Attack Of Water Research Articles

Analysis on corrosion of aluminum-based micro-arc oxidation coating

PurposeAluminum alloy is susceptible to chloride ion attack in sea water, resulting in pitting damage and hence serious security risks for the related applications. To improve the corrosion resistance of Al alloy, micro-arc oxidation (MAO) technology has been developed to produce a protective dense oxide layer on top of Al alloy. However, the mechanism of MAO-induced corrosion resistance is still not fully understood, particularly on local corrosion issue. This paper aims to focus on comprehensively studying the corrosion-resistance mechanism by a series of technologies.Design/methodology/approachThe corrosion behavior of samples was studied by open circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrode impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and localized electrode impedance spectroscopy (LEIS) tests in NaCl solution.FindingsThe MAO-coated Al alloy shows a more positive corrosion potential and a higher corrosion current density compared to the untreated counterpart, indicating a significantly enhanced corrosion-resistance. The study of surface morphology and structure also suggest significantly enhanced corrosion-resistance due to the MAO treatment.Originality/valueBased on the results, a new corrosion model was proposed to describe the influence of MAO treatment on the corrosion process and corrosion mechanism of Al alloy, providing insights on the design of the corrosion-resistance coating for metallic alloys in marine applications.

Unimolecular, Bimolecular, and Intramolecular Hydrolysis Mechanisms of 4-Nitrophenyl β-d-Glucopyranoside.

1,2-trans-Glycosides hydrolyze through different mechanisms at different pH values, but systematic studies are lacking. Here, we report the pH-rate constant profile for the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucoside. An inverse kinetic isotope effect of k(H3O+)/k(D3O+) = 0.65 in the acidic region indicates that the mechanism requires the formation of the conjugate acid of the substrate for the reaction to proceed, with the heterolytic cleavage of the glycosidic C-O bond. Reactions in the pH-independent region exhibit general catalysis with a single proton in flight, a normal solvent isotope effect of kH/kD = 1.5, and when extrapolated to zero buffer concentration show a small solvent isotope effect of k(H2O)/k(D2O) = 1.1, consistent with water attack through a dissociative mechanism. In the basic region, solvolysis in 18O-labeled water and H2O/MeOH mixtures allowed the detection of bimolecular hydrolysis and neighboring group participation, with a minor contribution of nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Under mildly basic conditions, a bimolecular concerted mechanism is implicated through an inverse solvent isotope effect of k(HO-)/k(DO-) = 0.5 and a strongly negative entropy of activation (ΔS‡ = -13.6 cal mol-1 K-1). Finally, at high pH, an inverse solvent isotope effect of k(HO-)/k(DO-) = 0.5 indicates that the formation of 1,2-anhydrosugar is the rate-determining step.

Alkali-activated limestone/metakaolin cements exposed to high temperatures: Structural changes

Alkali-activated limestone/metakaolin (AAC-LSMK) pastes of Na2O/Al2O3 = 0.60 and 1.08 and LS/MK = 20/80 and 60/40 were exposed to 300, 600 and 900 °C, and the structural changes were studied. The exposure to 300 °C reduced 21–25% the weight of samples without affecting the structure and strength (~50 MPa) of formulations with high LS/MK, and/or low Na2O/Al2O3. The exposure to 600 °C extended the reactions/dissolution of MK while 1–17% of the N-A-S-H/N-(C)-A-S-H was depolymerized due to a water attack on the stretched Si–O-T bonds, with bridging oxygens transformed into non-bridging oxygen, while limestone favored the formation of C-(A)-S-H; the residual strength was of 30 MPa. The exposure to 900 °C led to the formation of nepheline and decarbonization of the CaCO3, which significantly reduced the strength to residual values of up to 20 MPa. These findings bring new insights on the performance of the AAC-LSMK and the thermally induced structural changes, while highlighting their potential high-temperature applications.

