Irrigation Water Conservation Research Articles

An Evaluation System of the Modernization Level of Irrigation Districts with an Analysis of Obstacle Factors: A Case Study for North China

Irrigation districts are a pivotal infrastructure of agricultural water conservancy engineering. Implementing modernization will be the main task of large-scale irrigation districts for a considerable amount of time in the future. In this study, four typical large-scale irrigation districts in North China were investigated: the Renmin Shengliqu, Weishan, Shijin, and Zuncun irrigation districts. The concept of a modern irrigation district was deconstructed to establish an evaluation index system which includes four second-level indicators, twelve third-level indicators, and thirty fourth-level indicators. A hybrid approach based on AHP and OWA was used to quantify indicator weights used in group decision making. TOPSIS was introduced to measure the modernization level of the four irrigation districts. An obstacle factor diagnosis model was applied to search for key obstacle factors that will affect the modernization and improvement of the irrigation districts. The results showed that (1) the modernization levels of the Renmin Shengliqu, Weishan, Shijin, and Zuncun irrigation districts in 2020 and 2025 were 0.3916 and 0.5755, 0.3748 and 0.5396, 0.4493 and 0.6012, and 0.2343 and 0.6166, respectively. The evaluation results indicate that the four irrigation districts are still in the beginning phase (or even preparation phase) of the modernization process. (2) Eight indicators were identified as the main common obstacle factors for the four evaluated irrigation districts, including the irrigation water-use efficiency factor, the coverage proportion of information technology, the proportion of efficient water conservation irrigation areas, and so on. (3) There are two effective methods to enhance the modernization level of the four irrigation districts: improving water resource utilization efficiency and strengthening the management system with an emphasis on informatization. The present study can enrich the theoretical evaluation of irrigation districts and provide a scientific basis for the modernized construction and management of irrigation districts in China.

Integrating soil mulching and subsurface irrigation for optimizing deficit irrigation effectiveness as a water-rationing strategy in tomato production

Irrigated agriculture from now on should be implemented under water scarcity. Hence, this research was designed to determine the optimal interaction between irrigation water-rationing strategy (deficit irrigation), irrigation techniques, and soil mulching to improve water use efficiency and maintaining plant performance as well as yield productivity of tomatoes. The experiment was set up during the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 growing seasons. Three factors were studied: two drip irrigation techniques, surface (SI) and subsurface (SSI) irrigation, and two irrigation rates, 100% ETc for full irrigation (FI) and 60% ETc for deficit-irrigation (DI) along with three treatments of soil mulching, bare soil (BS), organic mulch (OrM) and black polyethylene mulch (BPE). The results demonstrated that applying the absolute regular DI regime significantly reduced vegetative growth, fruit yield, and yield component along with water productivity. Also, it reduced the physiological function measures, and nutrient content of the tomato leaf. Meanwhile, applying the DI regime via the SSI technique and integrated with BPE soil mulching proved the best optimization of the DI negative effect followed by applying the DI regime through either SSI or SI technique combined with OrM or BPE soil mulching, respectively. As a result, it is advisable to use the integration of DI via the SSI accompanied by BPE soil mulching since this is considered a good method for conserving irrigation water from being lost by both evaporation and seepage out of the root zone improving water use efficiency without significantly reducing tomato yield.

How does top-down water unified allocation and regulation decelerate water utilization? Insights from the Yellow River, China

