Water Availability Research Articles

Causes and Impacts of Water Pollution on Various water bodies in the State of Rajasthan, India: A Review

Water quality and water resources make an impression on the social, economic and political advancement of society. With the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization linked with economic and social needs, the pollution of water has reached a level of no return. Water is defined as harmful for human and aquatic lives when it is become contaminated by unexpected substances such as heavy metals, agricultural and industrial chemicals, hydrocarbon fuels, radioactive materials, sewage, pharmaceutical drugs, and biologic agents such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses. This water is considered polluted or contaminated (Bagul et al. 2015), The problem of water pollution becomes more hazardous in a region where availability of water is critically less like the state of Rajasthan (Coyte et al. 2019). The situation of surface water pollution in arid and semi-arid areas of state is alarming. We know that every living being needs water for their survival. All living being intake water directly or indirectly from various water resources. Intake of polluted water would be harmful for them. Transport of bio-accumulative pollutants to food chain makes the situation more grievous. So, it is the need of the hour to examine the magnitude and range of water pollution in the water bodies, especially in the state like Rajasthan. In the present scenario we can’t prevent water to being polluted totally but the scaling down of pollution is imperative. It is high time to take some steps to educate and spread awareness to the people regarding this alarming issue.

Increasing susceptibility and shortening response time of vegetation productivity to drought from 2001 to 2021

Drought generally causes the significant reduction of vegetation productivity. Most studies focus on the vegetation response to gradual water variabilities instead of anomalies in water availability, however, the spatiotemporal patterns of vegetation response to extreme water deficits during drought are still unclear. Here, based on leaf area index (LAI) and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), we employed coincidence analysis to identify the susceptibility and response time of vegetation productivity to drought, and further investigated the spatiotemporal changes of them during 2001-2021 across the globe. We found stronger susceptibility and shorter response time both in areas occupied by more grasses and in more arid regions. Temporally, we revealed a predominately increasing susceptibility (P < 0.05) and shortening response time (P < 0.05) in drought-sensitive regions from 2001 to 2021. These changes have been majorly attributable to the elevated atmospheric CO2, which tended to strengthen the susceptibility in areas covered by more grasses and in arid regions. Our finding highlighted the increasing risk of decline in vegetation production under drought particular in grasslands and drylands.

Effects of alternative hermetic bag storage on fermented and dried cocoa bean (Theobroma cacao L.)

Cocoa beans, derived from the Cacao Tree (Theobroma cacao L.), are a cash crop among smallholder farmers in tropical regions. After harvest and processing, maintaining cocoa bean quality is critical to access lucrative markets. This paper examines the impact of hermetic storage on insect damage, mold, moisture content, and water activity of fermented and dried cocoa beans under farm conditions in collaboration with a farmer association of Belén de Umbría in Colombia. Three types of hermetic storage systems were assessed for a period of 12 months: Purdue Improved Crop Storage (PICS) bags, including both 2- and 3-layer variants, and Ecotact® hermetic storage bags, and plus traditional (jute) bags as a control. Regression analysis reveals varying effects across storage durations and treatments. Insect damage was significantly lower in hermetic bags compared to jute bags, with the trend increasing over storage period. Moisture content increased over time with hermetic bags maintaining more desirable levels compared to jute bags. While water activity increased with storage duration, there were minor differences between treatments. Mold presence varies, with jute bags showing lower presence initially, but no significant difference after three months of storage. Overall, results indicate that cocoa beans stored in regular PICS bags (3-layer, PICS3) exhibit superior quality than those stored in the other hermetic (PICS2 and Ecotact®) and jute bags. PICS (3-layer, PICS3) bag can be used to effectively maintain cocoa beans quality while building stocks for sale or processing. This information is valuable for smallholder farmers and cocoa value chain actors seeking to store cocoa beans for extended periods.

