Water Conservation Techniques Research Articles

Advancing Water Conservation Techniques in Agriculture for Sustainable Resource Management: A review

The evolution and impact of water conservation techniques in Indian agriculture, underlining their vital role in fostering sustainable resource management amidst increasing global water scarcity. It begins by exploring traditional water management practices, illuminating their historical relevance and the constraints they face in meeting contemporary agricultural demands. The focus then shifts to modern water conservation methods, including technological advancements in irrigation, such as drip irrigation, sprinkler systems, and subsurface irrigation, alongside agronomic practices like crop rotation, soil moisture management, and mulching, which collectively enhance water efficiency. It explores into the crucial influence of technology and innovation in Indian agriculture, spotlighting precision agriculture with a particular emphasis on sensors and IoT for water management, remote sensing, satellite imagery, and data-driven methodologies incorporating AI, machine learning, and decision support systems. Additionally, it investigates cutting-edge solutions like hydrogel technology for soil water retention and solar-powered irrigation systems. The review also addresses the significance of supportive policy frameworks, community-oriented water management strategies, and the role of education and awareness, highlighting government initiatives, international collaborations, NGO involvement, and farmer training programs. Regional case studies are presented to analyze the effects of these water conservation practices on sustainability and productivity, offering insights into lessons learned and the potential for replication. Lastly, the review identifies and discusses the challenges and barriers to implementation, encompassing economic and financial limitations, technological and infrastructural gaps, social and cultural obstacles, and environmental considerations. Ultimately, this review emphasizes the need for a holistic approach that synergistically integrates technology, policy, community engagement, and education, crucial for advancing water conservation in Indian agriculture and ensuring its sustainability and resilience amidst diverse environmental and socio-economic challenges.

Investigation of the discharge performance in infiltration wells based on several soil subgrade models

Heavy precipitation would result in hydrometeorological disasters such as landslides and floods. In general, disasters cause hazardous situations and property loss. Infiltration wells are water and soil conservation techniques that can reduce surface runoff and increase infiltration to mitigate the effects of hydrometeorological disasters. However, evaluations of geotechnical properties have not yet jointly or actively considered these environmental developments. This paper aims to analyse the wide range of soil types against several diameters and depths of the holes. The variation in soil varied from type 1 to 6, containing different properties and consistencies. The holes diameter used are 0.4m, 0.5m, 0.6m, 0.7m, and 0.8m, associated with several depths; 0.5m, 0.75m, 1m, 1.25, and 1.5m. The analysis was conducted with Geostudio SEEP-W in different model variations to obtain the well’s discharge value. The result shows that all the depth depicts similar behaviour of the discharge well. The sand model has the highest value of all categories, with the second place being the sand-clay layer model. In contrast, the clay simulation generates the lowest value of this research. This output offers a strong recommendation between infiltration well structure and soil parameters, which show sand is the most required property to increase the performance of hole infiltration.

Estimation of Water Yield and Soil Erosion in Samanalawewa Watershed in Sri Lanka using GIS-based InVEST Model

Ecosystem services (ES) are a group of tasks performed by the earth's ecosystems that are required to support life and offer benefits to humanity. Thus, this study explores two of the water-related ecosystem services, water yield, and soil retention that were distributed in the Samanalawewa Watershed (SW) and its eight sub-watersheds in Sri Lanka, over 20 years (2000-2020) with five- year time intervals. Soil and water conservation and water yield play an important role in ecosystem management. Hydrological balance is a crucial component of the hydrological ecosystem services. Assessing water yield and soil erosion are pivotal for watershed management. Thus, this study estimated and mapped the water yield and soil erosion, using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST 3.9.2) Annual Water Yield (AWY) and Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) model respectively. According to the obtained results, in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020, the estimated mean annual water yield was 2.62x105, 2.6x105, 3.5x105, 3.58x105 and 2.75x105 m3 ha-1year-1, respectively. Furthermore, the estimated mean annual soil erosion rates for the above- mentioned years were 53.2, 52.9, 69.7, 87.7 and 70.2 t ha-1 year-1. The estimated soil loss values of the SW are 10 to 18 times greater than the soil erosion tolerance (5 t ha-1 year-1) in Sri Lanka. The results show that the years 2015 and 2005 have the highest and the lowest water yield and total soil loss values, respectively. The upper part of the watershed has relatively moderate water yield and soil loss values than the lower part. These findings would be beneficial in developing watershed management strategies and in the implementation of suitable soil and water conservation techniques within the watershed. 
 Keywords: Ecosystem services, InVEST, Samanalawewa watershed, Soil erosion, Water yield