Understanding changes in human water utilization under the policy environment of the national top-down water unified allocation and regulation (TWAR) is crucial for promoting river health, sustainable resource utilization, and high-quality socioeconomic development along the whole Yellow River, a congenitally water-deficient river in China. This study assessed the TWAR policy effects on the total/sectoral/per capita water uses using the canonical difference-in-difference (DID) model, synthetic control method (SCM), and generalized synthetic control method (GSCM). The net effects of TWAR were assumed to be spatially heterogeneous and associated with variations in water-conserving efficiency, described by two indicators: water-conserving irrigation (WCI) and industrial recycled water (IRW). The suitable threshold intervals of WCI and IRW for benefiting decelerating water utilization were analyzed using a linear mediating effect (ME) model and panel smoothing transformation regression (PSTR) model, to explain the rebound effect in water use under the impact of the prevailing TWAR. The results show that TWAR initially had sustained positive effects on curbing water use growth, with the highest contribution to per capita agricultural water use in the lower section and high-quota region of the Yellow River Basin, but these effects decreased after a decade. Only when the WCI shifted within the threshold interval [0.283, 0.771] and the IRW did not exceed 0.962 could TWAR restrain water use. Emphasizing the conservation-oriented improvement of water use efficiency may necessitate extra attention to regions where water-conserving practices already reach high levels beyond the maximum WCI or IRW thresholds. These regions might be inclined to overutilize saved water to boost economic benefits and thereby potentially exacerbate the undesirable rebound effect from new uncontrolled water extraction.

Determinants of Irrigation Technology Adoption and Acreage Allocation in Crop Production in Louisiana, USA

This study identifies the determinants of furrow irrigation technology adoption in soybean production. Further, it estimates and evaluates the determinants of acreage allocation under different irrigation technologies in Louisiana crop production. Through a comprehensive mail survey, we acquired the necessary data, employing them to conduct IV-probit estimations specifically focused on irrigation technology adoption. Simultaneously, we utilized the same dataset to deploy multivariate fractional regression models, facilitating a robust exploration and evaluation of the acreage allocation of crop production in the state. The estimated results indicate that education has a significant negative effect on furrow irrigation adoption, while laser leveling has a significant positive effect on it. In particular, the expected probability of furrow irrigation adoption by farmers with a college degree or higher is 45% lower than farmers with education below the college degree. Education, risk attitude, and landholding have a negative effect, and rent status and have a positive effect on acreage allocation under the furrow irrigation system. Our study implies that appropriate policy tools may motivate farmers to adopt cost-effective as well as water-conserving irrigation technology.

Evaluation of Deficit Irrigation on Potato Yield and Water use Efficiency in Gedeo Zone, South Region

Increased water scarcity necessitates the implementation of water-conserving irrigation management practices tosustain crop production, especially in water-limited areas. A two-year field study was conducted during 2020 and 2021 to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation on potato yield and water use efficiency. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with four irrigation levels (100% ETc (crop evapotranspiration), 85% ETc, 70% ETc, and 55%ETc). The results showed that, deficit irrigation level have a significant difference in number of tuber per plant, marketable, total yield and water use efficiency. Potato yield significantly reduced with deficit irrigation level. Next to full irrigation the maximum yield was obtained under 85% ETc and 70%ETc with better crop and irrigation water use efficiency. Maximum crop and irrigation water use efficiency was obtained under 55% ETc. The partial budget analysis showed that the maximum acceptable MRR was obtained from 70%ETc and the highest net benefit was obtained under full irrigation. Therefore, in area where sufficient amount of water is available full irrigation is recommended to obtain maximum yield, but in water scarce area applying 85%ETcand 70%ETc is recommended with 17.5% and 23.2% yield reduction respectively with acceptable economical benefit.

Residential Irrigation Restrictions and Water Conservation: A Review of Studies from 1978 to 2022

AbstractUrban water managers and policymakers have adopted demand management strategies to reduce water use and buffer against short‐term water supply shortfalls. This article provides a systematic review of publications from 1978‐2022 that examine the effectiveness of residential water use restrictions as the primary demand‐side management tool. Our results indicate the significant overall effect of restrictions on reducing water consumption, with an average reduction of 12.3% from the 23 studies reviewed in this article. When evaluating effect strength by restriction type (mandatory versus voluntary), voluntary restrictions have a significantly lower effect than mandatory restrictions on water use. We also find an inverse correlation between the number of irrigation days allowed and the estimated effect strength.