Biomimetic Oxidative Bromination by cis‐Dioxidotungsten(VI) Complexes of Salan Type N,N’‐Capped Linear Tetradentate Amino Bisphenol

AbstractReaction of [WVIO2(acac)2] (Hacac=acetylacetone) with salan‐type dibasic tetradentate ONNO donor Mannich bases derived from ethylenediamine, formaldehyde and 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol (H2L1), 2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol (H2L2), 2,4‐dimethylphenol (H2L3) and 2,4‐dichlorophenol (H2L4) in a 1 : 1 ([WVIO2(acac)2] : H2L) molar ratio in refluxing MeOH gave the corresponding cis‐dioxidotungsten(VI) complexes [WVIO2L1] (1), [WVIO2L2] (2), [WVIO2L3] (3) and [WVIO2L4] (4), respectively. Characterization by elemental analysis, various spectroscopic (FT‐IR, UV‐vis, 1H and 13C NMR) studies, DFT calculations and single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of 2 and 3 suggest six‐coordinated octahedral α‐cis (symmetric) isomeric form of the complexes where ligands coordinate through the two phenolate oxygen and two amine nitrogen atoms (in a cis‐α type symmetric binding mode) with one of the N atoms of the ligand and one of the terminal O atoms of the cis‐WO2 group in the axial position. These complexes are potential catalyst precursors for the oxidative bromination of thymol and styrene. Thymol upon bromination gave three products, namely, 2‐bromothymol, 4‐bromothymol, and 2,4‐dibromothymol; later one being the major product. Oxidative bromination of styrene resulted in 2‐bromo‐1‐phenylethanol and 1‐phenylethane‐1,2‐diol; the later one is the result of nucleophilic attack of water on the α as well as β carbons both of the initially formed 1,2‐dibromo‐1‐phenylethane.

Effect of multi-functional epoxy chain extender on the weathering resistance performance of Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)

In this research work, both natural weathering and artificial weathering processes were carried out to investigate the effects of multi-functional epoxy chain extender (Joncryl ADR 4370) content on the degradation and the mechanical properties and molecular weight of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). The carboxyl end-groups of PBAT decreased significantly with an increase in ADR content from 0 to 1.5 wt%. Similarly, the molecular weight of PBAT initially increased and then decreased because of the formation of a crosslinked network structure under the influence of excessive chain extenders. The main degradation mechanism of PBAT during the natural and artificial weathering process is photo-degradation and hydrolyzation. The degradation rate of PBAT increased with increasing content of chain extender, as hydroxyl groups facilitate the water attack on the ester bonds of PBAT. In contrast, the higher content of chain extender presented the lower loss velocity of the tensile strength. This is mainly because the more ADR content, the more crosslinking network structures will be formed during the melting extrusion which can slow down the decrease of tensile strength. Hence, it is indicated that the crosslinking structure has more effect on tensile strength than that of hydrolysis effect during degradation. According to the analysis and study on the performance changes of PBAT/ADR materials under the conditions of long-term natural weathering (360d) and artificial weathering (600 h), this work provides theoretical guidance to produce PBAT mulching films with excellent performance.

Observation of a potential-dependent switch of water-oxidation mechanism on Co-oxide-based catalysts

Summary O–O bond formation is a key elementary step of the water-oxidation reaction. However, it is still unclear how the mechanism of O–O coupling depends on the applied electrode potential. Herein, using water-in-salt electrolytes, we systematically altered the water activity, which enabled us to probe the O–O bond-forming mechanism on heterogeneous Co-based catalysts as a function of applied potential. We discovered that the water-oxidation mechanism is sensitive to the applied potential: At relatively low driving force, the reaction proceeds through an intramolecular oxygen coupling mechanism, whereas the water nucleophilic attack mechanism prevails at high driving force. The observed mechanistic switch has major implications for the understanding and control of the water-oxidation reaction on heterogeneous catalysts.

Interaction of water with zeolites: a review

ABSTRACT Water is ubiquitous in many thermal treatments and reaction conditions involving zeolite catalysts, but the potential impacts are complex. The different types of water interaction with zeolites have profound consequences in the stability, structure/composition, and reactivity of these important catalysts. This review analyzes the current knowledge about the mechanistic aspects of water adsorption and nucleation on zeolites surfaces and the concomitant role of zeolite defects, cations and extra framework species. Examples of experimental and computational studies of water interaction with zeolites of varying Si/Al ratios, topologies, and level of silanol defects are reviewed and analyzed. The different steps associated with the process of steaming, including the Al-O-Si bond hydrolysis and subsequent structural modifications, such as dealumination, mesopore formation, and amorphization, are evaluated in light of recent DFT calculations, as well as SS NMR and other spectroscopic studies. Differences between the mechanisms of water attack of the zeolite in vapor or liquid phase are highlighted and explained, as well as the effect of hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of the zeolite walls. In parallel, the various roles of water as modifier of reactivity are reviewed and discussed, both for plain zeolites as well as rare-earth or phosphorous-modified materials.

