Water Conservation Area Research Articles

Ecological Construction Mode of Soil and Water Conservation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is an important ecological barrier and an important area of water conservation in China. Due to natural and man-made factors, the regional urbanization process is accompanied by soil erosion. In recent years, by actively implementing measures such as tree planting and afforestation, water and soil conservation projects, the forest coverage rate in the Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir area has increased significantly, and soil erosion has been initially controlled. But the task of environmental protection in the Three Gorges Reservoir area is still arduous. This research analyzed the causes of soil erosion caused by the urban process, by collected and combed the data of soil erosion in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of Chongqing over the years. The causes of soil erosion in the Three Gorges Reservoir area caused by the urbanization process were deeply analyzed, we proposed to improve legislation and supervision; strengthen publicity and education of soil and water conservation; adopt new technology and technology and other governance countermeasures. The Three Gorges Reservoir is an important ecological barrier in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The control of soil erosion in the area has important ecological and social benefits for protecting the ecological environment of the Yangtze River Basin in China.

The Detecting of Irrigated Croplands Changes in 1987–2015 in Zhangjiakou

The distribution of irrigated and rained croplands has a large impact on agricultural production and ecological systems. Zhangjiakou, which is the water conservation area of Jing-jin-ji agglomeration and the host city for the 2022 Winter Olympic Games, has large irrigated croplands and a fragile ecological environment. The methods of sample selection based on spectral analysis and partitioned extraction of irrigated croplands were proposed with medium-high-resolution images, then the spatiotemporal changes of irrigated and rainfed croplands were explored in Zhangjiakou. The growing season time series curves of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI) based on Landsat images were employed to distinguish irrigated and rainfed croplands in 1987, 2000, and 2015. Through transfer matrix analysis of the three stages of classification results, it was found that the irrigated croplands of Bashang, a semi-arid region, increased sharply (66025 hectares, 7.55%), while the irrigated croplands of Baxia, a mountainous region with small basins and plains, decreased slightly (-8239 hectares, -0.60%). From the perspective of temporal changes, irrigated croplands grew rapidly in the early stage and slowly decline in the later stage, peaking at 377,117 hectares in 2000. According to the analysis, the decline of irrigated croplands was due to a project employed to quit irrigation and return to drought, and further analyses should be conducted in order to realize the rational utilization of water resources and guarantee ecological security. This paper is helpful in supporting extraction methods of irrigated croplands for semi-dry and arid areas, especially when historical samples are lacking. It is also helpful for policy adjustments of agricultural structure of Zhangjiakou and other similar areas.