Water management and irrigation for bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) growth and development in the Papua New Guinea Highlands

Water is crucial for nutrient intake, transportation, temperature regulation, and photosynthesis in bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) growth and development. Water scarcity, caused by climate variability and particularly during prolonged dry periods, has proved to be an obstacle to cultivating bulb onions in the Papua New Guinea (PNG) Highlands. Farmers have a limited grasp of the interdependence of soil, water, and plants. They have traditionally depended on precipitation, and water from streams and rivers, to irrigate their bulb onion crops. The main method for providing irrigation support is manual irrigation, with agricultural organisations assisting with basic irrigation technologies. Despite farmers and organisations efforts to improve irrigation practices, the prolonged dry season still raises labour demands for bulb onion farms. Farmers’ lack of knowledge about irrigation technology and soil water conservation contributes to this issue. Moreover, the lack of irrigation suppliers worsens the issue of limited soil water in onion farms. This paper gives an overview of onion production in PNG, focusing on irrigation practices and constraints in the Highlands region. It aims to stress irrigation’s importance in crop growth and explore PNG’s irrigation methods and soil moisture conservation practices. There is a need for a sustainable irrigation and soil water conservation system that is easy to use and incorporates crop water requirements. This system is vital for watering onions and conserving soil moisture, promoting their growth and yield. In this context, the use of mulch and irrigation systems can preserve and enhance soil moisture during prolonged dry phases.

Effects of Deficit Irrigation on Canopy Temperature Dynamics and Physiology of Landscape Groundcovers

Identifying the irrigation-induced cooling effects from a particular plant species used for urban groundcovers while optimizing the rates of irrigation applications is important in regions with hot and dry summers. A 2-year (2020–21) study was conducted in Riverside, CA, USA, to evaluate the effect of irrigation rates on the canopy temperature dynamics of 10 urban groundcovers. Four reference evapotranspiration (ETo)-based irrigation treatments (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% ETo) and 10 groundcovers were laid in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The effect of irrigation rates on the difference between canopy–air temperature (ΔT), leaf area index (LAI), and stomatal conductance (gs) were evaluated. All response variables were collected between May and October 2020 and 2021. The crop water stress index for five groundcovers was also computed. The ΔT was affected (P < 0.05) by irrigation rates, and groundcovers, including Rhagodia spinescens and Baccharis × ‘Starn Thompson’, maintained the canopy temperature less than the ambient air temperature for all irrigation rates imposed. For most of the groundcovers, the ΔT yielded a strong relationship with LAI (r = –0.41 to –0.73), and gs (r = –0.35 to –0.60). Crop water stress index also showed a strong correlation to normalized difference vegetation index (r = 0.42 to –0.72) and gs (r = –0.57 to –0.64). Irrigation-included cooling was evident in most groundcovers irrigated at higher rates; however, Rhagodia spinescens and Baccharis × ‘Starn Thompson’ were found to perform well in cooling ability and maintaining the canopy growth as evidenced by LAI. Our study showed that proper plant selection and irrigation management could help maintain green spaces and mitigate the urban heat island effect while conserving irrigation water.

A Method to Estimate Evapotranspiration in Greenhouse Conditions by Artificial Neural Networks Using Limited Climate Parameters

Precise estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) within greenhouse environments assumes pivotal significance in the context of effective agricultural water resource management. It has an important influence on rational irrigation management and water conservation. The present study estimates evapotranspiration by artificial neural networks (ANNs) using limited climate parameters with data from Oct.2016 to Nov.2017 from an experimental greenhouse. Using a sigmoid transfer function, two ANN models, 2-5-1 structure and 4-9-1 structure, were established through the algorithm of multi-layer feed-forward and back-propagation. At the same time, moisture sensors installed at different depths of substrate were also used to calculate the amount of evapotranspiration. The standard reference evapotranspiration was provided by a microlysimeter system, which used an electronic weighing scale to continuously sample the amount of water supplied and lost during the experiment. The ANN (2-5-1) model estimated ET with an RMSE of 0.0915 L/d and an R2 0.9201, with two neurons in the input layer corresponding to the daily mean temperature and daily mean humidity, five neurons in the hidden layer and one neuron in the output layer corresponding to the reference evapotranspiration. The ANN (4-9-1) model estimated ET with an RMSE of 0.0592 L/d and an R2 of 0.9622, with four input climate parameters: daily maximum temperature, daily minimum temperature, daily mean temperature, and daily mean humidity, but it had nine neurons for the hidden layer. The results of linear regression analyses of ET estimation between moisture sensors and actual measurement show that the accuracy of moisture sensors is less than the ANN models (RMSE, 0.1129 L/d; R2, 0.8749). Therefore, these results confirmed the ability of ET estimation by ANN models using limited climate parameters in greenhouse conditions.

