Water-bearing Horizons Research Articles

Main Characteristics of the Geological Structure of the Evaporite Formation of the Amu Darya Syneclise

The geological structure of the evaporite formation in the Amu Darya syneclise is a complex system that provides valuable insights into the region's geological history and economic potential. The study aims to analyse the main characteristics of the geological structure of the evaporite formation in the Amu Darya syneclise to expand knowledge of the geological and environmental history of the region and to identify the potential of these deposits for various applications. The methods used for this study included geological mapping, mineralogical analysis, stratigraphic analysis and geochemical research. The study identifies three distinct water-bearing horizons within the evaporite complex: Sharaplinsky, Yolotan, and Sakar. These horizons exhibit varying characteristics in terms of composition, water content, and distribution across the basin. Geomorphological manifestations, such as salt lakes and salt marshes, play a crucial role in understanding the ecological and geological history of the region. The evaporite formation holds substantial economic importance, hosting valuable resources including salts, oil, and gas. This geological structure supports regional industrial development, job creation, and overall economic growth. The study also highlights the need for further research into the geology and geomorphology of the Amu Darya syneclise to better understand the formation and dynamics of evaporite deposits and their role in the region’s current environmental and economic sectors. The study emphasizes the need for efficient technologies and methods for resource extraction and management to ensure sustainable development and minimize environmental impact. The research provides crucial data for optimizing mineral extraction strategies and developing effective natural resource management approaches. It underscores the importance of understanding the geological structure for sustainable ecological and economic development in the region. The practical significance of this study is a basis for developing more effective natural resource management strategies based on an understanding of the geological processes of evaporite sedimentation in the Amu Darya syneclise, which is key to the sustainable development of the region’s ecological and economic systems.

ASSESSMENT OF THE HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE KARABAGH-MIL PLAIN

Mil-Karabagh plain, the studied territory, located to the north-east from the piedmont of the Lesser Caucasus. The main irrigation canals of the region, including the bed of the Yukhari-Karabagh canal, have high water permeability, as they are built from local soils. This ensures that surface and underground waters interact, feeding each other along the flow. The amount of precipitation in different parts of the Karabagh plain was 370-453 mm, and they fall unevenly in different seasons. Thus, the maximum amount of precipitation is observed in autumn and spring, and the minimum amount of precipitation is observed in winter and summer. There are 6 aquifers (water-bearing horizons) in the upper part of the Mil plain: 1 underground, 5 confined aquifers. The underground and three confined aquifers are associated with the Quaternary period, the fourth aquifer is associated with the Absheron, and the fifth with Aghjagil stages sedimentary rocks. The variability of the level mode is fully studied here. Sources of formation of underground water resources and methods of their effective use have been identified to a sufficient level. The horizon of underground waters and water strikes form a single water horizon in the elevated parts of river tributaries. The water deposits mentioned here are composed of boulder-gravel-pebble stones according to their lithological composition, clay and clayey deposits are rare. These deposits are found at depths of up to 110 m and more. The degree of natural drainage of the territory is one of the main factors influencing soil reclamation, depending on the geological structure, geomorphological conditions and features of the relief. The Karabagh irrigation massif is served by the Mil-Karabagh reservoir. Which discharges drainage water with an average mineralization of 12.7 g/l to 200 million m3 per year. Occurrence depth of the groundwater within the territory of the Karabagh irrigation massif 0-10 m and deeper from surface. There is a tendency to decrease the depth of groundwater in the area from the south-west to the north-east, i.e. from the piedmont to the Kura river. Keywords: underground water, rural economy, drainage, water strikes, hydrogeological basin.

Geophysical Based Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping: Perspectives and Inferences from Lisana Area along the Guder River, Western Margin of the Central Main Ethiopian Rift

Vertical electrical soundings and magnetic data were used to map the groundwater aquifer system in the Lisana area along the Guder River, northeast of Hosanna town, near the western margin of the Central Main Ethiopian Rift. The surveys were used to map a potential aquifer zone and investigate the groundwater potential for the current and future development of the resource in the Lisana area. The VES data were used to map the depth of a potential aquifer zone and its distribution over the area. The magnetic survey was used to delineate contacts between lithologic units and geological structures. Two-dimensional magnetic forward modeling and one-dimensional electrical modeling were used to identify fractures and lithological units containing potential groundwater. The magnetic and electrical resistivity modeling indicated that a potential aquifer occurs at a depth range from 115m to 142m. The potential aquifer occurs within weathered and fractured ignimbrite and a pumice layer containing sandy soil. This latter lithological unit is the main water-bearing horizon.