A Comprehensive Review on the Impact of Climate Change on Fruit Yield and Quality in Modern Horticultural Practices

This review provides an exhaustive analysis of the impact of climate change on fruit yield and quality, with a specific focus on India's horticultural sector. It synthesizes current research findings, identifies gaps, and suggests future directions to understand and mitigate the effects of climate change on key fruit crops. Climate change, characterized by rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and extreme weather events, poses significant challenges to fruit production. These challenges under three main sections: the direct and indirect effects of climate change on fruit yield, the influence of climate change on fruit quality, and the adaptations in modern horticultural practices. The direct effects include alterations in flowering and fruiting cycles and changes in pollination dynamics. Indirect effects comprise changes in soil quality and nutrient availability, along with water availability and irrigation challenges. These factors collectively lead to variations in fruit yield across different regions and crops. The review also discusses the impact of climate change on the nutritional content of fruits, such as changes in sugar, acid, vitamin levels, and secondary metabolites that affect flavour and health benefits. Physical and aesthetic changes, including modifications in size, color, texture, and shelf life, are also examined, highlighting their implications for marketability and consumer preference. Adaptation strategies in response to these challenges are crucial. Delves into breeding and genetic modification efforts aimed at developing climate-resilient fruit varieties and discusses the role of biotechnology in these adaptations. It also covers changes in agronomic practices, such as adjustments in planting dates and crop rotation, alongside water management and conservation techniques. The adoption of technological innovations like precision agriculture, monitoring systems, and controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is evaluated for their potential to enhance resilience in fruit production.

Woody species alongside earth contour bunds enhance the soil water‐infiltration capacity in the Sahel, West Africa

AbstractLand degradation, including the loss of tree, forest and vegetation cover, and its related loss of water availability are the main constraints affecting the rainfed agricultural systems in West African Sahel and dry savanna. Therefore, farmers are implementing various soil and water conservation techniques such as zaï pits, half‐moons, contour stone and earth bunds to improve crop production through reduced erosion and enhanced water retention. This study explores the effect of woody and herbaceous vegetation established along earth contour bunds on soil infiltration capacity in southern Mali. The soil infiltration measurements were carried out from September to December 2019 using single ring infiltrometers up‐slope and down‐slope of the bunds built on contour lines in 2015 and 2016 with four types of vegetation: (1) natural annual herbaceous vegetation; (2) planted Andropogon gayanus (perennial grass); (3) planted Gliricidia sepium (woody species) and (4) planted Acacia colei (woody species). The field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) was estimated from the infiltration data and subjected to statistical analysis to compare the effect of the four types of vegetation on soil infiltration capacity. The results revealed significant differences in infiltration rate and Kfs between the four vegetation types. The highest infiltration rate and Kfs were observed for earth contour bunds reinforced with woody species G. sepium (299.5 ± 0.6; 45.3 ± 1.4 mm h−1), followed by A. colei (232.2 ± 2; 38.2 ± 1.6 mm h−1). These were followed by the grass A. gayanus (189.4 ± 2.5; 33.0 ± 1.7 mm h−1) and natural annual herbaceous vegetation (132 ± 2.3; 20.7 ± 1.9 mm h−1). In addition, soil water‐infiltration rate and Kfs were higher for down‐slope compared to up‐slope areas for the two woody species. In practice, it is appropriate for farmers to reinforce contour bunds with woody species and perennial herbs given the beneficial effect on soil water infiltration and retention capacity and the expected socio‐economic benefit they can get from them.