The paracommons of competition for resource savings: Irrigation water conservation redistributes water between irrigation, nature, and society

Based on understandings of a natural resource commons, we examine the competition for redistributed irrigation water following water conservation. A ‘paracommons’ is characterised by an interconnected hydrology whereby changes to a proprietor's water management alters its distribution into different fractions/dispositions thereby adjusting water allocations to the four paracommoners; including the proprietor conserving water, an immediate neighbour, society and nature. The topic is important given the volumes potentially involved in irrigation savings; for example, a 15% reduction in the annual water depletion of an irrigation area of 30,000 hectares can notionally meet the domestic demands of one million people at 150 l/day/pp. However, this illustration, seeming to indicate that water conservation results in sizeable predictable outcomes, hides how water savings are captured by, or flow to, a paracommoner within the interlinked system. Using data from Mendoza, Argentina, we employ a model to examine 12 scenarios of conservation-driven water reallocation among paracommoners, and conclude with generalizable lessons.

Increasing sustainability by intercropping legume crops with sugar beet under imposed water stress

AbstractThe sustainable use of soil and water resources is a goal that should be pursued to attain food security. This investigation was implemented to compare the effects of three legume intercropping systems with sugar beet on (i) enhancing sugar beet yield under imposed water stress conditions, (ii) soil N contents, (iii) land and water use efficiencies, and (iv) farmers' net income. Two field experiments were carried out in the 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons in the El‐Minia Governorate, Egypt. The treatments included the interaction between three irrigation treatments: required irrigation ((control, 100% ETc, RI) and two levels of imposed water stress (85% ETc (WS1) and 70% ETc (WS2)), and three intercropping systems: faba bean (FIS), chickpea (CIS) and lentil (LIS) intercropped with sugar beet. The results indicate that the application of implementing CIS and with RI attained higher average values of soil N content (SNC = 14.0 mg kg−1) and net income (NI = US$3,974 ha−1) than those obtained by sugar beet alone. Irrigation with WS1 and the implementation of CIS gave a value of SNC (12.3 mg kg−1) close to that obtained under sugar beet alone irrigated with RI. CIS irrigated with WS1 attained higher averaged values of land equivalent ratio (LER = 1.34), area time equivalent ratio (ATER = 1.28), land equivalent coefficient (LEC = 0.38), water equivalent ratio (WER = 1.12), negative value of change in water use (ΔWU < 0) and NI (US$3,602 ha−1) than those obtained under FIS or LIS irrigated with RI. In conclusion, implementing CIS and irrigation with RI can achieve the sustainable use of land and water. However, implementing CIS and irrigation with WS1 can realize soil improvement, conserve irrigation water and attain higher values of LER, ATER, LEC, WER, and NI than those obtained under FIS, LIS and sugar beet alone.