СТАБИЛЬНЫЕ ИЗОТОПЫ O, H, C В ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ВОДАХ НЕФТЕГАЗОНОСНЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ СЕВЕРНЫХ РАЙОНОВ ЗАПАДНО-СИБИРСКОГО ОСАДОЧНОГО БАССЕЙНА

The water isotopic composition of petroleum deposits of the Arctic sector of West Siberia was first studied in the paper. The obtained values of isotopic oxygen shifts relative to the global meteor water line (GMWL) from 2 to 9‰ indicate the ancient sedimentation origin of most samples. The primary enrichment of waters with the heavy isotope 18O due to evaporation in warm climatic conditions was subsequently further enhanced by their isotopic exchange with oxygen-containing rocks. The migration hypothesis of light isotopes of water into the overlying water-bearing horizons during the formation of condensatogenic waters is proposed, the influence of moisture burial duration on its isotopic composition is shown. The isotopic concentration characteristic of DIC is very broad and covers the range of δ13C values (from –51.8 to +21.8 ‰) and the carbon dioxide content in waters (from 0.17 to 38.6 mmol/dm3). The content of DIC in waters is primarily associated with the availability of carbon-containing substance to waters and bacteria directly involved in its processing. The isotopic composition of DIC varies non-linearly and indicates a variety of competing processes of formation and isotopic exchange of carbon dioxide with the environment. The pattern suggesting the homogenization of isotopic composition of carbon dioxide in ground waters to values close to the average values of air CO2, taking into account the fractionation coefficients is found. The revealed effect may indicate the closure of carbon cycle in the “air CO2 – organic matter – DIC” system.

INFLUENCE GROUNDWATER PRODUCTION AND EXPLOITATION ON ECOSYSTEM CHANGING IN AZERBAIJAN

The Azerbaijan Republic is located in the arid climatic zone and due to this feels deficit of general water balance. The production and utilization of the groundwater caused negative consequences that affected on natural conditions of different regions. For example, in Qanikh-Ayrichay fields we can notice abnormally high hydraulic interrelation between ground and surface waters, and underground component of the river drain in the natural conditions forms approximately 55-65%. When infringing given conditions by production the groundwater the decrease of their average level forms approximately 50-60 meters. The appeared depression funnels cause tightening of the additional volume of river run-off to the groundwater intake wells, that is damage river run-off. Given volume of the river run-off must not be calculated twice when assessing the common water balance of the region. And another fact, the decrease of the groundwater level in a part of Gusar region has created some ecological problems. In the region of development of the relict forests the dynamic levels of the groundwater decreased on 25-30 meters. This affected root-inhabitable stratum and as a result led to abrupt aggravation of the ecological situation of the regions. It was required to optimize the production of the groundwater. Opposite situation is observed in the Absheron Peninsula where there are almost no fresh water resources. The water demands are met by surface water resources of Samur river and groundwater transfer from Guba-Gusar region of the Republic (more than 200 km from the demand areas). These sources are augmented with water from Kura river in the Ali-Bayramli region (more than 180 km from the demand area), at rates of up to 30 m'/sec. Due to the specific hydrogeological conditions, absence of sewerage system and etc., it leads to land subsidence, landslide processes, flooding, and other environmental and social phenomena and abrupt aggravation of the geoecological situation of the peninsula, in the whole. As it has already been mentioned a big part of groundwater in Azerbaijan is utilized for irrigation of agricultural crop. Mostly we notice fresh (up to1.0 g/l) or weakly saltish (up to 3.0 g/l) hydrocarbonate-sulphate and sulphate - hydrocarbonate waters with different cationic composition. The combination of cations form irrigation factors of the groundwater and as a result forms opportunity to utilize it for irrigation of concrete soils. Incorrect calculation of given qualitative parameters in the "water-rock" system has led to salinization of the soils of irrigated areas of Mil and Mugan-Salyan plains and accordingly led them to exit from the crop rotation. At present time, melioration of these areas is realizing. Thus, we can certify that production and utilization of the groundwater is essential anthropogenic factor, which influence on geoeco-logical situation of the republic. This factor must be taken into account when forecasting water-related activities in the whole and concerning exploitation of the groundwater, in particular. Keywords: water-bearing horizons, aquifer, water-saturated series, water-economy balance, gravel-pebble sedimentation, depression funnel, Mil and Mugan-Salyan plains, exploitative reserves.

