Water-based Paint Research Articles

Development of protein hydrolysate as a cost-effective and robust biodispersant: Investigating its performance in dispersing of carbon black pigment in water-based paints

Carbon black pigments hold significant importance as the primary representatives of black pigments in the industry today. The dispersibility of carbon black pigment (CB) in water is limited by the nonpolar and weakly hydrophilic characteristics of the pigment's surface. Therefore, there is a critical need to devise an economical and eco-friendly approach for creating a well-dispersed and stable suspension of carbon black in an aqueous medium. The primary focus of this study was to investigate the dispersion capabilities of protein hydrolysate (HP) derived from sheep wool on CB particles in a water-based pigment concentrate. The hydrolysis degree of protein source was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. The dispersion performance was investigated by zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, grindometer, spectrophotometer-colorimeter, viscometer, and cryptometer measurements. The HP solution containing amino acids, peptides, and polypeptides with low molecular weight can cover the surface of the CB particles, creating enough electrical repulsion and steric resistance. As a result, this phenomenon can inhibit the collision and interaction among the pigment particles caused by Brownian motion, making it less prone to aggregation. The protein hydrolysate demonstrated a higher capability in producing the stable CB dispersions compared to a commercial reference dispersant, highlighting the effectiveness of amino acids, peptides, and polypeptides as powerful CB dispersing agents.

Nature-Friendly Water-Based Resin Paints with SiO2 Nanoparticles for Electrostatic Spraying

ABSTRACT This study presents an environment-friendly and less toxic approach to electrostatic spraying using novel water-based resin paints enhanced with SiO2 nanoparticles. Addressing the environmental and health concerns of traditional toxic solvent-based coatings, our research emphasizes the development and application of these paints on anodized aluminum substrates. Our experimental procedure involves formulating water-based paints; applying them via electrostatic spraying; and analyzing their stability, coverage, and adhesion properties. The findings demonstrated that the paints maintained stability and showed improved adhesion and uniformity without using a toxic solvent-based resin, particularly on substrates with extended anodizing treatment. This study highlights the potential of using water-based resin paints in industrial applications, offering a sustainable, efficient, and high-performance alternative to conventional coatings, paving the way for future research into their broader application and environmental impact.

Endurance to Multiple Factors of Water-Based Electrically Conductive Paints with Metallic Microparticles

The paper describes the innovative adaptation of some specific environmental tests from general organic coatings towards newly developed water-based composite paints with metallic particles (Al and Fe), with a high content of metal (10% and respectively 20%) for electromagnetic shielding applications. Electrical conductivity is the most affected dielectric parameter under both by UV radiation and thermal exposure. The paints with 20% metallic powder are more sensitive to environmental factors, and the influence of metal type could also be emphasized in relation to the dielectric feature evolution vs. exposure time. The action of mold significantly decreases the dielectric features of paints, but the weathering aging effect is much more enhanced if the samples are cumulatively submitted to thermal aging and respectively UV exposure, along with the action of mold. The potential application of the study is related mainly to the development of new autonomous electric cars, which need special conditions of electromagnetic shielding, under the circumstances that the conductive paint layers are normally very sensitive to environmental factors, affecting the equipment performance and security.

Preparation and Performance Study of a Hydrophobic Antimicrobial Nanoscale Aqueous Paint

This study involved the synthesis of core–shell nanostructured Ag@SiO2 materials, and based on these materials, a novel nanoscale water-based paint with excellent water resistance and antimicrobial properties was developed. The obtained samples were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), contact angle measurements, and antimicrobial testing. The experimental results indicate that in the nanoscale water-based paint, SiO2 nanoparticles effectively bond with acrylic ester (HBP). The high-strength SiO2 nanoparticles play a crucial role in improving the coating’s abrasion resistance. The nanoscale silver (Ag@SiO2) continuously releases silver ions, thereby inhibiting the formation of bacterial biofilms on the coating surface and preventing subsequent biofouling, thus enhancing the coating’s antimicrobial and anti-fouling capabilities. Based on these unique characteristics, this water-based paint holds promise for applications in architectural coatings and marine anti-fouling coatings.