Durability and microstructure studies on Slag-Fly Ash-Glass powder based alkali activated pavement quality concrete mixes

The present study attempts a detailed assessment of the performance of air-cured Alkali Activated Concrete (AAC) mixes produced using powdered waste glass as one of the ingredient, designed for highway applications. In this current investigations, the alkaline solution is prepared using sodium hydroxide flakes and liquid sodium silicate solution. Initially, AAC mixes are designed to obtain a pavement quality concrete (PQC) of grade M−45 using Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and fly ash (FA) as binding ingredients in ratios of 75:25, incorporating graded crusher dust as fine aggregates. Based on the preliminary investigations, the design Na2O dosage of 4% and the modulus of activator (Ms) = 1.25 was selected and this dosage was maintained for the extended investigations. The further investigations were carried out for various trial dosages of waste glass powder (GP) in the concrete mix. The selected AAC mixes were tested with compressive and tensile strengths, flexural strength, unit weight, modulus of elasticity, durability properties (i.e, prolonged strength, acid attack, sulphate attack, and saline water attack tests); the microstructure studies using SEM with EDAX and the obtained results were discussed. The study reveal that, the AAC mixes display satisfactory performance for normal working environments for their use in roadway appliances. Thus, the use of AAC mixes produced using GGBS-FA-GP in association with the graded crusher dust fine aggregates is considered to be an economical and eco-friendly alternative to use of conventional concretes for highway applications.

Insights into the Catalytic Mechanism of Domains CD1 and CD2 in Histone Deacetylase 6 from Quantum Calculations

The histone deacetylase 6 enzyme, HDAC6, is a metalloprotein with multiple pathophysiological roles and, as such, is the subject of intense research and drug discovery efforts. Different from the HDAC family, HDAC6 is constituted by a heterodimeric structure with two different catalytic domains, namely CD1 and CD2. Intriguingly, the specific biological relevance of each domain is not fully understood yet. However, a wealth of structural and biochemical data collected on HDAC, and in particular more recently on HDAC6, has revealed that the active sites in both CD1 and CD2 conserve a similar structural architecture. In the present work, we have performed a detailed investigation on the mechanistic aspects of catalysis of HDAC6, comparatively analyzing the enzymatic reaction mechanism in CD1 and CD2. Using density functional theory-based computations, we found that the rate-limiting step of the reaction is the nucleophilic attack of the catalytic water for peptide bond hydrolysis in both domains. Remarkably, the transition state for such a step presents a penta-coordinated metal center. In this regard, we have further validated the crucial contribution to catalysis of Tyr residues (Tyr363 in CD1 and Tyr745 in CD2) for the activation of the substrate, in line with kinetics measures. Importantly, we have quantified the effect on catalysis by the positively charged Lys330 residue in CD1. An analogous contribution is missing in CD2. Our calculations also evidence the contribution of distal residues from the reaction center, such as Gly201/582 and Phe202/583. Taken together, our quantum calculations dissect the catalytic mechanism in HDAC6. These findings may help future experimental studies and drug design efforts for selective HDAC6 targeting.

Cover Feature: Crystallographic Visualization of a Double Water Molecule Addition on a Pt1‐MOF during the Low‐temperature Water‐Gas Shift Reaction (ChemCatChem 4/2021)

The Cover Feature shows the presence of Pt1 single atoms, within the channels of a metal-organic framework (MOF), which are capable of catalyzing, at low temperature, the water-gas-shift reaction (WGSR). In their Full Paper, C. Bilanin et al. show evidence that a double water attack occurs in the Pt-catalyzed low-temperature WGSR by a combination of reactivity experiments with soluble Pt catalysts, kinetic and spectroscopic measurements, and operando single crystal X-ray diffraction on the Pt1-MOF, which constitute a clear step forward on the understanding of the mechanism of the WGSR. More information can be found in the Full Paper by C. Bilanin et al.