Integrated Hydrogeological Approach for an Aquifer System and Groundwater Flow, Nukhaib-Km160 Area, Western Iraq

The hydraulic characteristics and the hydrogeological conditions of the hydrogeological system at Nukhaib-Km160 were studied within the water-bearing horizons, highlighting the flow system and its effects on the groundwater velocities and its balance (hydraulic gradients and permeability) taking into account the regional situations of structural. Several hydrogeological areas have been selected for future exploitation and development. 3D models and maps of spatial distribution are utilized for interpretation, it is supported by points of hydrogeological controls such as transmissivity and storage coefficients, depth of groundwater, lateral extensions, aquifers thickness, specific capacity, and well productivity. Prediction applications on specific capacities and transmissivity of aquifer and Kimball’s statistical method were used to calculate the ratio of groundwater mixing and recharge from aquifers of Umm Er Dhuma and/or Tayarat Fn. to production wells. The hydrogeological system of the Nukhaib- Km160 region has been categorized into eight major aquifers which include the Mulussa, Mulussa-Ubaid, Muhaywir-Ubaid, Hartha, Muhaywir-Najma, Umm Er Dhuma, Tayarat, and Tayarat- Umm Er Dhuma aquifers. Changes in hydraulic parameters for all aquifers have been examined in order to determine the spatial-hydrologic facts of aquifers, where the traditional TDS distribution, in addition to the hydraulic interpretation, shows the same phenomenon of interconnection and the source of groundwater. According to facts of the hydrogeological, the aquifers of Umm Er Dhuma and Tayrat are important and preferred for the plan of the future of water supply in the Western Desert of Iraq, especially for the increased demand for water resources and the sustainability of the assessment.

ECOLOGICAL-HYDRO-GEOMECHANICAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE FILTRATION STRUCTURE REFORMING IN THE ROCK MASSIF OF THE WESTERN DONBAS

A study was carried out to assess the ecological-hydro-geomechanical consequences of the filtration structure reformation of the rock massif during underground coal mining, using as an example the territories of Western and Central Donbas regions. A complex of problems of the geological environment transformation during mining has been determined. They are associated with: compaction of sedimentary deposits caused by groundwater pumping out; effect of unauthorized formation of suffusion channels system with a different order and differentiated permeability that occurred in the space above the mine workings, which complicates the filtration conditions of the coal-bearing massif natural structure; increase in rock mass fracturing under the influence of horizontal alternating deformations with multiple stage-by-stage substitution of compression zones with extension zones and vice versa (in the process of mining) and generating a quasi-regular network of vertically oriented man-made reservoirs. It has been established that as a result of the groundwater intensive exploitation in the course of mine drainage and water intake activities, both single depression surfaces as well as local depression craters and water rise in various water-bearing horizons were formed. Their general changes and sizes have practically not changed in recent years, which indicates a quasi-stationary regime of groundwater and that water intake in a large area is practically compensated by natural resources. It has been reported that during the long-term period of the depression funnel formation, the groundwater contour was pulled up from the north (the area of the Orel River). Thus, in the conditions of coal mining in the mines of Western Donbass, the river does not receive feeding from the catchment area and becomes shallow. On the other hand, the "wet conservation" of mines will further reduce the revenue side of the river's water balance, since most of the water will be used for flooding. Problems with shallowing are not only experienced by Orel River but also by Samara River. In the zone of local depression fall villages Braginovka and Petropavlovka, and Shevchenko farm. It is concluded that there is a need for comprehensive monitoring of geomechanical, hydrogeological, geochemical and environmental processes both at the completion of the coal mines development and during the mine workings flooding. Such monitoring will make it possible to assess in a timely manner the nature and scale of changes of the geofiltrational and geomechanical characteristics in the rock mass, disturbed by operational work for a long time. 