Analysis of Post-Treated Paint Production Waste Water at Global Company, Namanve Industrial Area

Paint is a liquid mixture of pigments, binders, solvents, and additives used for decorative, protective, and functional purposes. It forms a solid film upon drying or curing, providing color, protection against corrosion, and enhancing the aesthetic appeal of structures. However, paint manufacturing plants produce waste with high concentrations of ions, organic debris, high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), biological oxygen demand, turbidity, suspended solids, and heavy metals, which are harmful to the environment. Wastewater is a significant challenge for urban authorities and industries today. The study highlights the estimation of wastewater generated and the pollutants arrangement adopted by city authorities, suggesting long-term recommendations for proper waste management in Kampala. The majority of water used in paint production comes from municipal public supply, followed by well and surface water sources. Around 70% of the total water is discharged untreated, with 25% not discharged but disposed off by evaporation or other methods. Most of the water generated in paint production comes from cleaning equipment used in water-based paint production, which contains high levels of pollutants that pose significant environmental risks when inadequately treated. Keywords: Paint production, Wastewater, Global company, Namanve Industrial Area, Environmental risks

Development of electroslag remelting technology for obtaining multilayer billets

The paper analyzes the methods of external influence on the electroslag remelting process in order to obtain multilayer ingots. The method of electroslag remelting with rotation of the consumable electrode is proposed, which leads to the appearance of centrifugal force that affects the heat pattern in the metal bath by changing the place of delivery of electrode metal droplets and form the crystallization front, providing greater crystalline homogeneity in the axial direction. Application of the electrode rotation technology allows to obtain multilayer ingots with a minimum transition zone between layers of different chemical composition. For realization of this method it is necessary to give the electrode unidirectional or reversible rotation around its axis or the axis of the bath at asymmetric location of the electrode. The rotation speed of the electrode depends on its diameter. For electrodes with a diameter of 40–250 mm it is 30–90 rpm. Rotation of the consumable electrode has a complex positive effect on remelting performance: it increases productivity without increasing the suitable power for the slag bath; it increases refining capacity; it changes the place of electrode metal delivery into the metal bath and forms the crystallization front, providing greater crystalline homogeneity in the axial direction. Application of the technology of rotation of the consumable electrode makes it possible to introduce chemical composition-correcting additives into the liquid metal bath from the ingot surface by applying a coating consisting of filler material and water-based non-stick paint to the remelting electrode.

Heterotrigona itama workers bees homing ability as the basis for colony placement

Abstract. Rusdimansyah R, Khasrad K, Jaswandi J, Rusfidra R, Aulia D. 2024. Heterotrigona itama workers bees homing ability as the basis for colony placement. Biodiversitas 25: 2478-2483. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of Heterotrigona itama worker bees to return to the nest from various test distances. This research is an observational study using the translocation method. There were 550 individuals of H. itama worker bees from 5 colonies reared for over two years. Each worker bee sample was identified with a mark in the form of water-based paint before being released at a testing distance every 100 meters until a distance where no more worker bees returned. The camera with a macro lens is installed at the entrance to the beehive to record worker bees returning to the hive. The video recording process was carried out over 90 minutes. The parameters observed included environmental temperature and humidity, the number of worker bees returning, and the time required for worker bees to return from each test distance. The data obtained were analyzed using Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U-test. The research showed that the maximum distance that H. itama worker bees can travel to return to the nest was 1000 meters. However, the most effective return distance was more than 500 meters because although some worker bees can return from greater distances, the number of returns significantly decreases after passing 500 meters. Therefore, the ideal distance for placing a colony of H. itama is less than 500 meters from the source of bee food plants. The minimum distance to move a colony from the initial location to a new location is around 1100 meters.

Field Data Analysis of Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity and Its Relationship with Paint and Glass Bead Characteristics

Pavement marking retroreflectivity, a critical factor for safe driving, depends on the characteristics of both the paint and the embedded glass beads. However, traditional methods for predicting pavement marking service life often overlook these materials properties. This study investigates the influence of paint and glass bead characteristics on pavement marking retroreflectivity performance and addresses the characterization of glass bead size distribution by the coefficient of uniformity and curvature. Three field test sites on a Brazilian highway with various paint and glass bead combinations were evaluated. A statistical model, GAMLSS (Generalized Additive Model for Location, Scale, and Shape), was adjusted to evaluate the performance of the markings’ retroreflectivity as a function of paint and glass bead characteristics. The model revealed that well-graded glass beads increased retroreflectivity by around 10%, while paints with a higher volume of solids improved service life around 65%. Therefore, the results show that acrylic water-based paints with higher volumes of solids and well-graded glass beads with better shape characteristics should be preferred to improve pavement markings’ retroreflectivity and service life. The statistical model identified the key characteristics with the greatest impact on pavement marking retroreflectivity, offering valuable insights for real-world applications, which will assist pavement marking practitioners and road authorities in selecting appropriate materials to achieve enhanced durability.

