribution of soil water content were temporally analysed by combining classical statistics, 2D Ordinary Kriging and 3D Empirical Bayesian kriging spatial interpolation. sequence analysis. The results showed that the shallow SWC (0 ~ 60 cm) was distributed horizontally in bands, and gradually increased along the direction from northwest to southeast; with the increase of coal mining time, the absolute value of SWC decreased by 0.81% ~ 33.58%, and the coefficient of variation decreased and then increased, with the range of variation from 2.19% ~ 34.49%. The deep SWC (100 ~ 1000 cm) was stratified vertically and increased with soil depth, and the shallow and deeper soil moisture would gradually migrate to the middle layer under the influence of coal mining. In addition, this paper accurately portrays the three‐dimensional spatial and temporal distribution of soil water content by the 3D EBK model, which further reveals the mechanism of coal mining's influence on soil water content. This study can provide technical and data support for predicting and evaluating the potential impacts of mining activities on the water cycle, and help mining areas to formulate policies for managing and protecting water resources.

The magma evolutional constrains on the genesis of proximal Zn skarn mineralization: A case study from the Yaojialing deposit in Tongling district, eastern China

The major factors especially the roles of the magma evolution controlling the Zn/Cu mineralization in skarn deposits are still controversial. Yaojialing is a large-sized skarn Zn polymetallic deposit (1.74 Mt Zn at 3.6 %, 30.4 t Au at 4.2 g/t and 24.8 t Cu at 0.83 %) located in the Tongling district of the Middle–Lower Yangtze belt (MLYB), both the proximal and distal areas of the deposit exhibit high Zn/Cu mineralization. The intrusions in Yaojialing primarily consist of quartz monzonite porphyry (QMP) and granodiorite porphyry (GDP), and the QMP is related to skarn mineralization. Both the QMP and GDP display relatively high (87Sr/86Sr)i values (0.707907 to 0.709390), low εNd(t) values (−9.05 to −8.17) and negative εHf(t) values (−8.51 to −11.72), suggesting that they originated from a mixed source of enriched mantle and lower crust. Both the QMP and GDP contain type I and type II amphiboles, while type III amphibole exists only in QMP. Type I amphibole is acicular crystals shape, type II amphibole is euhedral in shape and relatively large in size (0.6–2.0 mm), while type III amphibole crystallized around the margin of type II amphibole. The type I amphibole from QMP and GDP show similar calculated temperatures (948–1010 ℃), pressures (2.9–6.5 kbar, corresponding depths at 11.0 to 24.4 km), fO2 (ΔFMQ = 0.2–1.9) and H2O content (4.2–6.8 wt%). Type II amphibole crystallized at 815–941 ℃, 1.2–2.9 kbar (corresponding to depth of 4.6–11.1 km), ΔFMQ = 0.7–2.1, and 4.4–5.7 wt% H2O. Type III amphibole have a lower temperature (679–795 ℃), pressure (<0.5 kbar) and water content (2.5–4.3 wt%) but higher fO2 value (ΔFMQ = 3.1–3.8) compared to type I and type II amphiboles. Reverse zoning of plagioclase and higher Mg# (74 to 89) of type III amphibole in QMP are resulted from injection of mafic magma at shallow depths, which provide sufficient metal and favorable conditions for the formation of QMP parental magma. Modeling of magma H2O solubility indicates that QMP begins to exsolve fluid at depth of 6.2–11.1 km. Initial low oxygen fugacity and ore-forming element differential release during fluid exsolution process resulted in the high Zn/Cu mineralization at Yaojialing.