Technological Capabilities of Well Cementing

Abstract Cementing of casing string is a final operation before the next stage of well construction; it provides maximum operational life of the well. Cementing of casing string is carried out with the use of technology, based on squeezing of the whole volume of drilling mud by special grouting composition. The main purposes of cementing include isolation of water-bearing horizon, strengthening of borehole walls in unconsolidated and unstable rocks. Well cementing process is divided into five subsequent operations. Firstly, grouting mixture is prepared in concrete mixers (cementing units) with necessary water-to-cement ratio and additives. Secondly, prepared grouting solution is injected in a well. Thirdly, the solution is squeezed into the space between the casing pipes and wellbore walls. Then it is necessary to wait until the cement sheath is hardened. And at last, quality control is carried out. For convenient transportation, the equipment for well cementing is installed on the truck chassis (KAMAZ, URAL and etc.). All components are poured in concrete mixer, then the water is added and everything is being mixed until formation of uniform mass, which is later pumped in a well. Oil and Gas Industry Safety Regulations say that «calculated endurance of casing string cementing should not exceed 75% of time of cement thickening, established by laboratory tests». Therefore, it is necessary to carry out all operations of injection of fluids into the well as soon as possible without any incompliances of the cementing technology. With cementing material used and its water-to-cement ratio of 0.5, the average time of cement thickening is 120 minutes, according to laboratory tests. Therefore, a set of operations of injection of fluids should not exceed 90 minutes.

Prospects of Using Hydrocarbon Deposits from the Autochthonous Miocene Formation (Eastern Carpathian Foredeep, Poland) for Geothermal Purposes

There are many oil and gas fields around the world where the vast number of wells have been abandoned or suspended, mainly due to the depletion of reserves. Those abandoned oil and gas wells (AOGWs) are often located in areas with a prospective geothermal potential and might be retrofitted to a geothermal system without high-cost drilling. In Poland, there are thousands of wells, either operating, abandoned or negative, that might be used for different geothermal applications. Thus, the aim of this paper is not only to review geothermal and petroleum facts about the Eastern Carpathian Foredeep, but also to find out the areas, geological structures or just AOGWs, which are the most prospective in case of geothermal utilization. Due to the inseparability of geological settings with both oil and gas, as well as geothermal conditionings, firstly, the geological background of the analyzed region was performed, considering mainly the autochthonous Miocene formation. Then, geothermal and petroleum detailed characteristics were made. In the case of geothermal parameters, such as formation’s thickness, temperatures, water-bearing horizons, wells’ capacities, mineralization and others were extensively examined. Considering oil and gas settings, insights into reservoir rocks, hydrocarbon traps and migration paths issues were created. Then, for evaluating geothermal parameters for specific hydrocarbon reservoirs, their depths were established based on publicly available wells data. Thereafter, the average temperatures for selected reservoirs were set. As the effect, it turned out that most of the deposits have average temperatures of 40/50 °C, nonetheless, there are a few characterized by higher (even around 80 °C) temperatures at reasonable depths.

Development of viscoelastic systems and technologies for isolating water-bearing horizons with abnormal formation pressures during oil and gas wells drilling

Article provides a brief overview of the complications arising during the construction of oil and gas wells in conditions of abnormally high and abnormally low formation pressures. Technological properties of the solutions used to eliminate emergency situations when drilling wells in the intervals of catastrophic absorption and influx of formation fluid have been investigated. A technology for isolating water influx in intervals of excess formation pressure has been developed. The technology is based on the use of a special device that provides control of the hydrodynamic pressure in the annular space of the well. An experiment was carried out to determine the injection time of a viscoelastic system depending on its rheology, rock properties and technological parameters of the isolation process. A mathematical model based on the use of a special device is presented. The model allows determining the penetration depth of a viscoelastic system to block water-bearing horizons to prevent interformation crossflows and water breakthrough into production wells.

Prevention of Freshwater Breakthrough into Potassium Mines

The exploitation ofpotash salt deposits is associated with a need to protect mines from freshwater breakthroughs. Advanced monitoring tools and calculation methods make it possible to identify areas that can be dangerous due to discontinuities in the waterblocking stratum, separating the water-bearing horizon from the mined-out area. This is the first time that a method for preventing freshwater breakthrough into mine workings has been proposed and it is currently at the design stage. A hazardous area is isolated by constructing bulkheads and the mined-out space is then filled with relatively saturated brines. Since the freshwater density is lower than the density of the brines, even if the continuity of the waterblocking stratum is disrupted, then the freshwater will not flow into the mined-out space and so it will not lead to massive dissolution of the salt rock. At the same time, the brines pumped into the goaf are not completely saturated with NaCl and KCl. They will be saturated already during mine flooding. We estimated the negative consequences associated with the elimination of a dangerous area using integrated filtration-migration and geomechanical numerical modelling. According to the computed results, we localised the zones within which the elimination of a potentially hazardous area causes an increase in the human-induced impact on the waterblocking stratum and imposes the threat of destruction. To minimise the risk of discontinuity of the waterblocking stratum in the submerged western part of the potentially hazardous area, it is recommended that saturated brines are used to fill it. The implementation of these measures will make it possible to reduce the degree of dissolution of the salt rocks in this area and reduce the human-induced impact on the layers of the waterblocking stratum.