Radiative Cooling Potential of a Water-Based Paint Formulation under Realistic Application Conditions

Radiative Cooling Potential of a Water-Based Paint Formulation under Realistic Application Conditions

Chemicals of Emerging Concern in Water-Based Paint Products

Chemicals of Emerging Concern in Water-Based Paint Products

Effect of filler surface treatment on the physico-mechanical properties of filler/styrene-butadiene rubber nanocomposites

In the present work, the effects of various filler types and content on the characteristics and properties of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) were studied. This study prepared SBR filled with different fillers: kaolin, metakaolinite, synthetic zeolite Na-A, alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles, and hybrid filler (synthetic zeolite Na-A/Al2O3). The silane coupling agent 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was employed to treat the surface with fillers. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to determine the surface morphology. The results demonstrated that fillers improved the physicomechanical properties. Tensile strength and elongation at break (%) in composites containing synthetic zeolite Na-A increased by up to 158.6% at 3 phr and 100% at 2 phr, respectively. The results showed that the surface properties displayed by SEM analysis indicated a good distribution of filler particles. Also, the rubber compound’s resistance to organic solvents such as toluene was improved, as evidenced by swelling properties; the swelling ratio decreased by 17.5% while the crosslink density increased by 42.6% at 5 phr Al2O3/synthetic zeolite Na-A. The constants of the various hyperelastic models that explain the behavior of the composite materials under study were determined, and their predictions of the experimentally obtained stress-strain curves were compared. The study’s experimental findings will be helpful for several industrial uses, including an extender in water-based paints, rubber fillers, ceramic materials, paper fillers, and coating pigments.

Highly Stable Self-Cleaning Paints Based on Waste-Valorized PNC-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles.

Adding photocatalytically active TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) to polymeric paints is a feasible route toward self-cleaning coatings. While paint modification by TiO2-NPs may improve photoactivity, it may also cause polymer degradation and release of toxic volatile organic compounds. To counterbalance adverse effects, a synthesis method for nonmetal (P, N, and C)-doped TiO2-NPs is introduced, based purely on waste valorization. PNC-doped TiO2-NP characterization by vibrational and photoelectron spectroscopy, electron microscopy, diffraction, and thermal analysis suggests that TiO2-NPs were modified with phosphate (P=O), imine species (R=N-R), and carbon, which also hindered the anatase/rutile phase transformation, even upon 700 °C calcination. When added to water-based paints, PNC-doped TiO2-NPs achieved 96% removal of surface-adsorbed pollutants under natural sunlight or UV, paralleled by stability of the paint formulation, as confirmed by micro-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) surface analysis. The origin of the photoinduced self-cleaning properties was rationalized by three-dimensional (3D) and synchronous photoluminescence spectroscopy, indicating that the dopants led to 7.3 times stronger inhibition of photoinduced e-/h+ recombination when compared to a benchmark P25 photocatalyst.

High-solution emission characters and health risks of volatile organic compounds for sprayers in automobile repair industries.

The increasing automobile repair industries (ARIs) with spray facilities have become an important volatile organic compound (VOC) pollution source in China. However, the VOC health risk assessment for long-term exposure in ARIs has not been well characterized. In this study, though sampled VOCs from 51 typical ARIs in Beijing, the relationship between emission patterns, average daily exposure concentrations (EC), and health risks was comprehensively analyzed with the health assessment method. Results showed that concentrations of 117 VOCs from the samples ranged from 68.53 to 19863.32 μg·m-3, while the ARI operator's daily VOC inhalation EC was 11.24-1460.70 μg·m-3. The organic VOC (OVOC) concentration accounted for 73.16 ~ 94.52% in the solvent-based paint workshops, while aromatics were the main VOC component in water-based paint spraying (WPS) workshops, accounting for 70.08%, respectively. And the method of inhalation exposure health risk assessment was firstly used to evaluate carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity risk for sprayers in ARIs. The cumulative lifetime carcinogenic risk (LCR) for 24 sampled VOCs were within acceptable ranges, while the mean hazard index (HI) for 1 year with 44 sampled VOCs was over 1. Among them, ethyl alcohol had a high carcinogenic risk in both mixed water-based paint (MP) and solvent-based paint workshops. The mean HI associated with aromatics were 2.88E - 3 and 4.30E - 3 for 1 h in MP and WPS workshops. O-ethyl toluene and acetone are VOC components that need to be paid attention to in future paint raw materials and spraying operations. Our study will provide the important references for the standard of VOC occupational exposure health limits in ARIs.