北京市生态涵养区生态资产时空格局及驱动因素

生态涵养区作为重要的生态屏障和水源保护地，是北京市实现绿色发展和生态保护的重要支撑。基于改进的生态资产估算模型，获得2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年4期北京市生态涵养区生态资产时空分布格局，基于栅格尺度数据进行面板固定效应回归和分位数回归，检验了生态资产时空格局的驱动因素。结果表明：（1）北京市生态涵养区4期生态资产呈先快速增长后缓慢降低的趋势，森林生态系统积累生态资产价值占比长期保持在70%以上，是生态涵养保护的重要支撑，但2015年其占比较2010年下降了3个百分点。（2）气候变化中年均降雨量对生态资产具有显著的促进作用，年均气温的升高对低分位水平下的生态资产具有显著的抑制作用，而对高分位水平的生态资产有正向推动作用；人为干扰度稳定在一定范围内时对生态资产具有显著的正向促进作用；像元单位空间人口的增加对生态资产有阻滞作用；像元单位空间GDP的增加对生态资产有显著的促进作用。（3）陡坡地和斜坡地的生态资产均在每年360亿元以上，远高于其他坡度的生态资产；南坡面积占比最大，其生态资产积累最高，东北坡次之；低山丘陵地带占比高达71.45%，生态资产的年均值远高于其他区域。;As an important ecological barrier and water conservation area for the capital, the ecological conservation area plays a key role for Beijing to achieve green development and ecological protection. In this paper, we used an ecological assets model modified by NPP, precipitation, soil and water conservation data to estimate the ecological assets and analyze the spatio-temporal variations of Beijing's ecological conservation area in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. Panel fixed effect regression and quantile regression based on grid scale data were used to test the driving factors of the spatio-temporal pattern of ecological assets. The results showed that: (1) the four periods of ecological assets in Beijing's ecological conservation area showed a trend of rapid growth and then a slow decline. The growth rate of ecological assets reached 133.81% in 2005, dropped to 44.45% in 2010, and changed to -11.02% in 2015. The value of the forest ecosystem accounted for more than 70% of ecological assets in Beijing's ecological conservation area for a long time, which was important for ecological conservation and protection, but its share in 2015 dropped by 3 percentage points compared with that in 2010. From 2000 to 2015, the value of climate regulation, soil conservation and hydrological regulation functions was always higher than that of other ecosystem services. (2) the annual average precipitation had a vital role in promoting ecological assets. The increase of annual average temperature had a significant inhibitory effect on the ecological assets at 10% and 25% quantile levels, while a positive role in promoting the ecological assets at 75% and 90% quantile levels. When the degree of hemeroby was stable within a certain range, it had a significantly positive effect on ecological assets. The increase of population per unit of pixel space had a blocking effect on ecological assets, while the increase of GDP per unit of pixel space had the opposite effect on ecological assets. (3) In terms of the influence of topographic factors on ecological assets, the ecological assets of steep slopes and slopes were above 36 billion yuan per year, which were much higher than those of other slopes. The area of the southern slope was the largest, and its annual ecological assets accumulation was the highest, reaching 18.34 billion yuan, followed by the northeast slope, with an annual ecological value of 14.95 billion yuan. Moreover, the low mountain and hilly areas accounted for up to 71.45%, the annual average value of ecological assets was much higher than other regions.

Monitoring and Landscape Dynamic Analysis of Alpine Wetland Area Based on Multiple Algorithms: A Case Study of Zoige Plateau.

As an important part of the wetland ecosystem, alpine wetland is not only one of the most important ecological water conservation areas in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau region, but is also an effective regulator of the local climate. In this study, using three machine learning algorithms to extract wetland, we employ the landscape ecological index to quantitatively analyze the evolution of landscape patterns and grey correlation to analyze the driving factors of Zoige wetland landscape pattern change from 1995 to 2020. The following results were obtained. (1) The random forest algorithm (RF) performs best when dealing with high-dimensional data, and the accuracy of the decision tree algorithm (DT) is better. The performance of the RF and DT is better than that of the support vector machine algorithm. (2) The alpine wetland in the study area was degraded from 1995 to 2015, whereas wetland area began to increase after 2015. (3) The results of landscape analysis show the decrease in wetland area from 1995 to 2005 was mainly due to the fragmentation of larger patches into many small patches and loss of the original small patches, while the 2005 to 2015 decrease was caused by the loss of many middle patches and the decrease in large patches from the edge to the middle. The 2015 to 2020 increase is due to an increase in the number of smaller patches and recovery of original wetland area. (4) The grey correlation degree further shows that precipitation and evaporation are the main factors leading to the change in the landscape pattern of Zoige alpine wetland. The results are of great significance to the long-term monitoring of the Zoige wetland ecosystem.

Spatial-temporal changes and driving forces of aeolian desertification of grassland in the Sanjiangyuan region from 1975 to 2015 based on the analysis of Landsat images.

The Sanjiangyuan region is the source of the Yangtze, Yellow, and Lantsang rivers and is an important water conservation area in China. Due to the high altitude and cold climate in the region, the vegetation ecosystem has become very sensitive to environmental changes. In recent decades, due to the impact of climate change and human activities, the grassland degradation and desertification in this region have become very serious. In order to study the changes in aeolian desertification of grassland (ADG) in Sanjiangyuan, the Landsat images and GIS technology were used to monitor the dynamics of ADG from 1975 to 2015, and the driving factors behind this were analyzed. The results revealed that from 1975 to 2000, the area of ADG increased by 2855.8km2, and the growth rate was 114.23km2a-1. In contrast, the ADG was restored from 2000 to 2015, with a decrease of 1286.54km2 and a rate of 85.77km2a-1. The main reasons for the expansion of ADG in the early stage were the rising temperature, the fluctuation of precipitation and wind speed, and the increase in intensified human activities. The main reasons for the reversal of ADG in the later stage were the warming and humidification of the climate, the reduction in wind speed, and the reduction in human activities and restoration of grassland caused by the ecological protection project.