Exploring the impact of exogenous melatonin on agro-morphological characteristics, carvacrol, and rosmarinic acid production in Satureja rechingeri Jamzad under drought stress

Satureja rechingeri Jamzad (known as “Jatra” in Persian), which belongs to the Lamiaceae family, is a rich source of essential oil particularly carvacrol, and rosmarinic acid. Drought stress has a detrimental impact on the physiological and biochemical parameters of plants, leading to a decline in plant productivity. Melatonin (MT), a new plant growth regulator found abundantly in plants, has been found to enhance the plant's internal resistance to various environmental stresses. The present study aimed to examine the impact of exogenously applied MT on the agro-morphological, physio-biochemical, and phytochemical traits of S. rechingeri plants cultivated under different levels of drought stress. The results indicated that plants treated with 200 µM MT obtained the highest plant height, length and width of leaf, fresh, dry and drug weight under different drought stress levels. The highest values of relative water content (RWC) (93.5%) and chlorophyll content (15.4 mg/g FW) were recorded by MT 200 µM and 100 µM, respectively, in 100% FC. Drought stress treatments (40, 60, and 80% FC) without foliar spray of MT significantly enhanced the H2O2 content, electrolyte leakage, and malondialdehyde content in leaves, whereas MT treatment under drought stress significantly decreased the above parameters. The lowest H2O2 content (11.5 nmol/g), electrolyte leakage (3.08%), and malondialdehyde content (0.78 µM/g) were obtained by 200 µM MT at 100% FC. In contrast, drought stress treatment increased the total phenol content (TPC), rosmarinic acid (RA), essential oils (EOs) content and yield, and carvacrol. The maximum values of TPC (28.1 mg GAE/g DW), EOs content (3.63%) and yield (0.96%), and carvacrol (95.66%) were achieved by 200 µM MT at 40% FC. The highest RA content (7.43 mg GAE/g DW) was recorded in 100 µM MT at 40% FC. Thus, foliar spray MT has the potential to enhance plant growth through the mitigation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative harm, as well as the augmentation of photosynthesis pigments, secondary metabolites such as phenolics, EOs levels, overall antioxidant scavenging capacity, and the preservation of RWC during periods of drought stress.Graphical

Derajat Kepadatan Lapis Pondasi Agregat Tanpa Penutup Aspal Menggunakan Metode Sand Cone pada Proyek Rekonstruksi Jalan Kecamatan Serai Serumpun, Kabupaten Tebo di Ruas Jalan Tanjung Aur Seberang-Malako Tinggi

Road infrastructure is very important for the economic progress of Tanjung Aur Seberang village residents. Economic development in Tanjung Aur Village, Tebo Regency has significantly increased traffic levels. If this is not balanced by improving the quality of transportation facilities and infrastructure, then this could cause serious problems. Determining the value of the degree of density of the foundation layer aggregate (soil) class S in obtaining soil stability with safe conditions in accordance with the requirements of density standards is the aim of this research. The methods used are direct tests in the field and in the laboratory. Testing soil density in the field using a sand cone tool follows the provision stated in SNI 03-2828-1992, while testing soil density in the laboratory follows the provisions stated in SNI 1742-2008. Soil density testing intervals vary between 50 meters, 75 meters, 100 meters, 150 meters, 200 meters depending on location conditions. The results sand cone testing was carried out on roads from STA 2+000 to 3+800. In the first test with 9 test points, the field density was obtained below 95%, namely STA 2+100 (94,141%), STA 2 +550 (94,389%) and STA 3 +800 (94,289). Theses results indicate that the required standard degree of field density has not been achieved, so that the base layer of class S aggregate can be added and compaction can be carried out again. And from STA 0 + 005 to 4 + 200 in the second test with 26 test points. Test results using a sand cone tool show that the average water content value is 7.513% with a density reaching 98.846%. and these results were in accordance with applicable standard requirements.

