Water Alcohol Research Articles

Development and Evaluation of Polyherbal Cold Cream

Herbal cosmetics are products intended to enhance and beautify human appearances. In order to nourish and moisturize the skin, the current study set out to formulate and evaluate herbal cold creams that contained plant extracts, liquid paraffin as a lubricating agent, bees Cetyl alcohol, stearic acid and distilled water paraben as a antibacterial agent by using the water in oil method. The cold cream is prepared by using the neem oil and almond oil. After preparation of cream, cream was evaluated for different parameters like appearance, PH, viscosity, stability test, dye test, spread ability & Test for microbial growth. From evaluation study it was concluded that it is a very good attempt to formulate the herbal face pack containing naturally available ingredients like Gudhal, Gauva and Tea plant. It was also concluded that the prepared formulation was physio-chemically and microbiologically stable, and possessed characteristics of a standard cosmeceutical's formulation for skincare

Using isopropanol as the hydrogen donor to achieve by-product-free biological hydrogenation in water with carbonyl reductase

In this study, the reaction equilibrium was broken using isopropanol as a co-substrate, which was different from previous glucose as a co-substrate for furfural reduction, solving the problems of many by-products, low selectivity, and the addition of sodium phosphate buffers. The volatility of isopropanol and acetone prevented the production of by-products to the reaction system, improving the conversion and selectivity. 10 g/L furfural could be converted into furfuryl alcohol in pure water, and the furfural conversion was 90%, furfuryl alcohol selectivity was 100%, and the concentration of furfuryl alcohol could reach more than 20 g/L through accumulation reaction. No by-products were produced in this reaction system, and a single furfuryl alcohol product was obtained in the water catalytic system, which was convenient for downstream separation and purification. At the same time, based on the theory of the NADH coenzyme cycle system, this catalytic method could complete the conversion of various aldehydes into the corresponding alcohols, and it could be expanded to various biological hydrogenation projects, which has important industrial development and production prospects.

CONSERVATION OF A PAINTED WOODEN COFFIN AT DAHSHUR ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREA

This paper aims to document the conservation processes of a polychrome wooden coffin in the Dahshur archaeological area dating back to the late period. The exterior part of the coffin is decorated with a painted layer. Visual observation, 2D Program, and Optical Microscopy (OM) were used. wood identification. The coffin was in a bad condition. It was covered with a thick layer of dust, losing parts of the painted and gesso layers, as well as other parts of these layers, were lost. Some parts were missing from the head area of the lid coffin. The conservation processes of the wooden coffin included mechanical and chemical cleaning, reattachment of the separated parts of the ground layer and painted layers, filling the edge of the painted layer, and consolidating the painted layer. The conservation process included mechanical cleaning using soft brushes, chemical cleaning using ethyl alcohol and distilled water for painting, stabilization of the separated gesso layer using Paraloid B72, filling cracks of the gesso layers using glass microballoon with Paraloid B72 and consolidating the painted layer with calcium oxide nanoparticles with Klucel G (hydroxypropyl cellulose) 0. 5%

Biomass Carbon Anchored Co‐N4 Single‐Atom Catalyst for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution, Oxygen Evolution and Alcohol Oxidation Reaction

AbstractGreat efforts have been made to boost the performance of electrochemical catalysts by regulating the electronic and geometric structures. However, the electrochemical catalytic properties have entered the bottleneck stage only depend on these methods, especially in alkaline or neutral conditions. It is highly desired to develop new strategy to make robust electrocatalysts. In this study, an atomic Co‐N4 catalyst embedded on nitrogen‐doped 3D hierarchically porous carbon has been prepared via a facile method of calcining the coordination compound. Benefiting from the unique properties of Co single‐atoms, they are coordinated with the heteroatom nitrogen of o‐phenylenediamine and melamine and anchored on the nitrogen‐doped porous carbon carriers. The as‐synthesized Co‐N‐LPC with a maximum Co single‐atom loading of 3.82 wt % features a high specific surface area of 196.6 m2 g−1 and exhibits decently high hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution and alcohol oxidation catalytic activities in 1.0 mol L−1 KOH electrolyte with competitive overpotentials of 131, 318 and 124 mV at 10 mA cm−2 current density respectively. This study offers a cost‐effective electrocatalyst for water splitting or alcohol oxidation that can be used instead of noble metals in various renewable energy storage and conversion applications.