Optical, thermal, FTIR, SEM-EDX and 1H NMR analysis of Chenopodium album (Bathua) powder prepared using different drying techniques

Chenopodium album (L.) is an underutilized agricultural crop consumed as a leafy vegetable in Asian countries. Although perishable and cultivated in a specific season, it contains nutrients and phytochemicals in abundance. Preservation by employing drying techniques helps in their utilization in the off-season for better food security. In the present study, Chenopodium album leaves were dried using sun, tray, and freeze drying. The different powder samples were characterized on the basis of their physicochemical, optical, and thermal properties. The water activity of powder samples ranged between 0.29 and 0.56. The highest color retention (L* value 47.21) and lowest particle size (11.5 µm) was observed in freeze dried samples. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra confirmed the presence of several functional groups. Thermal analysis revealed the thermal degradation of powder due heat as depicted by change of state and loss of weight. Surface morphological study indicated that powder samples were flowable and element analysis showed presence of C, O, K, Ca, Mg, P, S element in powders.

Interbasin river mapping between Californian and Turkish rivers for climate change assessment

ABSTRACT A climate change assessment for streamflow availability of the selected rivers in Turkey is presented. Using an Index Basin Mapping (IBM) approach, climate change information is transferred across hydrologically similar rivers. This approach maps rivers of interest without downscaled climate information to index rivers where climate projections are available. Then, monthly perturbation ratios of index rivers, conveying projected climatic changes, are applied to the mapped rivers. Climate change effects on monthly streamflow availability and timing in eight selected rivers are evaluated under 20 scenarios produced from 10 General Circulation Models (GCMs) under medium and high emission cases. Results show that winter streamflow availability will increase due to more precipitation falling as rainfall rather than snowfall. Spring and summer streamflow availability will decrease due to reduced snowmelt runoff. Monthly streamflow variability will increase in all evaluated rivers. Out of eight selected rivers, the Çoruh, Yeşilırmak and Zamantı Rivers will be the most affected by climatic changes, with 14.6, 4.1, and 5.6% reductions in overall water availability under the high emission ensemble scenario. Overall water availability is projected increase in the Ceyhan and Göksu Rivers with climate change. Increased monthly streamflow variability can complicate water management in the region.

Analysis of Rainwater Availability and Water Requirements in the Amarasi District Area Kupang Regency

The hydrological conditions of the Amarasi District, Kupang Regency have 3-4 wet months and 8-9 dry months according to Oldeman’s classification. Annual rainfall in the last ten years shows the lowest rainfall was 1,461mm and the highest was 2,688mm, the average annual rainfall was 1,859mm. The Amarasi region is included in zones D and E of the Oldeman climate classification. The practice of utilizing limited water resources by planting fodder crops in the form of legumes and grasses as well as food crops in integrated dry land agriculture has been carried out by the Amarasi community. This research examines the availability and demand for domestic, agricultural and livestock water and will produce an availability index as the carrying capacity of regional water availability. The method used to calculate the availability of water originating from rain is runoff analysis based on weighted coefficients for each land use, then analyzed in a monthly series and compared with the level of water demand for each use. Domestic water needs, livestock drinking and irrigation follow SNI 19-6728.1.2002. Then the analysis results are interpreted with tables and time series graphs. The research results show the following time series of water availability: January: 44,626,635.13m3; February: 31,210,646.01m3; March : 20,050,098.53m3; April: 11,726,074.47m3; May : 3,023,180.66m3; June: 1,747,689.52m3; July : 973,284.18m3; August : 168,880.36m3; September: 1,026,614.82m3. October 2,846,522.91m3; November 10,713,903.37m3; and December: 26,871,976.23m3. The amount of water demand in the time series is as follows: January: 1,929,491.70m3; February: 1,391,817.98m3; March: 1,697,543.42m3; April: 781,567.95m3; May : 883,736.22m3; June: 755,911.95m3; July : 284,777.42m3; August : 384,569.42m3; September: 387,871.95m3. October 355,448.02m3; November 3,242,283.15m3; and December: 2,631,159.26m3. Water availability index: January: 4.32 (good), February: 4.46 (good), March: 8.47 (good), April: 6.67 (good), May: 29.23 (slight critical), June: 43.25 (mild critical), July: 29.26 (mild critical), August: 227.27 (bad/severe critical), September: 37.78 (mild critical), October 12.49 (good), November: 30.26 (mild critical) and December 9.79 (good).