Highly Efficient Production of Tailored Monascus Pigments by Using a Biocompatible Chemical Reaction Interfacing with Microbial Metabolism

A biocompatible reaction interfacing with microbial metabolism is an efficient approach for production of desired chemicals. Monascus pigments are a traditional natural food colorant from a microbial source. The major color components are red Monascus pigments (RMPs) with various primary amine resides as well as some minor components of yellow ones (YMPs) and orange ones (OMPs). Herein, we elucidate the pathway of OMP degradation involving nucleophilic attack of water on OMPs for the first time. On the basis of OMP degradation and the conversion of OMPs into RMPs sharing a similar reaction mechanism, i.e., nucleophilic attack of water or primary amine on the activated OMPs, we design cascade reactions including biosynthesis of OMPs and biocompatible chemical conversion of OMPs into the stable RMPs with a single glycine residue using a flexible combining chemocatalyst (phosphate ion) and micellar catalyst (Triton X-100). The cascade reactions ensure that OMPs maintain a very low concentration during microbial fermentation by rapid chemical conversion of OMPs into the stable RMPs. In this way, the metabolite profile of microbial fermentation is tailored to RMPs with a single glycine residue as the major color components while free of OMPs and YMPs. Meanwhile, the possible OMP degradation as well as feedback inhibition is eliminated, and a high concentration of RMPs 3.2 mM (1.4 g/L) is also achieved. Designing cascade reactions also has potential for the efficient microbial fermentation of other azaphilone alkaloids.

Effect of Superplasticizer Dosage on Compressive Strength and Microstructure of High Volume Basic-Oxygen Slag Mortar Exposed to Sea Water Attacks

The influence of superplasticizer addition on durability reinforcement of cement mortars made with basic-oxygen blast-furnace slag fine aggregate (BOF) as completely substitute for natural sand after being exposed to sea water solution for 6 months was evaluated by determining physico-mechanical characteristics in terms of water absorption and compressive strength in addition to microstructure analysis. In this procedure, all studied mixtures were doped with 1% and 2% superplasticizer. After the initial curing of samples in tap water for 28 days, they were subjected to sea water solution for 6 months using water to binder ratios of 0.35 and 0.45. The new hydration phases and microstructure of hardened specimens were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results showed that cement mortars with slag fine aggregate blended with 2% SP offered better water absorption, compressive strength and microstructure than their counterparts with natural sand against sea water attacks. Therefore, they can be used in offshore structure applications.

Effects of soft water attack on Portland and natural zeolite blended cements

The durability of concrete infrastructure is related to the properties of the applied concrete and the effects of the aggressive external environment on it. When concrete is directly exposed to soft water, the leaching of calcium ions from hardened cement or cement-based pastes occurs, causing reduction in strength and further deterioration of the concrete structure. This paper presents the experimental results of soft water attack effects on phase composition and compressive strength of blended cement pastes, when cement is replaced with 0, 10, 20 and 30% of natural zeolite. In order to simulate soft water attack in laboratory conditions, paste specimens were exposed to leaching in deionised water up to 180 days. The evaluation of the changes in phase composition (ettringite, portlandite, calcium silicate hydrate gel) due to calcium ion leaching was made based on X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and paste compressive strength tests. The presence of portlandite and ettringite after 180 days of exposure to deionised water indicates that leaching did not influence the stability of the hydration products in blended cement pastes. Moreover, blended cement paste with 10% of natural zeolite had a higher compressive strength than the reference one.