Kajian Pengembangan Lahan Pertanian Tanaman Pangan Berbasis Komoditas Unggulan di Kabupaten Pinrang, Sulawesi Selatan

Agriculture sector performs prominent role in the economy of Pinrang Regency. As the national food-estate area of South Sulawesi Province, RGDP agriculture sector of the regency increased from 4.72 to 7.94 trillion IDR in 2013-2017. This study aims to analyze food-crop agriculture land development based on primary commodities in Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi. This study was conducted in twelve sub-districts in the regency’s area from September 2018 to June 2019. Application of geospatial technology was expected to present new approach with more accurate and easily updated land development planning in the area. The research data consisted of primary field survey data and secondary data of spatial pattern map of RTRW 2012-2032 from Bappeda and food-crop harvested area and production from BPS Pinrang Regency, characteristics and existing land use map from BBPPSDLP, and forest and water conservation area map from KLHK. Primary commodities was detemined based on Location Quotient and Shift Share Analysis. Potential land arrangement was referred to FAO Land Suitability Evaluation. Land development plan was formulated using selection and screening procedure based on Boolean logic. Five primary commodities was determined with 5,871 Ha potential land suitable for their development out of 7,324 Ha available land that consisted of land uses planned for paddy (3,529 Ha), cassava (1,398 Ha), corn (657 Ha), soybean (187 Ha), and sweet potato (100 Ha). The land development plan for these commodities was categorized into the first (147 Ha) and second (5,724 Ha) priority.

Water Use Efficiency‐Based Multiscale Assessment of Ecohydrological Resilience to Ecosystem Shifts Over the Continent of Africa During 1992–2015

AbstractThe spatial‐temporal representation is a crucial key for understanding at what extent terrestrial ecosystems can maintain their structure and functions and recover from various ecosystem shifts (drought/wet). Hence, it is vital for sustainable ecosystem management, adaptation, and mitigation practices. This study assessed ecohydrological resilience to ecosystem shifts at contrast water‐limited and well‐watered regions at multiple scales (i.e., country scale, basin scale, climate type scale, and land cover scale) over Africa during the period 1992–2015, based on Standard Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (SEDI) and water use efficiency (WUE) at ecosystem scales, which was obtained from satellite‐derived evapotranspiration (ET) and simulated gross primary productivity (GPP) using the Carnegie‐ames‐stanford approaches (CASA) model. SEDI values indicated that 11 years were characterized by dry conditions, while 13 were wetter years during 1992–2015. WUE, ET, and GPP values indicated increased tendencies mostly in central to central west of African continent. The ecohydrological resilience exhibited that about 68.78% of African terrestrial ecosystems were highly, moderately, or slightly resilient, and about 31.22% were not resilient to ecosystem shifts with 11.28% vulnerably exposed to high risk of ecosystem shift and severely nonresilient. The extent areas exposed to severe ecohydrological nonresilience are distributed in Savannas and barelands land cover types, temperate‐dry summer‐hot summer (Csa), climate type, Mediterranean South Coast (B14), African‐North interior (B3), and Red Sea‐Golf of Aden Coast (b5) basins; and the four countries, namely, Egypt, Mauritania, Niger, and Tunisia. These findings may provide insightful scientific information about vulnerable regions for policy making and ecosystem management and increase the necessary awareness for taking reasonable adaptation mechanisms, such as afforesting open lands to increase the area of vegetation cover (i.e., choosing the drought or wet‐tolerant plant species) and water conservation and management measures to ensure the sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems under ecosystem shifts over the African continent.