A techno-economic review of direct air capture of moisture processes: sustainable versus energy-intensive methods

AbstractOne of the biggest challenges that the world faces today is the availability of fresh and potable water in arid, semi-arid, and deprived regions. This is a challenge that concerns not only economic development but also social development spanning several UN SDGs. This article presents a detailed critical and systematic review of the technologies for producing industrial and potable water. Emphasis is made on direct air capture (DAC) methods as the next frontier in sustainable water production against the backdrop of traditional energy intensive methods such as desalination. Comparisons using a variety of techno-economic, scale, geographic, and environmental metrics are carried out. While market reports suggest that investments and market value of DAC technologies will continuously rise, these data only extend the next 5–10 years. However, using this data, a projection was made by the authors on various scenarios leading to 2050. At 2030, best projections fall short of UN SDG 6 predictions for a four-fold increase (from 2020 levels) required to sustain populations. The review notes that DAC has the potential to be an attractive solution for the current water crisis (in some cases drought) experienced in various regions on earth. The report finds that while several moisture DAC technologies (e.g., fog and dew water harvesting) are currently being developed, they are only being implemented on small scales around the world—with huge implications for arid and deprived regions of the world.

Storage of pitaya (dragon fruit) powder produced by lyophilization

This study evaluated the stability of integral pitaya pulp powder produced by lyophilization and packed in flexible, heat-sealed, aluminum-laminated packages. The pitaya pulp samples were formulated with 35% maltodextrin (DE = 10) and dehydrated using a lyophilizer. The resulting powders were stored in laminated packages for 60 days under controlled conditions of temperature (30 and 40 °C) and relative humidity (83%). Throughout the storage period, several parameters were assessed at 10-day intervals, including water content, water activity, titratable total acidity, ascorbic acid content, solubility, and color. The laminated packages proved inefficient in preventing water absorption and darkening reactions. Significant changes were observed during the storage tests, including decreases in titratable total acidity, luminosity (L*), red intensity (+a*), ascorbic acid, and solubility. Conversely, there were increases in water content, water activity, yellow intensity (b*), hue angle (h*), and chroma (C*). These findings suggest that the laminated packages were not adequate for maintaining the stability of lyophilized pitaya pulp powder under the tested conditions. The observed changes indicate a decline in the quality of the powder, likely due to moisture absorption and subsequent chemical reactions affecting the color and nutritional content. Further research is needed to identify more effective packaging solutions to enhance the storage stability of lyophilized fruit powders.

Influence of Super-Absorbent Polymer on Growth and Productivity of Green Bean under Drought Conditions

The water-retaining and yield-increasing capacity of super-absorbent polymer (SAP) are essential for soil remediation in arid and semi-arid areas. Water availability is an increasing challenge to plant development and crop yield. During the growing seasons in 2021 and 2022, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the addition of different amounts of SAP on the development and yield of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Bronco) under varying water deficit stresses, compared with the control treatment without SAP and water deficit stress. The results demonstrated that a 50% reduction in water requirement (WR) resulted in significant decreases in leaf fresh weight, specific leaf area, leaf total chlorophyll content, pod number, leaf free water content, pod fresh weight per plant, and yield. Decreases were also found in pod total chlorophyll content, carotenoids, dry matter and total protein, leaf proline content, and crude fiber content. Additionally, leaf water saturation deficit was significantly increased under the stress compared with the full irrigation at 100% WR. However, irrigation at 75% WR increased pod contents of ascorbic acid, total sugars, and leaf bound water. The current study also indicated that addition of SAP significantly enhanced the above-mentioned growth characteristics under irrigation at 50% and 75% WR. Treatment with SAP at 3 g/plant was the most effective in mitigating the adverse effects of water deficiency, especially at the irrigation rate of 75% WR. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed significantly positive correlations between the growth parameters, as well as pod yield, under water stress and SAP. This study provides a promising strategy for green bean cultivation by adding SAP to soil to alleviate water shortage stress.