Towards Rethinking the Water Conservation Techniques in Order to Deal for Drought Area, A Case of Jhansi

Abstract: India has 16% of the world’s population and only 4%of the world’s water resources, which are depleting rapidly. The demand for water is expected to grow from 40 billion cubic meters currently to around 220 in 2025. Water is one of the most important inputs essential for crops. Both its shortage and excess affects the growth and development of the plants, yields and quality of produce. There are numerous methods to reduce such losses and to improve soil moisture. The most important step in the direction of finding solutions to issues of water and environmental conservation is to change people's attitudes and habits; this includes each one of us.

Farmer’s Perception and Efficacy of Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in North Eastern Transition Zone of Karnataka State in India

A primary survey during the year 2021-22 was carried out among the 240 farmers of Bidar and Gulbarga districts of North Eastern Transition Zone in Karnataka to study the farmer’s perception on climate change for the period 1979 to 2019 and validate their opinions with the change in the meteorological indicators. About 74 percent of farmers expressed that there is a decline in crop yield while 83 percent of farmers opined that is a shift of employment from farm to non-farm activities during the period of forty years. Farmers practice various farm adaptation strategies activities to overcome the effect of climate change. Through Garatte ranking, it is revealed that most of the farmers prefer to practice alteration of sowing dates of crop (rank 1) as adaptation strategy followed by using of drought tolerant varieties (rank 2) and mixed cropping (rank3). Binary Logit analysis was used to identify the socio- economic attributes of households influencing the adoption of adaptation strategy to climate change. The results showed that, the variables like farm size, access to institutional credit, live stock ownership and climate information are the factors which positively shows significant influence on adoption. Economic incentives play an important role in the adoption of modern technologies. Access to institutional credit will support the farmers financially in adopting water conservation techniques like farm ponds, micro irrigation products.

Design of soil and water conservation techniques to minimize soil erosion on degraded land in Samarinda Tenggarong Axis Road

Soil conservation activities are aimed at tackling land degradation, especially soil erosion, which occurs rapidly. If there is human intervention, land will become more sensitive to the influence of water (rainfall) and gravitational forces. This study aimed to identify the types of erosion that occur on degraded land and design appropriate soil and water conservation techniques based on vegetative and physically degraded land conditions on the Samarinda-Tenggarong Axis road. The results of the documentation collected from each research site identified the type of erosion, and designed soil and water conservation techniques. This research is focused on the design referring to Permenhut P.04/Menhut-11/2011 and UU RI/37/2014. The results of this study showed that location 1 of the recommended technique is the vegetative technique and the manufacture of Water Sewerage, location 2 is the bench terrace technique, location 3 is the retaining wall technique, location 4 is the individual terrace technique, location 5 is the stone terrace/wall technique, location 6 is the stone terrace/wall technique, and location 7 is the garden terrace technique. The design of the soil and water conservation techniques recommended in this study is expected to have a positive effect on minimizing soil erosion on degraded land.

Erosion patterns, drainage dynamics, and their environmental implications: a case study of the hammamet basin using advanced geospatial and morphometric analysis

AbstractUnderstanding erosion patterns and drainage conditions is crucial for optimizing agricultural productivity and for addressing the challenges of wastewater treatment. To achieve this, we employed a comprehensive approach, combining the morphometric method with weighted sum and Geospatial techniques. Utilizing a 30-m-wide Digital Elevation Model (DEM), specifically the Aster DEM, and leveraging ArcGIS software, we meticulously delineated drainage systems and watershed boundaries. Through the application of standard formulas, we calculated areal, linear, and relief parameters to effectively rank and prioritize the sub-watersheds. Our examination led to the calculation of a composite factor, determined through an assessment of 18 morphometric criteria employing a weighted summation approach for each subcatchment. The outcomes of our research unveiled a wide range of compound factor values, spanning from − 0.128 to 9.28. This study underscores the pivotal role of the minimal compound factor value in determining the sustainability of sub-watersheds. As a practical illustration, we found that Basin 3 exhibited superior sustainability when compared to Basin 4, primarily attributable to soil erosion issues in the latter. Sub-watersheds were additionally grouped into classes according to their composite factor values, commonly characterized as highly favorable, favorable, intermediate, or unfavorable, providing insights into their vulnerability to erosion. Moreover, our research pinpointed Basin 4 and Basin 7 as highly vulner able to soil erosion, with a combined area of 294.9 km2. The implications for wastewater treatment are significant in these areas, as proper water and soil conservation techniques are imperative not only for the sustainable management of these lands but also for mitigating the environmental impact of the wastewater treatment process.