CONDITIONS` JUSTIFICATION AND DEFINITION FOR MINERAL WATER OF CALAGARIVKA DEPOSIT (WELL № 78) OF TERNOPILSKA OBLAST

Problem Statement and Purpose. State Institution “Ukrainian Research Institute of Medical Rehabilitation and Resort Therapy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine” carried out full complex of medical and biological researches about the quality and worth assessment of mineral water of well № 78 of Calagarivka village of Ternopilska oblast from 2013 to 2016. There was also determined the opportunity for their practical usage in medical practice for internal use and for industrial packing. Those results were fundamental part for Medical (balneological) report. Nowadays, underground water of well № 78 is used for industrial packing as natural healing and table mineral water. Geological and economical estimation while counting the exploitable volume of the underground water of well № 78 of Calagarivka village of Ternopilska oblast shows a necessity to work out Conditions` certificate.The purpose of this article is to prove Conditions` certificate according to the results of researches while carring out the activities of geological and economical estimation of exploitable volume of mineral water of well № 78 of Calagarivka deposit.Data & Methods. The complex of researches of well № 78 Calagarivka village of Ternopilska oblast contained field and stationary laboratory findings of macro- and micro component water compound and monitoring of organic carbon content.Results. Well № 78 of Calagarivka deposit is situated 1,0km to the northeast from Calagarivka village of Husiatynskyi district of Ternopilska oblast, on the right-bank of valley downhill of river Zbruch. There was disclosed water-bearing horizon in Silurian fissured limestone and dolomite on the depth from 73,8 m to 78,4 m and from 82,2 m to 90,0 m by well that was drilled with the depth of 100,0 m. Underground water of well № 78 of Calagarivka village of Husiatynskyi district of Ternopilska oblast is characterized by high content of organic substances with low mineral concentration, content of hydrocarbonate, calcium-sodium-magnesium, sodium-calcium-magnesium, calcium-magnesium-sodium (or cationic complex compound). It may be determined as neutral, alkalescent and cold. Due to elevated concentrations, water contains organic carbon – from 8,2 mg/l to 14,4 mg/l with balneological standard that is 5,0 mg/l for water with elevated content of organic substances. Analysis of the expected results about determined water salinity fluctuations allowing for prognostic estimation about their quality allows to conclude the № 78 Calagarivka deposit underground mineral water content to be stable at a time.According to the results obtained, there was worked out Conditions` certificate for mineral water of well № 78 of Calagarivka village of Ternopilska oblast.

Methodology of ecological and geological assessment of technogenic oil product deposits (on the example of the territory of the Burnakovsky lowland, Nizhny Novgorod)

The present study is devoted to the assessment of hydrogeological conditions in the field of discharge of the water-bearing horizon. The study is carried out on the territory of the Burnakovo Lowland tank farm, Nizhny Novgorod, and the adjacent areas. These areas are potentially adverse areas with disturbed surface runoff conditions. Within these anthropogenically modified areas of megacities, there is pollution due to additional infiltration nutrition. In this case, it is possible to form a layer of liquid oil products on the surface of the water-bearing horizon and subsequent migration of pollutants within the catchment areas of rivers and water bodies.

Distribution of bacteria of the Klebsiella strain in water objects and their value in developing of the water caused acute intestinal infections

The wide circulation of Klebsiella bacteria in water ofwater objects of different climatic zones of Russia and various function is established. So bacteria of the Klebsiella strain are in superficial sources of the centralized water supply depending on extent of their biological and chemical pollution; underground waters at the unprotected water-bearing horizons; in drinking water at insufficiently effective system of its cleaning and disinfecting. Klebsiella circulating in water was shown to keep properties of pathogenicity and a virulence, possess resistance both to modern preparations and disinfecting agents (chlorine, an ultraviolet to radiation). Bacteria of the Klebsiella strain have high penetration in the water-bearing horizons. At strains of Klebsiella there is allocated considerable pathogenic potential (adhesive, invasive, phosphatase, lecithinase, DNA-ase, hemolytic activity) and genetic markers of pathogenicity of cnf-1. The etiologic role of bacteria of Klebsiella and an infecting (100, COE/dm3) dose emergence of acute intestinal infections (AII) is established. Detection of Klebsiella in water objects and especially in water of drinking appointment, in the absence of total coliform bacteria (TCB) contributes to the epidemic danger of water use.