Drying Kinetics and Thermodynamic Properties of Ultrasound Pretreatment Bitter Melon Dried by Infrared

Determination of drying characteristics of ripe and unripe bitter melon in an infrared dryer at 50, 60, and 70°C with airborne ultrasonic pretreatment with a power of 20 kW for 0, 10, and 20 minutes and a frequency of 20 kHz is the purpose of this study. At the end of drying, among the five used models that fit the moisture ratio data, the Midilli and logarithmic models were selected to properly characterize the drying behavior in the infrared dryer with ultrasonic pretreatment of ripe and unripe bitter melon samples. Moisture transfer from bitter melon samples’ ripeness and early maturity was defined using Fick’s diffusion equation. Then, the Arrhenius equation was utilized to determine the effective moisture diffusivity. Also, the activation energy of unripe and ripe bitter melon slices was reduced with the enhancement in the ultrasound pretreatment time. Water activity (aw) amounts of ripe and unripe bitter melon were achieved at various drying temperatures and ultrasound pretreatment. The trends of the experiment indicate a decrease in enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) amounts of bitter melon with enhancing temperature and ultrasonic. The Gibbs free energy (ΔG) increases with enhancing drying temperature and ultrasonic pretreatment. Specific energy consumption decreased with enhancing drying temperature and ultrasound pretreatment duration for both ripe and unripe bitter melon samples.

Probiotic Bacteria Survival and Shelf Life of High Fibre Plant Snack - Model Study.

The study aimed to develop plant-based model snacks that are high in fibre, contain probiotic bacteria and are convenient for long-term storage. The research focused on selecting a suitable form of probiotic bacteria (active biomass, microencapsulated, freeze-dried), inoculation method (in the base mass or in the filling of a snack) and appropriate storage conditions (4°Cor 20°C). The potential synbiotic properties were evaluated. The microencapsulated bacteria had the highest survival rate at 4°C, while the freeze-dried bacteria showed better survival rates at 20°C. Probiotics had a higher survival rate when enclosed inside snacks with a low water activity (aw = 0.27) peanut butter filling than in snacks without filling (aw = 0.53). Enclosing the probiotics in a low aw filling ensures their survival at ambient temperature for 5months at a count higher than 6 log CFU/g. The snacks exhibited high antioxidant capacity (average 300mg ascorbic acid equivalent/100g), polyphenol content (average 357mg gallic acid equivalent/100g) and high fibre content (average 10.2g/100g). The sensory analysis showed a high overall quality of the snacks (average 7.1/10 of the conventional units). Furthermore, after six months of storage, significant changes were observed in the antioxidant properties, polyphenol content and texture of the snacks, while their sensory quality remained unchanged. Moreover, a potential synbiotic effect was observed. The method used to assess bacterial growth indicated significantly higher values in the model snacks compared to a control sample. Therefore, this study has effectively addressed the gap in knowledge regarding the survival of probiotics in snacks of this nature.

Consistent effect of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fortification in biscuit on nutritional composition, consumer perception and shelf life properties

Fish can be regarded as a promising protein ingredient for food fortification and enrichment. This study aimed to investigate the potential application of Nile tilapia fish as a dietary supplement. Fish powder was fortified in 0 (control), 5, 10 and 15% levels in dry ingredients by replacing wheat flour and other ingredients were kept constant. Then, biscuits were prepared and the proximate composition, physical and texture properties were determined, as well as sensory acceptance. The addition of fish had a statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) effect on moisture, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate, total energy, color, water activity, hardness and sensory acceptance. The protein content increased as much as 2.4-4.6 times as more fish was added. Results show that up to 5% fortification level, the biscuits were acceptable with improved functional properties compared to the control. There were significant changes in physical transformation in the biscuits packaged with polyethylene and aluminum foil at 25°C and 35°C, respectively. Fortification of fish powder could be used in the production of high-protein biscuits.

Pseudomonas and Pseudarthrobacter are the key players in synergistic phenanthrene biodegradation at low temperatures