Dynamic Relationship between Agricultural Water Use and the Agricultural Economy in the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin

Water is a crucial resource for agricultural development in the Yellow River Basin. However, the effects of water shortages on the region’s agricultural development are becoming increasingly evident, creating a need to examine the relationship between agricultural water use (AWU) and the agricultural economy. This study uses panel vector autoregression to analyze the relationship between AWU and the agricultural economy in the Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River Basin from 1998 to 2018. The results indicate the following: (1) AWU in the Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River Basin significantly declined during the study period, showing clear differences in the AWU’s effectiveness among regions; (2) agriculture in the region stabilized after significant growth, and the share of primary-sector industries in the national economy also stabilized after significant decline; (3) in the long run, AWU and the agricultural economy become cointegrated with the AWU Granger-causing agricultural economy. By deepening our understanding of agricultural water demand in the Yellow River Basin, these findings provide theoretical justification for establishing water-conserving irrigation systems and making sustainable use of water resources.

Smart Irrigation Systems using (IoT) – A Survey

In India a very vast population is dependent on farming activities and most of them still uses traditional methods of irrigation. Water availability plays main role in this sector. As the world is advancing and population of India is on the rise scarcity of water is becoming a common problem in most part of the country. This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview of smart irrigation systems, focusing on their integration with IoT, deep learning, sensors, and AI to optimize agricultural practices. The paper conducts an extensive literature review, exploring challenges and opportunities in the domain, including IoT applications in agriculture, deep learning techniques, sensor technologies, and AI-driven decision-making. The methodology involves developing and integrating key components like sensor deployment, data collection, deep learning model training, and AI-based decision-making algorithms. Performance evaluation compares the system's effectiveness with traditional methods, analyzing irrigation decisions, water consumption, crop yield, and water conservation. The results demonstrate how the smart irrigation system optimizes water usage, maintains optimal soil moisture levels, and improves crop health, leading to increased agricultural productivity and reduced water waste. Overall, this survey paper contributes valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers, emphasizing the potential of IoT, deep learning, sensors, and AI in revolutionizing agriculture and promoting sustainable and efficient irrigation practices to address water scarcity challenges. Keyword:- IoT(internet of things), ML (Machine Learning), LDR(light dependent register), DHT (Dihydrotestosterone)

Water-efficient genotypes along with conservation measures significantly reduce the green and blue water footprints in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.)

Sugarcane crop is irrigated using surface, overhead, and drip irrigation methods. Increased water use in sugarcane is a major concern around the world, implying the need for water accounting, developing water-efficient hybrids and water-saving agro-techniques for long-term conservation and use of water. “Water Footprint (WF)” is a measure of both direct and indirect water usage accountable for any product and/or process. In praxis, ‘Green Water Footprint’ (GWF) and ‘Blue Water Footprint’ (BWF) are extremely crucial for the restoration of essential ecosystem services (ES), such as sugarcane production. The WF metric was used as a priority tool in our study to evaluate water-efficient sugarcane hybrids, germplasm clones, deficit irrigation scheduling, crop geometry, and water conservation measures. Precise and accurate WF quantification would supplement the decision-making processes for managing available water resources in sugarcane agriculture. In split plot experimental design two research investigations on water management in sugarcane were undertaken at the ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The major objective of the research trails was to find out suitable sugarcane hybrids and agronomic management practices to minimise water usage in sugarcane cultivation in water stressed and drought prone areas of tropical India. Our investigation comprised two phases; the first one being assessment of the impact of deficit irrigation scheduling, planting techniques and water conservation measures in sugarcane production, while the second phase dealt with genotypic evaluation under variable irrigation scheduling. Results showed that BWF reduced significantly in the first ratoon crop due to deficit irrigation scheduling coupled with planting of two budded setts and application of sugarcane trash at the rate of 5 t ha−1. Sugarcane hybrids viz., Co 85019, Co 10026, Co 12009, Co 13014, Co 14002, Co 14025, Co 15015, and Co 15018 were more water efficient, with a lower total WF. Among the germplasm clones, Fiji 55, ISH 111, ISH 107, Pathri, and Gungera exhibited lower GWF, BWF and total WF.