Modeling Flow States in Water Bodies

The software System for Simulation Modeling of Water Bodies, which was developed at the V. M. Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics of NASU, includes the subsystems for modeling changes in the oxygen mode and pollution transport by watercourses, filtration processes in underground water-bearing horizons, flow states in water reservoirs, and an intelligent method for processing, compressing, and recovering arrays of numeric data with a guaranteed accuracy using the apparatus of the best Chebyshev approximation applied in all the subsystems. Models for some water bodies of Ukraine are created for the first time. The System is extensible, i.e., is open to include new models and objects. The subsystem of modeling water flows in water bodies is described in more detail.

Purification of subsoil water from iron compounds in Zhytomyr region

The most valuable type of water resources are fresh water supply. These resources are, in general, much cleaner than surface water. Its runoff is stable and its quality (excl. infiltration waters) is almost independent from the weather (seasonal) changes. Almost all Ukrainian subsoil water-bearing horizons have a high concentration of iron ions, ranging from 0.5 mg/l to 50 mg/l and more. By analyzing known methods of water neutralization, we can conclude that at low concentrations of activated earth ions in the initial water proved to be quite well established. The most common method of water deironing is the process of filtering, using natural or artificial granular loads, with up to 10 m/h water filtration rate.

Опыт создания прогнозных картографических моделей деградации просадочности на примере правобережной части г. Днипро.

Modeling of geodynamic risk is a highly relevant scientific issue; its solution requires solving particular problems in creating a model of the geological environment, selecting the risk factors, creating a model of process, acknowledging the scenarios and prognoses. Geodynamic risk in the areas of development of subsident soils can be defined as the possibility of massif deformations during changes in the soil condition (degradation). The limit state is the state of full water saturation, when the possibility of subsidence is low. Application of the three-term gradation to the scale of conditions sets the boundary values of soil moisture – the indicators of mild, average and critical changes. The predicted condition of the massif is set by a system of features – independent variables, input parameters correlated with values of moisture and values of degradation of subsidence properties. The predicted value of subsidence degradation under additional loading and in natural conditions is found using the group method of data handling. Widespread presence of subaerial loess-like formation in the composition of the geological environment in stratigraphic-genetic complexes of different composition and properties, and in water-bearing horizons, leads to intense development of exogenous geological processes and vulnerability of the environment.Typification of the geological structure of the massif was performed using the results of analysis of numerous engineering-geological studies (Dnipro, 1960-2007). The total number of wells is 785, the depth varies from 15 to 56 m. The mapping of surfaces of particular horizons, terrain, thickness of aeration zone was developed using a Surfer demo-version. Interpolation was made using the Kriege method. Development of models of surfaces of the top of and thickness of horizons and took the erosional washout into consideration. The analysis of cartographic material shows that loess and paleosol horizons have different consistencies. The following processes were modeled: the change in the condition in relation to moisture of the subsident soil massif within the zone of low-intensive aeration, the value of additional pressure equals 0.3 MPa; the change in the condition in relation to moisture of the subsident soil massif within the zone of averagely intensive aeration, the value of additional pressure equals 0.3 MPa (Fig. 5 b). The results of the prognosis indicate the importance of predicting the subsidence degradation as a factor of geodynamic risk, maximum values reach 0.24 m. Comparing this value to the value of acceptable settling of constructions may suggest the practicability of introducing the method of predicting subsidence to the practice of engineering-geological studies and planning.

Математичні моделі зміни гідрогеологічних умов територій, прилеглих до ставків-накопичувачів скидних шахтних вод