Household Water Conservation in Pakistan: An Examination of Strategies, Behaviors and Determinants

Water scarcity poses a major sustainability challenge for Pakistan’s social, economic and environmental conditions. Implementing effective domestic water conservation techniques can significantly reduce consumption and wastage amidst supply constraints. This study evaluates household water conservation behaviors and drivers in Faisalabad city using primary survey data from 140 urban and rural households. Descriptive analysis is conducted to assess water usage patterns, infrastructure access, and conservation habits. An ordered logit model is estimated to determine the socioeconomic factors influencing adoption of daily water saving practices. The results indicate that basic no-cost actions like controlled tap use and leak monitoring are widely practiced across both urban and rural residences. However, the uptake of advanced solutions like rainwater harvesting remains limited. Age, family size and location are significant predictors of conservation orientation. Older residents, smaller families and rural households display greater propensity for prudent water use. The findings suggest that tailored educational programs, inclusive technologies, and pricing mechanisms can further propagate sustainable utilization behaviors, especially among young urban cohorts. Building an enduring culture of conservation is imperative to overcoming Pakistan’s escalating water scarcity crisis.

Soil Erosion in a Changing Environment over 40 Years in the Merguellil Catchment Area of Central Tunisia

Soil degradation and erosion in semi-arid regions can significantly impact agricultural development, environmental sustainability, and hydrological balance. Understanding the impacts of land use changes and soil and water conservation (SWC) technique implementation on soil erosion and sediment yield is critical to planning effective watershed management. This study aims to evaluate the impacts of environmental changes in the Merguellil watershed (Central Tunisia) over the last forty years. To achieve this, remote sensing techniques and a geographic information system (GIS) will be employed to classify Landsat images from 1980 to 2020. Additionally, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation model will be utilized to estimate soil erosion rates, while the sediment delivery distributed model will be employed for sediment yield modeling. Spatiotemporal changes in land use and land cover and in areas treated with SWC techniques were analyzed as the main factors influencing changes in erosion and sediment yield. The combined impact of land use change and SWC techniques resulted in a decrease in the annual soil erosion rate from 18 to 16 t/ha/year between 1980 and 2020 and in sediment yield from 9.65 to 8.95 t/ha/year for the same period. According to the model’s predictions, both soil erosion and sediment yield will experience a slight increase with further degradation of natural vegetation and a reduction in the efficiency of SWC works. This emphasizes the importance of continued efforts in adopting and sustaining SWC techniques, as well as preserving natural vegetation cover, to proactively combat soil degradation and its adverse effects on the environment and communities. Continuous dedication to these measures is crucial to preserving our ecosystem, promoting sustainable practices, and protecting the well-being of both the environment and society.

Assessing sustainable management practices of expert-introduced physical soil and water conservation measures