Water Management for Sustainable Irrigation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Production: A Review

In the face of the negative impacts of climate change and the accelerated growth of the global population, precision irrigation is important to conserve water resources, improve rice productivity and promote overall efficient rice cultivation, as rice is a rather water-intensive crop than other crops. For several decades, various water conserving technologies have been studied in order to significantly increase water use efficiency (WUE). The objective of this paper is to review the main technologies and approaches for assessing the water requirements of rice crop in order to contribute to water saving in irrigated rice production, after clarifying the performance indicators of the irrigated systems. Several scientific articles from previous studies were consulted and analyzed. These studies showed that irrigation water conservation includes a wide range of practices, staring from the crop irrigation water requirements assessment to the implementation of the water saving practices on the field. In addition, irrigation water conservation technologies could be categorized into three groups, namely water-conserving irrigation systems, water-saving irrigation methods, and water-conserving agronomic practices. The influence of the individual and combined irrigation water use efficiency tools was highlighted. This paper will enable researchers to acquire knowledge on water-saving methods for estimating the rice crop water requirements and thus allow them to effectively contribute to improve the performance of irrigated rice cultivation systems using various water conservation technologies.

Agricultural Grid Connected Photovoltaic System Design and Simulation in Egypt by using PVSYST Software

Agricultural Photovoltaic Systems are a key technology to achieve sustainable development goals by reducing competition between land for food and electricity. In addition, Agricultural Photovoltaic Systems are at the heart of the link between power generation, crop production and irrigation water conservation. The main ecophysiological constraint on crop production under photovoltaics is the reduction of light. It is difficult to recommend shade tolerance for some plant varieties due to insufficient information on shading conditions for most plants. The use of shading panels (photovoltaic panels) requires more crop-specific research to determine the optimal percentage of panels and their placement that will not reduce agricultural yields. Crop yield variation versus field shading and availability to maximize the system require extensive research. This study aims to develop a standard procedure for designing an agricultural grid-connected photovoltaic power generation system for solar power generation in an agricultural area in Bahteem, Egypt. The technical and annual performance of the grid-connected PV system was simulated using PV Syst software. The paper started with a pre-feasibility study of a grid-connected photovoltaic system using PV Syst. Software with an extensive database of meteorological data, including global daily horizontal solar irradiance, and a database of various renewable energy system components from different manufacturers. In this work, a comprehensive literature review of agricultural solar photovoltaic systems is conducted, with a particular focus on grid-connected systems, followed by a design procedure for grid-connected solar photovoltaic systems. The planned photovoltaic system will generate a total of 400 KWp of electricity. This generated electricity can drive down electricity prices by exporting excess electricity to the national grid. In addition, solar power systems are fuel-efficient and have a low environmental impact.

Gallbladder perforation following peroral cholangioscopy‐guided lithotripsy: A case report

Peroral cholangioscopy-guided lithotripsy is highly effective in clearing difficult bile duct stones. It can cause adverse events, such as cholangitis and pancreatitis; however, gallbladder perforation is extremely rare. Herein, we describe the case of a 77-year-old woman who developed gallbladder perforation following peroral cholangioscopy -guided lithotripsy. She was referred to our hospital to treat multiple large bile duct stones. She underwent peroral cholangioscopy-guided lithotripsy because of conventional lithotripsy failure. After a cholangioscope was advanced into the bile duct, saline irrigation was used for visualization. Electronic hydraulic lithotripsy was performed, but it took time for fragmentation because the calculus was hard. The 2-h endoscopic procedure did not completely remove the stone, and treatment was discontinued after placing a biliary plastic stent and nasobiliary tube. After the endoscopic procedure, she started experiencing right hypochondrial pain, which worsened the next day. Computed tomography showed a gallbladder wall defect in the gallbladder fundus with pericholecystic fluid. She was diagnosed with gallbladder perforation and underwent emergency surgery. A perforation site was found at the gallbladder fundus. Open cholecystectomy, choledochotomy, and extraction of residual bile duct stones were performed. The patient was discharged 9 days post-surgery without any complications. The saline irrigation used for visualization may have caused a surge in intra-gallbladder pressure, resulting in gallbladder perforation. Therefore, endoscopists may need to conserve irrigation water during peroral cholangioscopy-guided lithotripsy.