Enhanced Biocidal Activity of Heterophase Zinc Oxide/Silver Nanoparticles Contained within Painted Surfaces

Today, one of the biggest challenges is infections in the painted walls of hospitals. Acrylic-based paints are a target of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms since they contain cellulosic compounds as thickeners. The aim of this study was to synthesize and investigate the biocidal activity and toxicity of heterophase ZnO-Ag nanoparticles fixed in water-based acrylic paint layers in reference to a nontreated water-based paint. The ZnO-Ag nanoparticles with average particle sizes of about 80 nm were simply obtained by electrical explosion of two twisted wires in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. The nanoparticles and modified paint were characterized using SEM, TEM, XPS, and XRD techniques. The antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles and modified paint layers was tested against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, MRSA, E. coli bacteria, and C. albicans using ISO 22196. The antiviral activity against smallpox virus was tested according to ISO 21702. Flow cytometry tests were used to investigate the toxicity of the modified paint coating. As-synthesized nanoparticles had “Janus-like” morphology, with a clear interface inside the nanoparticle. Nanoparticles had enhanced antibacterial activity, which is based on the nanoparticle photocatalytic activity in water decomposition and reactive oxygen species generation. The paint coating with a ZnO-Ag nanoparticle mass ratio of 1.0 wt.% displayed significant antibacterial activity (more than a 99% reduction) and 100% antifungal activity. In addition, this coating inactivates >99% of the virus after 2 h of contact relative to a nontreated control paint. The paint coating showed low toxicity against the sensitive 3T3 fibroblast cell line. More than 90% cell viability was observed after 24 h of incubation with the sample extract. Therefore, heterophase ZnO-Ag nanoparticles have high biocidal activity and low toxicity use and can be applied to other commercial water-based paints to improve their performance against pathogens.

Management of water-based paint sludge originating from the automotive industry via composting

ABSTRACT Water-based paint sludge generated from the automotive industry is considered a hazardous waste due to its high carbon content and is challenging and costly to manage. This study investigates the management of water-based paint sludge through the composting process, considering its high carbon content. The water-based paint sludge was composted in five separate reactors with the addition of treatment sludge from the same industry as co-substrate and inoculum, as well as sunflower stalks as a bulking agent. The ratio of paint sludge added to the compost mixtures varied between 40% and 80%. The highest temperature was achieved in reactors where industrial sludge was added, and the bulking agent was used at a rate of 20% (R3 and R5). The most efficient composting process was conducted with the addition of 60% water-based paint sludge, 20% treatment sludge, and 20% sunflower stalks (w/w, wet weight basis) (R3). During this process, reductions in organic matter content were observed due to organic matter mineralization, resulting in a decrease in moisture during the maturation phase and consequently reducing waste volumes. The composting process can be a useful tool in addressing the challenges of paint sludge management. Utilizing the composting process not only reduces waste volumes, thereby minimizing environmental impacts, but also offers a sustainable approach to paint sludge management by lowering disposal costs. It is also possible to achieve more effective results by composting paint sludge with different recipes and the use of various bulking agents. Implications Composting is a method that can be used to achieve stabilization, reduce the quantity, and enable biodrying of water-based paint sludge generated from the automotive industry. In this study, different ratios of paint sludge were mixed with treatment sludge from the same industry as co-substrate and inoculum, while sunflower stalks were added as a bulking agent, and a composting process was conducted. The addition of industrial wastewater treatment sludge and sunflower stalks has increased the efficiency of the paint sludge composting process. In the management of paint sludge, the composting process has emerged as a significant alternative that reduces disposal costs and environmental impacts.

The Effect of Air Pressure and Nozzle Distance on the Quality of Water-Based Painting Using a Gravity-Feed Spray Gun

Environmental influences can cause corrosion or damage to materials, which is why paint coating is used to protect them. Some of the factors that affect the quality of the paint are technical, such as setting the air pressure and spray gun nozzle spacing. The experimental research aims to determine how air pressures of 1.5, 2, and 2.5 bar and nozzle spacings of 10–15–20 cm affect the gloss and thickness of the water-based paint layer. A gravity-feed spray gun was used for this purpose. The luster test method uses an AMTAST AMN60 glossmeter with the ASTM D523-08 standard, and the thickness test uses a coating thickness gauge with the ASTM E 376-96 standard. The air pressure and the distance of the spray gun nozzle affect the gloss and thickness of the paint layer. Parameter 2 bar/15 cm yielded the highest gloss of 92.77 GU, while parameter 2.5 bar/10 cm resulted in the highest coating thickness of 0.26 mm.