Experimental assessment of freezing-thawing resistance of rammed earth buildings

The use of earth as a building material is worldwide encouraged thanks to its low environmental impact and its high hygrothermal performances. In wet and cold regions, the durability of earthen constructions is a major preoccupation because of water attack and frost damage. The variety of raw earth, compaction method and exposition to water increases the complexity to agree on a representative testing protocol to assess the frost resistance of earthen buildings. In this context, various molding and testing configurations are proposed to evaluate the impact of repeated freezing and thawing (F-T) cycles on earthen compacted samples. The experimental protocol is adapted from ASTM D560 standard which recommends 12 F-T cycles of −23 °C/+23 °C. A series of cylindrical samples were made from two types of earths (unstabilized and cement-stabilized) compacted following two compaction methods (dynamically and statically). They were experimentally investigated under two kinds of freezing-thawing cycles that can affect earthen buildings. One with water absorption aimed at reproducing the combined effect of capillary rise and frost action. The other one consisted in testing samples at their manufacture saturation ratio in a moist environment in order to analyze the frost resistance at early age. After each cycle, frost damage was evaluated through the amount of mass lost by scaling, as well as water content and the volume changes. The results indicated that surface scaling affected all samples exposed to freezing and thawing, even if cement stabilization upgraded frost resistance. The impact of the freeze-thaw cycles on water uptake within the samples was analyzed, and some considerations were given in order to develop a dedicated test to assess freezing-thawing resistance of earthen building materials in milder conditions.

Palladium catalysis with sulfurated substrates under aerobic conditions: A direct oxidative carbonylation approach to thiophene-3-carboxylic esters

The first example of a palladium-catalyzed oxidative carbonylative S-cyclization process carried out under aerobic conditions is reported. The method is based on the use of the PdI2/KI catalytic system and an acetylenic substrate bearing a sulfurated group in suitable position for attacking the coordinated triple bond. To avoid the possible oxidation of a free thiol group, a methylthio group was used as sulfur nucleophile, since the methyl group on sulfur could be removed under the reaction conditions by reaction with the iodide anion to give methyl iodide. In particular, we have employed as substrates 1-(methylthio)-3-yn-2-ols, which, upon S-cyclization, demethylation, and alkoxycarbonylation, led to thiophene-3-carboxylic esters in one step, in alcohols as external nucleophile and solvents, and under 40 atm of a 4:1 mixture of CO-air (air being the source of oxygen, used as external oxidant). The Pd(0) species deriving from the alkoxycarbonylation process was reoxidized back to catalytically active PdI2 by the action of oxygen in combination with the hydrogen iodide ensuing from the alkoxycarbonylation step and from water attack to methyl iodide. This new synthetic transformation could be successfully applied to a variety of differently substituted 1-(methylthio)-3-yn-2-ols, including substrates bearing geminal dialkyl substituents.

Palladium-Promoted Carbon–Nitrogen Bond Cleavage in 1,3,5-Triazinane Derivatives

trans-Dichloropalladium(II) complexes with amino acid esters PdCl2L2 have been synthesized via selective hydrolytic cleavage of the nitrogen–carbon bond in 1,3,5-tris(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)- and 1,3,5-tris[(S)-1′(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl]-1,3,5-triazinane under the action of palladium(II) in methanol or in water–acetone mixture. The nucleophilic attack of water or methanol results in selective cleavage of the 1,3,5-triazinane ring in the complexes of palladium(II) with the starting triazinanes, affording the dichloropalladium(II) complexes with amino acids esters.

Enhancement of hydrogen storage capacities of Co and Pt functionalized h-BN nanosheet: Theoretical study

Density functional theory calculations were performed to examine the geometries, electronic structures and thermodynamic properties of high hydrogen storage performances media of Co and Pt functionalized two different sites of carbon doped h-BN nanosheets named CB-doped and CN-doped h-BN. Fundamental aspects such as interaction energy, frontier orbitals, natural bond orbital, charge transfer, molecular electrostatic potential and the partial density of states are demonstrated to analyze the adsorption properties of H2 molecules. The Co-CB-BN, Co-CN-BN, Pt-CB-BN, and Pt-CN-BN systems yielded the gravimetric densities 12.958, 11.833, 4.937 and 4.944%, respectively. Our results revealed that H2 molecules are introduced sequentially on the Co and Pt that decorated upper and lower of CB-doped h-BN and the H2 uptake capacity are found to be 24.909 and 10.788% respectively, well above the gravimetric DOE target is achievable. In addition, two binding mechanisms contribute to the adsorption of hydrogen molecules have been discussed: (i) polarization of the H2 under the electric field produced by the decorated Co and Pt (ii) hybridization with σ orbitals of H2. The hydrogen desorption enthalpy and temperatures suggest that the Co and Pt at CB-doped and CN-doped BN are easy to desorb hydrogen molecules. These results lead to open a prospect of a promising and excellent nanostructural system to enhance the hydrogen storage performances at ambient temperature with application to fuel cells. Finally, unless the attack of oxygen, water and carbon monoxide to the surface is restricted, its strong binding to the design frameworks will block any practical application site for hydrogen storage.