Hydrocarbon contamination, including contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), is a major concern in Antarctica due to the toxicity, recalcitrance and persistence of these compounds. Under the Antarctic Treaty, nonindigenous species are not permitted for use in bioremediation at polluted sites in the Antarctic region. In this study, three bacterial consortia (C13, C15, and C23) were isolated from Antarctic soils for phenanthrene degradation. All isolated bacterial consortia demonstrated phenanthrene degradation percentages ranging from 45 to 85% for 50 mg/L phenanthrene at 15 ℃ within 5 days. Furthermore, consortium C13 exhibited efficient phenanthrene degradation potential across a wide range of environmental conditions, including different temperature (4–30 ℃) and water availability (without polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 or 30% PEG 6000 (w/v)) conditions. Sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA genes revealed that Pseudomonas and Pseudarthrobacter were the dominant genera in the phenanthrene-degrading consortia. Moreover, six cultivable strains were isolated from these consortia, comprising four strains of Pseudomonas, one strain of Pseudarthrobacter, and one strain of Paeniglutamicibacter. These isolated strains exhibited the ability to degrade 50 mg/L phenanthrene, with degradation percentages ranging from 4 to 22% at 15 ℃ within 15 days. Additionally, the constructed consortia containing Pseudomonas spp. and Pseudarthrobacter sp. exhibited more effective phenanthrene degradation (43–52%) than did the individual strains. These results provide evidence that Pseudomonas and Pseudarthrobacter can be potential candidates for synergistic phenanthrene degradation at low temperatures. Overall, our study offers valuable information for the bioremediation of PAH contamination in Antarctic environments.

Illuminating Snow Droughts: The Future of Western United States Snowpack in the SPEAR Large Ensemble

AbstractSeasonal snowpack in the Western United States (WUS) is vital for meeting summer hydrological demands, reducing the intensity and frequency of wildfires, and supporting snow‐tourism economies. While the frequency and severity of snow droughts (SD), that is, anomalously low snowpacks, are expected to increase under continued global warming, the uncertainty from internal climate variability remains challenging to quantify with observations alone. Using a 30‐member large ensemble from a state‐of‐the‐art global climate model, the Seamless System for Prediction and EArth System Research (SPEAR), and an observations‐based data set, we find WUS SD changes are already significant. By 2100, SPEAR projects SDs to be nearly 9 times more frequent under shared socioeconomic pathway 5‐8.5 (SSP5‐8.5) and 5 times more frequent under SSP2‐4.5, compared to a 1921–2011 average. By investigating the influence of the two primary drivers of SD, temperature and precipitation amount, we find the average WUS SD will become warmer and wetter. To assess how these changes affect future summer water availability, we track late winter and spring snowpack across WUS watersheds, finding differences in the onset time of a “no‐snow” threshold between regions and large internal variability within the ensemble that are both on the order of decades. We attribute the inter‐regional variability to differences in the regions' mean winter temperature and the intra‐regional variability to irreducible internal climate variability which is not well‐explained by temperature variations alone. Despite strong scenario forcing, internal climate variability will continue to drive variations in SD and no‐snow conditions through 2100.

Resilient Response to Combined Heat and Drought Stress Conditions of a Tomato Germplasm Collection, Including Natural and Ethyl Methanesulfonate-Induced Variants

Agricultural systems are currently facing significant issues, primarily due to population growth rates in the context of global climate change. Rising temperatures cause plant heat stress and impact crop yield, which in turn compromises global food production and safety. Climate change is also having a significant impact on water availability around the world, and droughts are becoming more frequent and severe in many regions. The combined effect of both heat and drought stresses increases plant damage, resulting in reduced plant development and productivity loss. Therefore, developing heat–drought-tolerant crop varieties is crucial for enhancing yield under these challenging conditions. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), a major vegetable crop highly appreciated for its nutritional qualities, is particularly sensitive to extreme temperatures, which have a significant negative impact on tomato fruit setting and cause male gametophyte abortion. In this work, a classical genetic approach was employed to identify tomato genotypes showing a resilient response to combined heat and drought stress conditions. A phenotype screening of a natural germplasm collection and an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenized population resulted in the identification of a significant number of tomato lines tolerant to combined heat and drought conditions, specifically 161 EMS lines and 24 natural accessions as tolerant. In addition, TILLING and Eco-TILLING analyses were used as proof-of-concept to isolate new genetic variants of genes previously reported as key regulators of abiotic stress responses in different species. The identification of these variants holds the potential to provide suitable plant material for breeding programs focused on enhancing tomato resilience to adverse climate conditions.