Modulatory effects of selenium nanoparticles against drought stress in some grapevine rootstock/scion combinations

BackgroundDrought is a significant abiotic stress that adversely affects plant growth, development, and metabolic processes, thereby reducing plant yield, quality, and production, and threatening global food security. In recent years, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome the existing environmental challenges and has been tested on some plant species. But it is still awaiting investigation for grapevines. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) to modulate some morphological, physiological, and biochemical parameters in grapevine saplings (5 BB/Crimson Seedless, 41 B/Crimson Seedless, and 1103 P/Crimson Seedless) under drought stress conditions.ResultsIn the study, Se-NP solutions at different concentrations (0 (control), 1, 10, and 100 ppm) were applied by the spray method to wet the entire green surface of grapevine saplings grown under well-irrigated (90–100% field capacity) and drought stress (40–50% field capacity) conditions. Our results showed that 10 ppm Se-NP concentration had the most positive effect, 1 ppm concentration showed limited effects, and 100 ppm concentration led to toxic effects, especially when combined with drought conditions. Se-NP applications at 10 ppm concentration improved the growth parameters (leaf number, leaf area, root fresh and dry weight, shoot fresh and dry weight, etc.) and increased the SPAD index of grapevine saplings under both normal and drought conditions. Additionally, 10 ppm Se-NP applications improved the relative water content (RWC) and stomatal conductance values, proportional to the increases in protein content. On the other hand, under drought conditions, the drought index, leaf temperature, membrane damage index, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly decreased as a result of 10 ppm Se-NP applications, showing an opposite trend. Furthermore, the levels of proline, total phenolics, and antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, and APX) that rose significantly due to drought stress were reduced by 10 ppm Se-NP applications, which also helped to lessen the oxidative stress caused by the drought.ConclusionThe study concluded that foliar application of Se-NPs at 10 ppm significantly enhances drought tolerance in grapevine saplings by improving antioxidant defense, proline and protein accumulation, and overall growth, while lower concentrations are less effective and higher concentrations can cause phytotoxicity. These findings indicate that Se-NPs applications may hold promise not only for grapevines but also for mitigating drought stress effects and improving productivity in other economically important fruit species, warranting further exploration across diverse crop systems.Graphical

An XAI Framework for Predicting Wind Turbine Power under Rainy Conditions Developed Using CFD Simulations

Renewable energy sources are essential to address climate change, fossil fuel depletion, and stringent environmental regulations in the subsequent decades. Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs) are particularly suited to meet this demand. However, their efficiency is affected by environmental factors because they operate in open areas. Adverse weather conditions like rain reduce their aerodynamic performance. This study investigates wind turbine power prediction under rainy conditions by integrating Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory with explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). The S809 airfoil’s aerodynamic characteristics, used in NREL wind turbines, were analyzed using ANSYS FLUENT and symbolic regression under varying rain intensities. Simulations at a Reynolds number (Re) of 1 × 106 were performed using the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) and k–ω SST turbulence model, with liquid water content (LWC) values of 0 (dry), 10, 25, and 39 g/m3. The lift and drag coefficients were calculated at various angles of attack for all the conditions. The results indicated that rain led to reduced lift and increased drag. The innovative aspect of this research is the development of machine learning models predicting changes in the airfoil coefficients under rain with an R2 value of 0.97. The proposed XAI framework models rain effects at a lower computational time, enabling efficient wind farm performance assessment in rainy conditions compared to conventional CFD simulations. It was found that a heavy rain LWC of 39 g/m3 could reduce power output by 5.7% to 7%. These findings highlight the impact of rain on aerodynamic performance and the importance of advanced predictive models for optimizing renewable energy generation.