Spatio-temporal variation of water yield and its response to precipitation and land use change in the Yellow River Basin based on InVEST model

Yellow River Basin is an important water conservation and ecological barrier area, the study of water supply service in which is of great significance to the high-quality development and ecological environment protection. Based on the Invest InVEST model and the method of scenario analysis, we analyzed the temporal and spatial patterns of water yield in the Yellow River Basin in recent 20 years (1995-2015) with land use and cover, meteorological and soil data as inputs. We examined the impacts of precipitation change and land use change on water yield and their impacts on water yield. The results showed that water yield depth had average growth of 24.34 mm from 1995 to 2015. The high water yield area located in the west and southwest, and the low water yield area located in the northwest. The change of deep spatial pattern was not evident. Among the three grade basins in the Yellow River Basin, the river basin above Longyangxia, with the highest water yield of about 11.7 billion m3·a-1, was the main water yield area of the Yellow River Basin. The river basin from Lanzhou to Hekou had the lowest water yield, with a value of 44 million m3·a-1. The average water yield depth of permanent glacier and snow land was the largest in the whole basin. Grassland was the main contributor to the total water yield of the whole basin, providing 62.6% of the total water yield. Land use/cover change had moderate effect on water yield.

Modelling and Dynamic Analysis of Water Resource-Ecology-Economy System in Water Conservation Areas

Modelling and Dynamic Analysis of Water Resource-Ecology-Economy System in Water Conservation Areas

THE ROLE OF COASTAL COMMUNITIES ON CORAL REEF MANAGEMENT IN AREA OF EASTERN COASTAL WATER CONSERVATION WEH ISLAND

The role of coastal communities in the preservation of coral reefs is an important thing to supporting the sustainable management of coastal areas. This article is objected to determine the coastal communities’ role in the management of coral reefs in water conservation areas and the level of knowledge of the coastal communities about the importance of protecting coastal ecosystems. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires, direct interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and the results were elaborated based on descriptive analysis. The results showed that the community had begun to realize how important it is to protect coral reefs for the sustainability of fisheries and other benefits of coral reefs. Healthy reefs provide many benefits to people including improving the economy of the community and increasing tourists. Community awareness is shown by their participation in activities that lead to the conservation and management of coral reefs such as transplantation of coral reefs, beach cleaning, banner making, tree planting and provision of trash bins along the coast. Those who knew the benefits and functions of coral reefs both for increasing fish populations, increasing tourists and improving the economy of the community, as well as other benefits of coral reefs for the coastal areas, was 74.5%. The role of community in the aspects of coastal and marine ecosystems management was high, as many as 72% of the community participate in every coastal and marine ecosystem management activity carried out by the government and local NGOs.

Kincir Air Bambu Ikon Kampung Wisata Edukatif Desa Ciburial


 
 
 Development does not always have a positive impact on the life of an area. The level of development in general is always inversely proportional to sustainability. As evidence of the reduction in open green land because there have been many increases in the number of shopping centers, and hotels which are one of the means of city tourism. Or, long and sustainable impacts such as climate change and air temperatures and the depletion of groundwater supplies which results from the increasing number of residential developments that are part of the economic development of the people of Bandung. North Bandung area which is essentially a water catchment area and conservation area in the city of Bandung was not separated from the impact of the development. The construction of luxury residences, public facilities such as hotels and restaurants and other artificial natural attractions have been built on open green land, conservation areas and water catchment areas. At Kampung Lebaksiuh, Desa Ciburial, Sub-district Cimenyan, Kabupaten Bandung which is in the northern Bandung region, is one of the few indigenous settlements that still maintain the function of conservation and water catchment areas. With the various problems above, this community service activity aims to make a waterwheel as one of the educational tools for visitors, especially children who come to visit the Lebaksiuh Tourism Village, Desa Ciburial, Sub-district Cimenyan, Kabupaten Bandung.
 