Soil erosion is a significant environmental and socio-economic concern. Soil and water conservation methods, guided by experts, have been developed and implemented through various channels such as government initiatives, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and public campaigns. These efforts aim to mitigate the adverse effects of erosion. The effective maintenance of soil and water conservation measures by farmers is of paramount importance in ensuring the sustainable utilization of such measures over an extended period of time. The objective of this study was to evaluate the attitude of farmers and their implementation of sustainable management techniques regarding physical soil and water conservation measures provided by experts. Field data were obtained through the process of conducting interviews with a total of 92 households residing within a watershed that is predominantly engaged in agricultural activities. To enhance and organize home responses, the research team included key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The results of the study indicated that a significant majority of farmers (97.8%) held the perception that soil erosion was a prevailing issue. The causes of erosion were identified as frequently cultivation (21.3%), inadequate implementation of physical soil and water conservation practices (19.6%), excessive precipitation (17.9%), degradation of conservation structures (16.7%), unregulated grazing (15.3%), and deforestation (9.2%). Indigenous conservation strategies, such as the utilization of traditional diversion ditches, as well as the adoption of introduced soil and water conservation techniques like Fanya juu and soil bunds, were employed with the aim of mitigating the adverse effects of erosion. While a majority of farmers, specifically 65.2%, have adopted the improved conservation measures on their agricultural land, it is noteworthy that a significant proportion, approximately 79.3%, have not adequately maintained or repaired these imposed conservation measures. The majority of the cropland has seen substantial damage to the designed measures as a result of inadequate upkeep. The scarcity of labor and insufficient knowledge and skills provide significant constraints for farmers in effectively implementing designed conservation measures. Nevertheless, it seems that farmers are not inclined to invest their labor and financial resources in order to maintain the introduced structures, as they are mostly established through public campaigns or government/NGO incentives. Hence, it is imperative for the government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to allocate resources towards the promotion of awareness, policy execution, and other pertinent matters that support the long-term viability of the introduced conservation measures.

Assessment of short- to medium-term impacts of bench terrace construction on soil water repellency in north-central Portugal

Agrarian terraces are surely recognized as a traditional soil and water conservation technique, however the use of these methods in forestry are poorly studied, especially the hydrological impacts of bench terracing for forest plantations. The employment of heavy machinery in forests have been described to increase soil bulk density and compaction which might reduce soil water infiltration capacity, and thus, increase runoff generation. However, in the case of terraces, the flattening of the terrain may increase the infiltration and re-infiltration of runoff due to consecutive slope discontinuity. The present study assesses the short to medium-term impacts of bench terrace construction on soil water repellency and soil water infiltration in eucalypt forest plantations. A chrono-sequence approach was used to analyse a time series of sites terraced at different periods with neighbouring mature long-undisturbed sites. Therefore, Methanol droplet test was employed in-situ in four different periods of time-since-terracing (0, 5, 10 and 17 years after terracing). Three pairs of nearby terraced and non-terraced eucalypt plantations were studied for each period, counting a total of 24 study sites. Our results revealed clear differences in SWR between terraced and non-terraced eucalypt plantations, with all non-terraced sites showing extreme SWR values while at the terraced sites highly variable values were found. In addition, the median SWR increase with time elapsed since terrace construction, i.e. from very wettable immediately and 5 years after terracing, and increase to strong and moderate water repellent at 10 and 17 years following terracing. The infiltration variables were observed inversely correlated with SWR following terrace construction and were watched to decrease with time-since-terracing. The litter and the Oh humified layer were found positively correlated to the SWR as well as the stone and bulk density variables, while the percentage of organic matter and the soil moisture content in the soil were poorly correlated.

Designing Soil and Water Conservation Practices in the Tinalah Sub-watershed

The Tinalah sub-watershed has been degraded as a result of community activities that do not adhere to conservation principles. The goal of this research was to identify the different types of soil and water conservation techniques used by the community in the Tinalah sub-watershed, as well as to design soil and water conservation activities for watershed conservation in the Tinalah sub-watershed, Kulon Progo. Data was gathered through interviews and observation. The SWOT model was used to analyze the data. According to the findings, the majority of soil and water conservation techniques used on upstream land were mechanical, with nearly 66.66% being mechanical and 33.33% being a combination of vegetative and mechanical. In the middle watershed area, nearly one hundred percent is a combination of mechanical and vegetative, whereas the majority in the downstream area is mechanical (75%). According to the SWOT analysis, the activities in the context of implementing the conservation technique are as follows: a. providing assistance to members of farmer groups so that they can support agricultural activities carried out, b. holding regular meetings between members of farmer groups to maintain a sense of cooperation, and c. developing a plan for soil and water conservation activities to protect the Tinalah sub-watershed ecosystem.