Effects of gravel on the water infiltration process and hydraulic parameters of stony soil in the eastern foothills of Helan Mountain, China

The investigation into the impact of gravel on water infiltration process and hydraulic parameters in stony soil could offer a theoretical basis to enhance water availability in rocky mountain area. A one-dimensional vertical infiltration experiment was used in this study. Six groups of gravel content of 0% (CK), 10% (W1), 20% (W2), 30% (W3), 40% (W4) and 50% (W5) were established to explore the changes in the wetting front, cumulative infiltration volume and infiltration rate. Then the accuracy of four infiltration models in simulating soil water infiltration processes was evaluated. Finally, Hydrus-1D was used to perform numerical inversion of the soil water content after infiltration. The findings revealed that: (1) When the infiltration time reached 300 min, the wetting front of the W1, W2, W3, W4 and W5 treatments was 11.00%, 17.00%, 32.25%, 38.75% and 54.50% lower than CK, the cumulative infiltration volume was 29.80%, 38.97%, 45.62%, 54.74% and 73.17% lower than CK, and the stable infiltration rate was 50.98%, 52.94%, 66.67%, 68.63% and 86.27% lower than CK. (2) The soil–water infiltration processes were accurately described by the Horton model, the coefficient of determination (R2) > 0.935. (3) The simulation results of Hydrus-1D showed that with the increase of gravel content, the values of the retention water content (θr), saturated water content (θs), shape coefficient (n) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were decreased, the values of the reciprocal of air-entry (α) were increased. The value of R2 was more than 0.894, the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) were less than 2%, which demonstrated that the Hydrus-1D model exhibited superior capability in simulating the changes of water content in stony soil in rocky mountain area. The findings of this study demonstrated that gravel could decrease the water infiltration process and affect the water availability. It could provide data support for the water movement process of stony soil and rational utilization of limited water resources in mountainous area.

Connexin 50 Influences the Physiological Optics of the In Vivo Mouse Lens.

The purpose of this study was to utilize multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to investigate in vivo age-related changes in the physiology and optics of mouse lenses where Connexin 50 has been deleted (Cx50KO) or replaced by Connexin 46 (Cx50KI46). The lenses of transgenic Cx50KO and Cx50KI46 mice were imaged between 3 weeks and 6 months of age using a 7T MRI. Measurements of lens geometry, the T2 (water-bound protein ratios), the refractive index (n), and T1 (free water content) values were calculated by processing the acquired images. The lens power was calculated from an optical model that combined the geometry and the n. All transgenic mice were compared with control mice at the same age. Cx50KO and Cx50KI46 mice developed smaller lenses compared with control mice. The lens thickness, volume, and surface radii of curvatures all increased with age but were limited to the size of the lenses. Cx50KO lenses exhibited higher lens power than Cx50KI46 lenses at all ages, and this was correlated with significantly lower water content in these lenses, which was probably modulated by the gap junction coupling. The refractive power tended to a steady state with age, similar to the control mice. The modification of Cx50 gap junctions significantly impacted lens growth and physiological optics as the mouse aged. The lenses showed delayed development growth, and altered optics governed by different lens physiology. This research provides new insights into how gap junctions regulate the development of the lens's physiological optics.

The Effect of Adding Bamboo Leaf Ash and Cement on the Stability of Clay Soil

Subgrade soil or clay subgrade is a type of soil with very high pore water characteristics, causing problems for civil structures, both buildings and road pavements. Bamboo leaf ash contains several compounds such as silica (SiO2) at 77.24%, while cement contains several calcium oxide (CaO) compounds at 60%. Bamboo leaf ash has a high silica content which functions as a support for pozzolanic reactions with clay soil. The variations in the mixture of bamboo leaf ash and cement used are 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% and 6% for bamboo leaf ash and 20% for cement by weight of soil, with a curing time of 4 days. From the two tests that have been carried out, namely soil compaction (Standard Proctor) and Unsoaked CBR (California Bearing Ratio), the optimum values ​​obtained for soil compaction (Standard Proctor) and CBR (California Bearing Ratio) Unsoaked are in the variation of soil + cement addition of 20% + Bamboo Leaf Ash 3%. In the soil compaction test (Standard Proctor), the dry volume weight value was 1,728 gr/cm3 and the optimum water content value was 16.02%, while in the Unsoaked CBR (California Bearing Ratio) the optimum CBR percentage value was 10.25%.