 

Katı Atık Yer Seçimi İçin Kars İlinde Bir Uygulama

In order to control environmental pollution caused by solid wastes needs to be stored properly. In this study, SWARA which is a Multi Criteria Decision Making method was used to determine solid waste site selection criteria in Kars Province and criteria weights were determined by SWARA. Also MOORA method was used to select the most suitable solid waste site. As a result of this study, it has been determined that the importance of solid waste landfill site selection criteria are "Natural Life Protection Areas", "Land Costs", "Population Density", "Soil and Geology Structure", "Distance to Urban Areas". On the other hand, it has been determined that the least caretakers are "Slope", "River Network", "Road Network", "Underground Water Conservation Areas", "Historical and Important Cultural Areas". In order of the optimal solid waste location selection, A4 alternative in Kars province has been the optimal solid waste location.

Morphometric study for water resource management using principal component analysis in Dhaka City, Bangladesh: a RS and GIS approach

Water resource management is essential to reduce the water scarcity and to meet demand for the over-growing population in the climate change world. The current study has focused on the water resource management using morphometric parameters (MPs) within the watershed around Dhaka City of Bangladesh. A casting model that includes principal component analysis (PCA), compound parameter (Cp) and priority ranking (Rp) was applied for the study by remote sensing and geographical information system techniques. According to the census of 2011, about 14.1 million population and 33.37 lac household exist in this city. To fulfill water demand, 2.0 Mm3 (78%) groundwater is extracted every day; therefore, groundwater level is declining day by day. To reduce the groundwater dependency, government has declared that the use of surface water will be increased to 70% (now 22%). For the current study, linear, aerial and shape MPs have been used on fourth-order (4 nos.), fifth-order (5 nos.) and sixth-order (2 nos.) watersheds to determine the water resource availability and conservation area. The linear (5 nos.) and areal (5 nos.) morphometric parameters have direct relationship to the soil erosivity and water conversion potentiality: increasing the grade of a parameter increases the potentiality; therefore, the final priority rank (Rp) has been taken 1 for the extreme grade of the parameters, then the next extreme grade has been taken as 2 and so on. The shape (4 nos.) parameters have inverse relationship to the soil erosivity and water conservation potentiality: increasing the grade of the parameters decreases the potentiality; therefore, the final priority rank (Rp) has been taken 1 for the inferior grade of the parameters, then the next inferior grade has been taken as 2 and so on. RL, Re, T and Lo are the effective parameters that have been obtained from PCA, and these parameters later have been applied for compound parameter (Cp) and final priority ranking (Rp) calculation. Final map shows that WS-7 (fifth order) has maximum priority (critical for water resource) and WS-8 (fifth order) has minimum priority (available water resource) for watershed management.

Dynamic Changes of Soil Erosion in the Taohe River Basin Using the RUSLE Model and Google Earth Engine

The Taohe River Basin is the largest tributary and an important water conservation area in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. In order to investigate the status of soil erosion in this region, we conducted a research of soil erosion. In our study, several parameters of the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) model are extracted by using Google Earth Engine. The soil erosion modulus of the Taohe River Basin was calculated based on multi-source data, and the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of the soil erosion intensity were analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) the average soil erosion modulus of the Taohe River Basin in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018 were 1424, 1195, 1129, 1099 and 1124 t·ha−1·year−1, respectively, and the overall downward trend was obvious. (2) The ranges of soil erosion in the Taohe River Basin in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2018 are basically the same—mainly with slight erosion—and the soil erosion in the middle and lower reaches was more serious. (3) When dealing with the vegetation cover factor and conservation practice factor in the RUSLE model, Google Earth Engine provided a new approach for soil erosion investigation and monitoring over a large area.

EFEKTIVITAS LUBANG RESAPAN ORGANOPORI DALAM MENAHAN LAJU EROSI DAN STABILITAS EKOLOGI TANAH PADA ALIRAN DAS CITARUM, DUSUN TUJUH, DESA MULYASEJATI, KABUPATEN KARAWANG, JAWA BARAT