Long-Term Impact of Soil and Water Conservation Measures on Soil Erosion in a Tunisian Semi-Arid Watershed

Understanding and long-term assessment of the efficacy of soil and water conservation (SWC) techniques is essential for sustainable watershed management. There have been few studies measuring the long-term impact of SWC on soil erosion at the catchment scale due to a lack of historical data. This research aims to measure and analyze the impact of SWC interventions on sediment yield using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in the Wadi Rmel watershed between 2000 and 2020. The study approach has simultaneously three main aspects: (i) long-term and temporally dynamic, (ii) large-scale landscape distribution, and (iii) empirical evidence of impacts induced by terracing measures. Historical data on SWC in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 were used for running the model. The monthly calibration (2001–2014) using the SUFI2 algorithm was implemented with 22 input parameters and displayed a good model performance, with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) of 0.61 for daily runoff and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.66. A satisfactory result was obtained for the monthly validation process (2015–2020) with NSE value equal to 0.83 and R2 value of 0.85. The result showed the increase in terracing areas led to a cumulative decrease in watershed sediment yield in long-term, i.e., the reduced erosion per one hectare of the expanded terracing area after 10–20 years were about 9–33 times higher than those in the first 5 years. This finding suggests that maximal benefits of SWC should be expected in the long-term, i.e., beyond a decade. Additionally, the study revealed variations in sediment yield contribution among sub-basins, with the southwestern region being the degradation hotspot areas (having erosion exceeding tolerable thresholds) needing prioritization for erosion controls. These findings enable stakeholders to plan effective management in semi-arid wheat-based agricultural areas with scarce data.

Effects of soil and water conservation practices and landscape position on soil physicochemical properties in Anuwa watershed, Southern Ethiopia

Ethiopia's main environmental problem has been soil erosion. To control and reverse the problem, soil and water conservation (SWC) techniques have been deployed over the past two to three decades. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of implemented soil and water conservation measures on soil physicochemical properties in the Anuwa watershed, southern Ethiopia, under various conservation structures (Soil bund, Fanya Juu, Stone bund and Micro Basin) and topographic positions (upper, middle and lower) of conserved plots. The soil samples were collected from 45 locations to analyze topsoil texture, bulk density (ρd), pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), CEC, exchangeable Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. All soil samples were analyzed using standard and recommended methods. Using the SPSS computer program 21, the effect of independent variables (SWC practices and landscape position) on the dependent variables (soil properties) was statistically tested. The significance test was performed using two-way ANOVA. The findings indicated that the SWC measure significantly decreases the percent values of sandy soil texture, while it increased the mean values of organic carbon, available phosphorus, exchangeable Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and CEC (P < 0.05). The sand content, the bulk density, the SOC, and the total nitrogen showed statistically significant variations between the conserved and non-conserved upper topography (P < 0.05). The effects of conservation measures were significant in almost all soil physicochemical properties at P < 0.01 except for the silt content, bulk density, and Ca2+ in the lower topography. The study findings revealed that Fanya Juu SWC measures are by far the most efficient, and recommended method to minimizing soil erosion, and improving selected soil physical and chemical quality in the Anuwa watershed. Local governments and other stakeholders should work cooperatively to strengthen and sustain the implementation process.