Characteristics of Flakes from Kepok Banana Flour and Black Rice Flour with Variation of Steaming Time

This research has the objective to determine the effect of flour rasio kepok banana and black rice Black rice flour with variations in steaming time on physicochemical characteristics of flakes. This research used a randomized design Complete (RAL) factorial pattern with two factors and two replications. The first factor is thr proportion of kepok banana flour: black rice flour (30%: 70%, 40% : 60% and 50%:50%) and the second factor is the length of steaming time (10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 mintes minutes). The data obtained was analyzed using ANOVA and followed by Duncan Multiple Range Te. Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the 5% level. The results of the research showed that there There was interaction. There was a significant difference between the treatments of kepok banana flour: black rice flour on moisture content, starch content and water absorption. The best treatment is Banana flour : black rice flour on moisture content, starch content and water absorption. The best treatment is flakes with a proportion of 50% kepok banana flour and 50% black rice flour and a steaming time of 10 minutes produced flakes with characteristics of the value value of water content 4.77%, ash content 2.12%, fat content 8.35%, content protein 5. 5 5,56% starch content 78.01% water absorption 24.96%, hardness 414.57N and dietary Fiber content of 5.22 %, calcium content of 169.89mg/100g and the average of favorability favorability scores for taste (3.83), color (4.80), aroma (4.20) and textire (3.37)

Pachycereus pringlei seedling emergence and establishment under different lighting conditions

Cactus early life stages, especially in arid ecosystems, are typically the most vulnerable; seedlings face various abiotic and biotic filters to achieve survival and successful integration into their habitat. Thus, Pachycereus pringlei – endemic to Mexican Sonoran Desert – plays a crucial role in the arid areas of Baja California Sur, Mexico acting as a refuge and food source for wildlife. The present study evaluates P. pringlei emergence, survival, and seedling growth under different solar exposure (open and shaded areas) levels, both in greenhouse and natural conditions. The results indicated that natural conditions and moisture significantly influenced seedling emergence and survival. Lack of soil moisture led to compaction, which may have reduced porous spaces and restricted air and water circulation, thereby affecting root growth during the establishment phase. Conversely, the emerged seedling proportion under greenhouse shade was higher than in natural conditions. Additionally, these seedlings exhibited superior stem development, while those exposed to sunlight notably developed root systems. Low water potential was recorded, reaching down to -5.1 MPa for seedlings exposed to higher light levels. However, relative water content (RWC) values in tissues exceeded 70 %. No significant relationship was found between photosynthetic pigment concentration and different light conditions. Despite adapting cacti to xeric environments, the results suggest they may not be fully prepared to withstand prolonged drought episodes during the seedling stage. Nevertheless, some morphological traits, such as stem length, spines, and root area showed significant variations under different light conditions, facilitating photosynthesis light capture.

Characteristics of Petis White Leg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Waste with the Addition of Kluwak Fruit (Pangium edule)

The shrimp processing industry produces a lot of waste that can become a pollutant for the environment if not managed properly. Shrimp waste such as heads, tails and carapace, if processed properly, can become a fishery diversification product that is able to provide added value to the community. The high protein content can be a consideration in processing shrimp waste into by-products as a substitute for food products. This study aims to analyze the effect of the addition of kluwak fruit on water content, protein content and hedonic value of white leg shrimp waste petis. The research method used was an experimental method with petis treatment added by kluwak with 4 different concentrations, namely (A) 0 g concentration (control), (B) 10 g concentration, (C) 20 g concentration, and (D) 30 g concentration. The results showed that the addition of kluwak fruit provided a real difference in the value of water content and protein content in white leg shrimp waste petis. The addition of kluwak fruit to white leg shrimp waste petis produced the best hedonic scale organoleptic value in treatment (D) with a concentration of 30 g.