Coal mining in the Western Donbas is conducted along with intense water drainage. Mine water has heightened mineralization and accumulates in tailing ponds, which were built without barriers screening the water-containing rocks. The negative consequence of their usage is contamination of water-bearing horizons along the vertical and in the top view. One of the relevant problems of the region is to elaborate a scientifically grounded plan for taking a complex of hydro-geological nature protection measures for preventing the flooding of the areas adjacent to the ponds, heightening of the ground water mineralization and secondary salinization of the soils and the rocks of the aeration zone as a result of first two factors. A scientific basis for overcoming these problems is solving multi-variant prognosis tasks for the zone of full water saturation as a result of the filtration process and mass transfer on the proposed mathematical model. Its structural principles are stated in this article on the example of a tailing pond Balka Taranova. The mathematical model of changes in the hydro-geological conditions of the territory adjacent to the pond consists of two parts – filtration and migration parts, arranged using a flow network. For a clear choice of a flow network of the filtration part and the type of differential equation which describes the process of change in the ground water level in the studied territory, the first stage of the modelling solves the inductive hydro-geological task using Laplace`s equation, Poisson`s equation and two modifications of Fourier transforms. The second part, heat transfer, also starts with selection of the optimum migration scheme by comparing the results of calculations with the regime observations. Along with the regime observations, inversion and epignosis tasks are solved. The final stage is direct prognosis of multi-variant tasks, their analysis and recommendations for nature protection.

Урахування фазових перетворень підземних вод під час оцінювання енергетичної ефективності рухомого проміжного теплоносія

The article is devoted analytic evaluation of energy efficiency as high groundwater intermediate movable carrier phase in the presence of heterogeneity.Groundwater significantly affect the thermal conditions of the geological environment as carry on only the substance but also diffusion and convective heat.Evaluation of the energetic efficiency of groundwater as a mobile heat-transfer agent should be performed with consideration of the phase non-uniformity of the geological environment, i.e. the presence of liquid and gas components. Fluid (in this case, groundwater) significantly affects the thermal regime. When the water-bearing horizons are being filtrated, the ground water transfers not only substances dissolved in it, but also transfers heat energy. As with the migration of substances, the transfer runs in a convectional and diffusive way.Considering groundwater filtration area reduces heating medium in the presence of high-temperature sources (underground gasification and combustion of coal deposits, industrial thermal pollution). So it reduces speed and cooling medium for removing high-temperature source.Further refinement of paintings thermal state of the geological environment in the account of the possible phase transitions groundwater (so-called Stephen’s task).To solve it in the presence of thermal groundwater (evaporation-condensation) proposed solution, which is similar to known solutions solidification - melting. It is based on the account of heat loss in the crystallization zone, according to the state diagram solution or melt.The results of the calculation indicate the change in the heat field character of the generator over time. The areas of increase in the curve`s slope correspond to the transition zone of condensation. At the upper boundary of the phase conversion area, we see the first area of rapid temperature fall. The diameter of the gas zone does not exceed five meters (on average 3 - 4 m).Taking into consideration phase conversions and the transition zone improves the accuracy of thermal image of the object. The temperature regime, calculated separately for the water vapor, binary fluid and water, with the resultant curve gives an overview of the deviation of results obtained using standard methods of calculation from those obtained by the proposed methodsThe obtained results of environmental temperature change resulting from the operation of an underground gas-generator, which are based upon a calculation using familiar equations of heat-conductivity, coincide with the data obtained from the locality and may be used for the calculation of heat regimes of underground burning.

Numerical model schematization of a complex hydrostructural Cretaceous groundwater basin for the purpose of protection zone evaluation

One of the major projects in regional hydrogeological investigations in Poland is a multi-annual cycle of studies on the implementation of programs and documentation in relation to the establishment of protection areas for the Major Groundwater Basins (MGBs). Depending on the size of the area and complexity of the selected aquifer system, the work on the numerical model becomes adequately demanding. The model must in this case be designed as a three-dimensional, multi-layered, taking into account the role of a near the surface aquifer in the potential rate of migration of contaminants. It is particularly difficult to design models of the basins located in the older Mesozoic hydrogeological structures of dual-porosity characteristic, covered by Neogenic and Quaternary sediments. One of these basins is MGB No. 317 (ed. Kleczkowski 1990) identified within the northern Sudetic trough. The boundaries of the MGB are associated with the occurrence of structural aquifer limits, including the relatively large area of outcrops of the upper Cretaceous sediments with a narrow zone of Triassic outcrops. The paper presents the main assumptions of the model schematization, especially regarding the parameterization of hydrostructural conditions in integration with geoinformatic tools and MODFLOW modules. This study is focused on the problems associated with the proper schematization of the multilayer groundwater system on a regional scale, particularly with regard to the first aquifer and its hydraulic contact with the Mesozoic water-bearing horizons of the MGB. Model simulations, together with a semi-analytical analysis of the rate of flow in the vadose zone, finally allowed to determine the protection area of the MGB that is presented.