Palcayaco watershed management through environmental zoning in Huancavelica, Peru

The technical and integrated participation of the population in environmental zoning and soil and water conservation techniques and management is a sustainable alternative for watershed management. The objective of the research was to develop an environmental zoning map for the Palcayaco watershed in Huancavelica, Peru (from its socioeconomic aspects to its technical recommendations). The research work was deductive, where all the necessary data were delimited, described, inventoried, recapitulated and extracted to describe the morphometric parameters, biophysical and socioeconomic situation, environmental zoning and techniques for soil and water conservation. Results: the watershed was perennial, an average slope of 29.65%, a time of concentration of 180.6 min and a balanced hypsometric curve type (B). It also had low population density, unpaved roads, scarce basic services, and poor education and health services infrastructure. The watershed presented different ecoregions, life zones, climatic classification and altitudinal sector, current land use for agricultural, livestock and silvopastoral production, steep type, forest pasture use and protection capacity. The conflict area was in good use, and economic-ecological zoning was in protection, conservation, recovery, water, productive, and urban-industrial. The environmental zoning designed for the Palcayaco watershed preserved the most important natural resources for rural communities, improving their biophysical and socioeconomic status. Through soil and water conservation techniques and management, it will prevent the degradation of the watershed for a better and sustainable future.

Analysis of Community Adaptation Strategies Factors for Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction in the Upper Merawu Watershed

The Merawu Watershed is one of the critical watersheds in Indonesia. This watershed is located in Banjarnegara Regency which has an altitude of 1000 meters above sea level with high rainfall intensity. The type of soil in Banjarnegara Regency is mostly ultisol and inceptisol soil, making the area vulnerable to landslides. Under these conditions, intensive agriculture is mostly carried out by the surrounding community, with the main commodity being planted is potatoes. Planting without paying attention to soil and water conservation techniques on steep land and spraying pesticides with high intensity can trigger erosion, landslides, and environmental pollution. The hamlets of Tamansari and Penanggungan are prone to erosion, landslides, and environmental pollution due to intensive agriculture. But, the adaptation strategy adopted by the community is still lacking. Therefore, it is necessary to research the factors that influence community adaptation strategies in ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction. This study aims to identify the factors that influence the adaptation strategy. The method used in this research is the logit model method. The respondents used in this study were 30 from the Tamansari Hamlet and the Penanggungan Hamlet. The results showed that the adaptation strategies factors for erosion are land area and household income, while landslides are assets and location. There are no variables that have a significant effect on the community's adaptation strategy to environmental pollution.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat melalui Teknik Konservasi Tanah dan Air dalam Upaya Mitigasi Dampak Perubahan Iklim

Land use regulation and soil and water conservation techniques need to be intensified to minimize the impact of climate change, especially in controlling floods, erosion and landslides. The purpose of this service is to provide education to the public in efforts to mitigate the impact of climate change through environmentally friendly soil and water conservation technology. The method used in this service is a participatory educational and training method or educational and participatory approach with extension activities, training and technical guidance. The results of the service implementation have been carried out, namely: preparation, introduction of activities, implementation of counseling/training on the material: a) The benefits of increasing land productivity through soil and water conservation techniques and b) Introduction and several soil and water conservation techniques, namely vegetative techniques and terrace construction. the contours of the A frame model, in addition, an evaluation is carried out. Service activities provide benefits in increasing land productivity and assisting in planting arrangements according to contour lines and as a basis for making terraces.

Traditional Rain Water Harvesting in the State of Rajasthan

Water has been harvested in Rajasthan since antiquity, by our ancestors perfecting the art of water management. Many water harvesting structures and water conveyance systems, specific to the eco-regions and culture have been developed. Water conservation is a practice needed for daily uses of man, animals, vegetation and agriculture. In Rajasthan, various techniques are used to save water, which are practical and nature friendly. Even from before the age of Kalibangan civilization, till today many practices are seen in different parts of Rajasthan. There are many traditional practices used for conserving rain water; e.g. forts surrounded by water canals for protection from enemies (ikjs[k nqxZ). The civilians of state continue to build structures to collect and store the monsoon rain. Some unique water conservation techniques are still practiced in state and are efficient. These are sometimes better than the present-day water-saving techniques. The paper summarizes the transformation over the years in the construction and advancements of water conservation practices in Rajasthan. In dry regions, these practices have helped people survive tough times. Traditional methods may have a few challenges to overcome, but they have proven to be sustainable over a long period of time. In order to fight environmental degradation of the present and future, it is important to develop holistic and sustainable strategies, especially in vulnerable regions.