Characterization of chili during storage with treatment of packaging type and modification of the atmosphere packaging

Abstract Fresh chilies have a very short shelf life, so maximum post-harvest handling is required so that the chilies do not immediately become deteriorated and experience a higher rate of shrinkage. Several studies have been carried out to extend the shelf life of chilies, but the results are still not optimal. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of packaging type and air modification in the packaging room on the physicochemical characteristics of chili products during storage. Storage treatment uses PP plastic packaging and embossed nylon and modified air in the packaging with 3-5% O2 and control air. The results of the chili storage study for 14 days showed that the activity value of air treatment emboss O2 = 0.9896, emboss control = 0.9909, PP O2 = 0.9899 and PP control = 0.9937. For air content in the emboss O2 treatment = 79.68, emboss control = 81.46, PP O2 = 80.30 and PP control = 80.22. For the pH value in the emboss O2 treatment = 5.16, emboss control = 6.26, PP O2 = 5.11 and PP control = 6.03. For color value a in the emboss O2 treatment = 33.07, emboss control = 29.94, PP O2 = 31.68 and PP control = 30.83. The results of the research show that the values of water activity, water content, treatment and color values in the O2 embossed treatment at room temperature [EOR] and in the Polyethylene/PP treatment at cold temperatures [PPOC] have better chili quality values, this shows that the two treatments can support better chili quality during storage.

Utilization of coconut fiber waste as a filling material for list profile

Abstract List profile is a mineral board product that is increasingly in demand by the wider public. One of the advantages of list profiles is that they are cheap, quick to obtain, resistant to attacks by wood-destroying organisms, and can be obtained in the form of attractive ornaments. From an economic perspective, list profile with rofing filler is more expensive. Coconut fiber can be used as a type of filler that has the same strength at a low price. This research aims to determine the type and level of gypsum adhesive, white cement, and their mixtures on the properties of the coconut fiber list profile. The research design used a completely randomized design with Tukey’s follow-up test. The factors used were the type of adhesive (gypsum, white cement, and a mixture of gypsum with white cement), and the amount of adhesive (600 g, 690 g, and 780 g). The parameters observed were water content, density, thickness expansion, and fracture toughness. The research results showed that the type of adhesive had a significant effect on water content and thickness development, the amount of adhesive had a significant effect on density and the adhesive type had a significant effect on water content, while the amount of adhesive had a significant effect on density and thickness development. The average value of water content is 15.90 - 18.85 %, density 0.67 - 0.92 g/cm3, thickness expansion 0.37 - 2.54 % and strength at fracture 3.88 - 35.90 kg/cm2.

Identification of dangerous preservative content in shrimp paste (acetes sp.) circulating in the traditional markets of Sumbawa City

Shrimp paste is a processed food product produced by fermenting shrimp or fish through the addition of salt or other permitted ingredients. This research was conducted to determine whether or not there were dangerous preservatives formaldehyde and borax in shrimp paste circulating in the traditional markets of Sumbawa City. This type of research is laboratory-based qualitative and quantitative descriptive using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The samples used were 4 solid block dried shrimp paste samples obtained from the Labuan market, Brang seed market, Seketeng market and downstream Moyo market. The test parameters carried out were formalin test, borax test, physical color test, hedonic organoleptic quality test and water content value test. Based on the identification results, the shrimp paste samples that tested negative contained the dangerous preservatives formaldehyde and borax because they did not show any color change. The physical color test results showed that the ◦Hue ranged between 68.11-71.09, which indicated that the shrimp paste was red-yellow. The results of the hedonic organoleptic quality test showed that there was no significant difference in the level of panelists' preference for the color, texture and aroma of shrimp paste. The results of the water content test yielded water content values ranging between 29%-35%. The lowest water content value was obtained in the Labuan market with a water content value of 29% and the highest water content value was in the seed brang market with a water content value of 35%. The water content of shrimp paste circulating in the traditional markets of Sumbawa City is in accordance with the standards set by SNI 2716:2016 concerning the water content of dry solid block shrimp paste, namely a maximum of 35%.