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol Biocomposite Films Containing Ferulic Acid and Cellulose Extracted from Robinia Pseudoacacia Pods

ABSTRACT Capitalizing on invasive plant species and stopping their aggressive spread might be achieved by using them as a renewable source of useful products such as cellulose. The study aimed to develop new cellulose-based food packaging materials with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The cellulose was extracted from the invasive plant species Robinia pseudoacacia pods, crosslinked with citric acid, used as reinforcement for polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and functionalized with ferulic acid (FA). The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, ATR-FTIR, contact angle and SEM. The materials exhibited low solubility in water and the swelling degree was proportional to the FA content. The FA release from the matrix was assessed by HPLC and the antioxidant profile by CUPRAC, FRAP, and TEAC methods. The obtained materials inhibited the growth of bacteria, yeasts and molds, being especially active on Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. Overall, the most promising formulation for further developing new packaging materials for products with water activity less than 0.95 was the one with the highest FA content.

A Comprehensive Approach to Water Literacy in the Context of Climate Change

Anthropogenic climate change is impacting human survival through its impact upon water quality and availability. An urgent ethical imperative is thus raised for education policy makers and schools, particularly in the Australian and Asia Pacific regions, to adopt a curriculum to help students mitigate and adapt to the dire consequences caused by a warming planet. Through a blue transdisciplinary school curriculum, students will better understand and respond to the broader aspects of what is referred to as the hydrosocial cycle. A school move towards a blue curriculum requires educational policy to mandate an emphasis on the climate change effects upon the water cycle. An effective shift to a blue curriculum also requires that teachers’ ethical perspectives and sensitivities are sharpened through their tertiary education courses. This is needed so they develop confidence and pedagogy for teaching anthropogenic climate change generally, something still missing from Australian and other classrooms around the world, and, more specifically, for teaching the hydrosocial cycle. The Four Component Model of Ethical Decision Making is offered as a useful framework to guide teachers in examining their values and motivations when teaching potentially confronting topics such as the impacts of climate change upon the hydrosocial cycle.

Foodborne bacterial pathogens: genome-based approaches for enduring and emerging threats in a complex and changing world.

Foodborne illnesses pose a substantial health and economic burden, presenting challenges in prevention due to the diverse microbial hazards that can enter and spread within food systems. Various factors, including natural, political and commercial drivers, influence food production and distribution. The risks of foodborne illness will continue to evolve in step with these drivers and with changes to food systems. For example, climate impacts on water availability for agriculture, changes in food sustainability targets and evolving customer preferences can all have an impact on the ecology of foodborne pathogens and the agrifood niches that can carry microorganisms. Whole-genome and metagenome sequencing, combined with microbial surveillance schemes and insights from the food system, can provide authorities and businesses with transformative information to address risks and implement new food safety interventions across the food chain. In this Review, we describe how genome-based approaches have advanced our understanding of the evolution and spread of enduring bacterial foodborne hazards as well as their role in identifying emerging foodborne hazards. Furthermore, foodborne hazards exist in complex microbial communities across the entire food chain, and consideration of these co-existing organisms is essential to understanding the entire ecology supporting pathogen persistence and transmission in an evolving food system.

Predictive modeling of green water availability: The role of annual plants as an ecological indicator in dryland ecosystems

Green water is primarily associated with the appearance of annual plants and plays a significant role in biomass production in both arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Herein, we aim to estimate the optimal threshold for determining the presence or absence of annual plants and use them as an ecological indicator to assess potential green water areas in Kuwait as a case study. We integrate remote sensing techniques and MaxEnt modeling. The AUC for the annual plant distribution with all examined factors is 0.847, and the standard deviation is 0.050. The results demonstrated that potential locations with high levels of green water cover <20% of the country. The annual plant distribution was significantly correlated with several types of perennial plants, maximum temperature, precipitation, and sandy soils. It was also found that annual plants are controlled by the spring and winter temperature decline and the timing of precipitation occurrence, especially the pattern and amount of rainfall received in November. Sandy loam and loam soils were found to be ideal for annual plants, although land depressions and soil types are crucial factors in determining annual plant distribution. Additionally, annual plants enhanced the growth of several perennial communities. To reiterate, our study's model helped to comprehend the significance of annual plants as an ecological indicator in sustaining soil moisture over a prolonged period, as well as factors controlling the distribution of annual plants. The developed model and indicators could support decision-makers in determining appropriate locations with adequate levels of green water for revegetation planning in arid landscapes.

Assessment of Water Availability in a River Basin Based on Generalized Water Consumption Coverage Criteria

Assessment of Water Availability in a River Basin Based on Generalized Water Consumption Coverage Criteria