Tujuh Village is geographically intersected with Citarum watersheds and according to the Regional Government of West Java Province (2019); this village is one of the areas prioritized by the government to become a land and water conservation area in the national program of "Citarum Harum". Tujuh Village has the characteristics of an uneven and hilly region with relatively dry mineral soil and limited water availability that will experience drought in a number of places during dry season. The objectives of this community service program are (1) providing knowledge to farmers regarding soil and water conservation techniques using Organopore Infiltration Hole and (2) controlling organic waste from agricultural activities. One of the solutions to overcome the environmental and biophysical problems that occur in Tujuh Village is by making an Organopore Infiltration Hole. The principle of this organopore hole is almost the same as the Biopore Infiltration Hole, which is making a vertical hole with a diameter of 10 cm and a depth of 0-100 cm. The difference is that this organopore hole uses a basket made of wire to collect organic waste that will be made into natural compost within the hole that can improve soil ecological stability. The research was implemented by adopting the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach, which allows sub-district communities to share, improve and analyze their knowledge regarding village conditions and life, as well as plan and perform concrete actions.

Tradeoffs and synergies of ecosystem services in western mountainous China: A case study of the Bailongjiang watershed in Gansu, China

The Bailongjiang watershed of Gansu is an important water conservation and ecological barrier area in the upper reaches of Yangtze River. It is necessary to reveal the tradeoffs and synergies of ecosystem services (ESs) for the "win-win" of watershed ecological system and social eco-nomy development. Based on the InVEST model, four typical ESs including soil conservation (SC), water conservation (WC), food supply (FS), and habitat quality (HQ) were assessed, and the multi-scale tradeoffs and synergies of ESs and its drivers were analyzed by correlation and root mean square deviation (RMSD). The results showed that there were significant synergies among SC, WC, and HQ, and a significant tradeoff between FS and HQ, SC, WC, respectively. The areas with high tradeoff intensity between the three pairs of synergistic services (SC-WC, SC-HQ, WC-HQ), and between FS and HQ were mainly concentrated in the steep forest area of middle-high mountain in Wenxian, Diebu and Zhouqu. The high intensity of tradeoffs between FS-SC, FS-WC were mainly concentrated in the gentle apricus farming and pastoral areas of middle-low mountain in Tanchang and Wudu. The spatial variation of land use/cover caused by human activities was an important factor affecting the degree of ES tradeoffs and its scale effect.

Changes of growing season NDVI at different elevations, slopes, slope aspects and its relationship with meteorological factors in the southern slope of the Qilian Mountains, China from 1998 to 2017

Qilian Mountains is an important water conservation area in Northwest China, which is the boundary between the first and second steps of China's topography and is sensitive to climate change. Based on the data of temperature, precipitation, normal difference vegetation index (NDVI), and digital elevation model (DEM) data, we analyzed NDVI change and its relationship with temperature and precipitation along the elevation, slope and slope aspect in the southern slope of Qilian Mountains using tendency analysis method, wavelet analysis and correlation analysis. The results showed that, from 1998 to 2017, NDVI value of the growing season presented increasing trend by a rate of 0.023·10 a-1. Changes of NDVI differed at different elevations, slopes and slope aspects. NDVI increased first and then decreased with elevation. The vegetation coverage at 2700-3700 m was good, and degraded in the area of >4700 m. NDVI reduced with the increases of slope, which showed little difference in different slope aspects but was better in sunny slope than in shade slope. NDVI of the growing season was closely related with temperature and precipitation. NDVI, temperature and precipitation in growing season all had a 14-year cycle. Vegetation at different elevations, slopes and slope aspects was differently affected by temperature and precipitation. Vegetation in areas with altitude <3700 m, >4700 m, slope <25° and each slope direction was more sensitive to precipitation.

Pengelolaan berbasis Masyarakat Sasi Laut Folley dan Dinamika Pengelolaan Berbasis Masyarakat