Investigation of TiO2 replacement alternatives for water-based paints using styrene butyl acrylate

Purpose Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has high opacity, high brightness and whiteness, owing to its high refractive index value. It is mainly used in the coating industry and continuous efforts have been made to replace some of the TiO2 in paint with new pigments. This study aims to replace part of TiO2 pigment with various percentages of BaSO4, CaCO3 and kaolin in styrene butyl acrylate-based paint formulations, without changing the properties of paints using only titanium dioxide. Design/methodology/approach To determine the optimum use rate of new pigment mixing, opacity, gloss, scrub resistance and weather resistance properties have been investigated in the water-based paint formulation. The morphological properties of these samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Findings In the total color change (ΔE) measurements, it was observed that the sample coded 85Ti/15Ba produced extremely similar results to the situation when TiO2 was used alone. It was seen that the best results were obtained when 85Ti/15Ba was used instead of TiO2. Originality/value Comparison research on the impact of replacing TiO2 with BaSO4, CaCO3 and kaolin on the performance characteristics of water-based styrene butyl acrylate-based paint formulations has not been done in the literature, according to the literature search.

Evaluating the versatility of stainless steel flakes and magnetite powder as polyvalent additives for wood paints

The objective of this study is to evaluate how various fillers, specifically stainless steel flakes and magnetite powder, affect the visual attributes, durability and versatility of a water-based wood paint. To examine the influence of these two specific pigments on the overall look of the coatings, colorimetric measurements were carried out. The impact of these distinct fillers on the durability of the layers was assessed by subjecting the samples to xenon arc light exposure and cyclic thermal shocks, followed by colorimetric inspections and adhesion tests. Furthermore, the fillers' impact on the coating's ability to act as a barrier was assessed through liquid resistance and water uptake tests. Additionally, the Buchholz hardness indentation test and the Taber test were conducted to quantify how these functional additives affect the mechanical properties of the coatings, such as hardness and resistance to abrasion. Lastly, two specific tests revealed the fillers' role in introducing unique electrical conductivity and magnetic attractive properties to the paint. In conclusion, this study underscores the intriguing influence of stainless steel flakes and magnetite powder, which not only impart vibrant colors and distinct visual characteristics to the paint but also maintain the coating's protective barrier properties, enhance the mechanical properties of the composite layer, and introduce specific multifunctional features to the coating.

Exploring polyamide 11 as a novel renewable resource-based filler in wood paint: Investigating aesthetic aspects and durability impact of the composite coating

The aim of this study is to assess the impact of different quantities of polyamide 11 powder on the visual appeal, durability, and multi-functionality of a water-based wood paint. To investigate the effect of this bio-based additive on the overall appearance of the coatings, measurements for color, gloss, and surface roughness were conducted. Additionally, various tests were performed to quantify the influence of these environmentally friendly additives on the mechanical properties of the coatings, including hardness, surface friction coefficient, and resistance to abrasion. Moreover, the effect of varying amounts of polyamide 11 powder on the coating's barrier capabilities was evaluated through liquid resistance tests, contact angle measurements, and water uptake assessment. Finally, the influence of the bio-based additive on the layers' durability was evaluated by subjecting them to exposure in a xenon arc light chamber. The degradation of the samples was monitored through colorimetric inspections to assess any changes or deterioration. In summary, this study underscores the significant impact of varying the quantity of polyamide 11 powder, showcasing its ability to not only introduce distinct texture to the paint but also significantly enhance the mechanical properties of the composite layer. Importantly, these improvements are achieved without compromising the barrier properties and durability of the acrylic matrix coating.

Passive Direct Air Capture of Carbon Dioxide with an Alkaline Amino Acid Salt in Water-Based Paints

The current study presents the first results of the passive capture of carbon dioxide from the air in aqueous sodium lysinate solutions at ambient conditions. The salt has shown good passive direct air capture (DAC) properties for carbon dioxide with spent solutions exhibiting more than 5% carbon dioxide by weight. Moreover, different quantities of sodium lysinate solutions were mixed with three commercial water-based paints, and their passive DAC performance was studied for 45 days. An average improvement of 70% in passive DAC capacity compared to the control sample was observed across all the studied paint samples. The results establish that a litre of water-based paint doped with sodium lysinate can absorb up to 40 g of CO2 and fix it stably for a short period of time, i.e., 45 days. Such paints can be used to directly capture carbon dioxide from the air. However, further research is required to address various technicalities and establish long-term sequestration.