Plant Architecture Influences the Population Transpiration and Canopy Temperature in Winter Wheat Genotypes

To study how plant architecture affects the canopy traits and water use of wheat, the Triticum aestivum L. population is expected to provide important information for cultivar improvement and the ideal population structure establishment for conserving water without causing an enormous grain yield loss. This study was conducted for three consecutive growing seasons using two genotypes with contrasting plant architectures as the materials, the upright-leafed compact type Jing 411 and the flat-leafed loose type Jinmai 47. The population-scale transpiration (PT) and soil evaporation (E) were partitioned from the evapotranspiration (ET) using micro-lysimeters, and the canopy traits population density and the canopy temperature depression (CTD) were also monitored during the period from the jointing to early grain filling stage—the largest water requirement period of wheat crops. Jinmai 47 showed a lower E than Jing 411, but a similar PT and ET, though it had a higher population density at the sowing density. The total evapotranspiration (TET) for the whole growing season was also similar in the two genotypes. This indicated that Jinmai 47 performed better in water conservation than Jing 411. With a similar PT and TET, however, Jinmai 47 showed a rather larger CTD and a significantly higher grain yield than Jing 411. If the higher population density and higher leaf net photosynthetic rate could explain its higher grain yield, the higher leaf stomotal conductance and transpiration rate and the higher population density could not explain the similar PT, ET and TET to Jing 411. Presumably, the involvement of the plant architecture disrupted the original higher transpiration–larger CTD relation, and broke up the prevailing saving water-losing yield concept. Thus, the study might suggest the important water saving value of the flat-leafed loose architecture in wheat crops and demonstrate the possibility of conserving irrigation water without causing serious grain yield loss by taking advantage of the distinct plant architecture to establish an appropriate population structure.

Analyzing Water Conservation Techniques and Sustainable Irrigation Practices to Ensure the Availability of Clean Water for Future Generations

To keep ecosystems functioning, keep people alive, and propel social and economic progress, there must be access to clean water. The quantity and quality of freshwater resources are under jeopardy due to growing water scarcity, pollution, and climate change. In light of these issues, one of the most important things we can do to protect the supply of potable water for generations to come is to implement sustainable irrigation practices and water conservation measures. In light of the impending water crisis, this introduction lays the groundwork for an in-depth examination of sustainable irrigation practices and water conservation methods, discussing their significance, obstacles, and consequences. In light of increasing environmental challenges and water demands, it is critical to take immediate and decisive action to safeguard and responsibly manage water supplies. In light of changing environmental, social, and economic dynamics, this analysis aims to shed light on how to achieve water security and resilience by examining the concepts, innovations, and practical implementations of sustainable irrigation and water conservation. The main aim of this study is to analyze water conservation techniques & strategies of sustainable irrigation practices to provide insight for ensuring availability of clean water for future generations.

Cotton drip irrigation using magnetic technology

The article presents the results of scientific research on the use of magnetic technologies for water magnetization and their use in agriculture. On the beneficial effects of magnetic water on the rate of plant growth, the construction of the root system, and the potential for strong plants in the future. The research results proved that soaking seeds and watering with magnetized water lead to an increase in crop yields with a simultaneous decrease in the specific water consumption for irrigation by 1.5-2.0 times. The article also shows the results of field studies conducted at the site where the drip method of irrigation of cotton has been introduced using water for irrigation that has passed through a magnetic device. The magnetic apparatus used to magnetize the water in the experimental area is described, along with its design and working principal. Field research was done on meadow - serozem soils in the Kuyichirchik area of the Tashkent region to examine the impact of magnetic water on the growth, development, and increase in yield of cotton while conserving irrigation water. The outcomes show a favorable impact on the growth, development, and increase in cotton output. At the same time, water savings amounted to 10-20 percentage compared to irrigation with ordinary water.