Abstrak: Indonesia semakin mengalami penurunan kuantitas dan kualitas sumber daya alam. Penyebab utama dikarenakan pemanfaatan berlebih dan merusak tanpa tanggung jawab dari beberapa pihak. Berbagai langkah mitigasi yang ditempuh cenderung menguntungkan satu pihak. Diperlukan model pengelolaan yang tepat dan bermanfaat bagi semua pihak. Pengelolaan berbasis masyarakat (PBM) seperti pengelolaan Sasi Laut di Kampung Folley, Papua Barat merupakan salah satu model yang dinilai tepat dilakukan. Sasi sebagai tradisi, diduga mengalami banyak perubahan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis dinamika pengelolaan Sasi Laut Kampung Folley dan dampaknya terhadap penguatan pengelolaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terjadi dinamika pengelolaan yang setidaknya melibatkan lima momentum perubahan, yaitu masa pembentukan kampung, intervensi peran agama, introduksi teknologi, keterlibatan pihak eksternal dan penetapan regulasi Kawasan Konservasi Perairan. Unsur pengelolaan yang berubah yaitu batas wilayah, peraturan, pemegang otoritas, hak, sanksi, dan monitoring yang disebabkan faktor internal dan eksternal. Dinamika pengelolaan yang terjadi mengarah pada penguatan pengelolaan Sasi Laut.

Spatiotemporal evolution of water use efficiency in water conservation areas in the upper reaches of the Yellow River: A case study of the Lanzhou-Xining urban agglomeration

The ecological protection and high quality development of the Yellow River Basin has become a major national strategy in China. Studying the water use efficiency of important water source conservation areas in the upper reaches of the Yellow River is for promoting the allocation of water resources and regional green development. This paper takes 39 county units as the research object, based on the DEA (SE-SBM) model. Introducing the Human Green Development Index (HGDI) was applied to measure its water use efficiency and analyze its spatial pattern.

Phosphorous removal improvements and cost reductions leveraging cationic polymers and anionic polyacrylamides in Chemically Enhanced Treatment Wetland (CETW) systems

Many wetland systems worldwide struggle with high nutrient influx from urban and agricultural inputs that often disturbs ecosystem balance. In the Florida Everglades, concentrations above 15 μg P L−1 have been shown to affect ecosystem balance and have long term effects on downstream periphyton, detritus, soil and macrophyte. Current Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) have been shown to effectively lower P levels on average to 41 μg P L−1 (SD of 31 μg P L−1). These levels, released into downstream Water Conservation Areas, exceed a long-term goal of 10 μg L−1 total P targeted for STA outflow concentrations. Here, we look at enhancing P removal through chemical addition to treatment wetland systems through a series of in-situ mesocosm studies informed through laboratory jar tests. In-situ mesocosm results showed Fe and Al metal-based coagulants lowered filtered total phosphorus (FTP) levels but they did not create settleable flocs, thus resulting in no change or even higher unfiltered total phosphorus (UTP) levels when compared to non-dosed control mesocosms. Proprietary cationic polymer blends and anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) added post coagulant dosing were tested to enhance P-removal performance. Cationic polymer addition significantly lowered FTP when combined with Al-based coagulants, suggesting enhanced charge neutralization, and improved UTP removal when combined with Fe-based coagulants, signifying improved bridging or electrostatic patch formation to create larger/denser floc. The addition of PAM after coagulant dosing generally did not improve FTP removal but did improve UTP removal when dosed at levels >0.5 mg L−1. For Fe-based systems, doubling PAM dosage (from 0.5 to 1.0 mg L−1) was slightly more beneficial for UTP removal than doubling coagulant blend dosage. For Al-based systems, doubling coagulant blend dosage was slightly more effective for UTP removal than doubling PAM dosage, but the difference was not significant. The chemical cost savings from utilizing PAMS were large: doubling coagulant blend dose increased chemical costs by $28,000–$100,000 per 1B L of water treated depending upon blend, while doubling PAM dose marginally increased chemical costs by $1700. Wetlands enhanced with chemical addition achieved levels as low as 20–25 μg L−1 UTP and <10 μg L−1 FTP under field conditions. These were lower than average achievable levels by non-dosed mesocosms (84 μg L−1 UTP and 43 μg L−1 FTP). While the goal of 10 μg L−1 total P was not met by these chemically enhanced treatment wetland (CETW) systems, strategic placement to treat water prior to entrance into STAs can potentially help STAs meet this criterion by extending the STAs' effectiveness and lifespan. More importantly, these systems can help mitigate downstream ecosystem imbalance and combat the formation and migration of a moving P front.