Potential use of industrial waste-red mud in developing hybrid composites: A waste management approach

Waste reduction is one of the main aspects of cleaner production. Increasing red mud generation around the globe is creating a threat to the environment. Red mud has an attractive mineralogical composition which makes them ideal for the manufacture of composites. The current paper investigates the feasibility of utilizing red mud in the polymer matrix with coconut sheath (CS) fiber. Twelve distinct red mud composites were fabricated with silane-treated (AST), alkaline-treated (AT) and untreated (UT) CS reinforcement, as well with a differing weight percentage of red mud and investigated the mechanical properties and water and chemical resistance behaviour. AST-CS fiber composite reinforced by 20 wt% red mud displayed superior tensile, flexural and impact strength. Positive interaction of red mud with treated CS reduced the formation of voids. The chemical and water resistance test revealed the composites’ ability to withstand water and chemical attack. The effective production of polymer composites using red mud simultaneously mitigates red mud storage and pollution issues, thereby promoting a sustainable environment and an economic solution for the disposal of red mud.

Enhancing stability of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals light‐emitting diodes through polymethylmethacrylate physical adsorption

AbstractBoosting the efficiency and lifetime of all inorganic metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) based light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) will promote the application of PeNCs in displays and lighting. However, achieving high‐stability CsPbBr3 NCs is still a critical challenge. In this study, a physical adsorption of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) on the surface of CsPbBr3 NCs is proven effective to enhance CsPbBr3 NCs stability by reducing the surface energy and preventing the attack of water and oxygen molecules. It also alleviates the energy transfer between neighboring NCs and greatly reduces the thin film roughness by suppressing the agglomeration of the CsPbBr3 NCs within films. Specifically, compared with CsPbBr3 NCs without PMMA adsorption, the photostability under the illumination of continuous ultraviolet light (96 hours) and storage stability under 0 °C (60 days) of the proposed CsPbBr3 NCs with PMMA adsorption are therefore improved by >10 times and four times, respectively. Moreover, since the energy transfer between CsPbBr3 NCs and the agglomeration of CsPbBr3 NCs within films have been suppressed dramatically by the physical absorbed PMMA, the maximum luminance of as‐fabricated LED devices is promoted from 5000 to 13,800 cd m−2 with alleviated roll‐off effect. The operational lifetime of the LED devices is also improved by 5.7 times owing to PMMA preventing the attack of water and oxygen molecules.

Performance damage characteristics of asphalt mixture suffered from the sulphate–water–temperature–load coupling action

ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the macro-mechanical performance of asphalt mixture suffered from the sulphate–water–temperature–load coupling action, the self-designed asphalt mixture dynamic water–salt attack apparatus was adopted for the accelerated simulation of real service conditions in sulphate enrichment environment. Splitting test at room temperature and low temperature was conducted for assessing the performance of asphalt mixture suffered from still water immersion and multi-factor coupling action. Then the performance damage characteristics of asphalt mixture under different conditions were explored. The multi-linear regression analysis and t-test were applied to determine the significance of factors on the performance of asphalt mixture. The performance deterioration mechanism of asphalt mixture exposed to dynamic water and sulphate attack was preliminarily analysed. The results show that the sulphate–water–temperature–load coupling action plays an important role in the macro-mechanical performance deterioration of asphalt mixture and dynamic water further accelerates the deterioration process of sulphate attack to asphalt mixture. The dynamic water scouring times, temperature and sulphate solution concentration have a significant impact on the performance of asphalt mixture. The decreasing adhesion between asphalt and aggregate, along with exterior/interior sulphate crystallisation erosion contributes the important inducement for the performance deterioration of asphalt mixture.