Photocatalytic Activity of Nanoheterostructures C3N4/CoTiO3 in Hydrogen Evolution from Water–Alcohol Solutions Under Visible Light Irradiation

Photocatalytic Activity of Nanoheterostructures C3N4/CoTiO3 in Hydrogen Evolution from Water–Alcohol Solutions Under Visible Light Irradiation

Evaluation of the post-coital anti-fertility activity of Michelia champaca linn. aerial extract in female Wistar rat

Background: The plant M. champaca L., commonly known as Champa, has traditionally been utilized for its medicinal properties, particularly in women's health, for managing sterility and birth control. Previous literature primarily focuses on the anti-fertility activity of leaf extracts, while limited research has explored the potential of other aerial parts, such as the bark and flowers. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the female anti-fertility actions of various aerial parts (including leaves, branches, bark, and flowers) of the M. champaca plant, expanding our understanding beyond the previously studied leaf extracts. Material and Method: The petroleum ether (PEAEMC), ethyl alcohol (EAEMC), and chloroform water (AAEMC) extracts of aerial parts of M. champaca at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg were administered to female Wistar rats by using an experimental model, i.e., anti-implantation and estrogenic/Anti-estrogenic activity. Result: All three extracts showed significant anti-implantation activity (p<0.01). Among all, only EAEMC Showed activity corresponding to the standard. EAEME caused an increase in the vaginal opening size and increased height and width of the endometrium in immature ovariectomized female rats; it showed an estrogen-like action when given alone, however when given along with Ethinylestradiol, it showed anti-estrogenic action. Conclusion: It was observed that EAEMC (the Ethyl alcohol extract of M. champaca) showed dose dependent anti-fertility activity. The chemical constituents like steroids, alkaloids, and flavonoids identified from the photochemical screening may be responsible for the anti-fertility activity of the aerial parts of M. champaca L.

Effect of faba bean Vicia faba L. water/alcohol extract on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, textural properties, and collagen deposition in the swim bladder of juvenile Nibea coibor.

Faba bean has gained attention as a cost-effective protein source with the potential to enhance product quality (texture properties, collagen content, etc.) in fish. However, its anti-nutrition factor, high feed conversion ratio, poor growth performance, etc. limit the widely application as a dietary source, especially in carnivorous fish. The water or alcohol extract of faba bean might resolve the problem. In this study, the juvenile Nibea coibor, known for their high-protein, large-sized, and high-grade swim bladder, were fed with seven isoproteic and isolipid experimental diets with the additive of faba bean water extract (1.25%, 2.5%, and 5%) or faba bean alcohol extract (0.9%, 1.8%, and 3.6%), with a control group without faba bean extract. After the 10-week feeding trail, the growth, antioxidant capacity, textural properties, and collagen deposition of the swim bladder were analyzed. Results showed that the 1.25% faba bean water extract group could significantly promote growth, textural quality of the swim bladder, and have beneficial effects on antioxidant response of fish. Conversely, dietary supplementation of faba bean alcohol extract resulted in reduced growth performance in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, fish fed diet with 1.25% faba bean water extract exhibited increased collagen content and upregulated collagen-related gene expression in the swim bladder, which was consistent with the Masson stain analysis for collagen fiber. Our results suggested that the anti-nutrient factor and bioactive component of faba bean may mainly be enriched in alcohol extract and water extract of faba bean, respectively. Besides, the appropriate addition of water extract of faba bean may improve the texture quality of the swim bladder by promoting collagen deposition. This study would provide a theoretical basis for the formulated diets with faba bean extract to promote product quality of marine fish.

Highly Practical Aqueous Phase Acylation of Phenols, Amines and Alcohols Employing New Green Acylation Reagents Derived From DBU

AbstractTwo new Lewis base adducts (LBAs) of DBU were prepared, isolated in grams scale and are employed as Green reagents for base free benzoylation and pivaloylation in water. The structures of these reagents are unambiguously confirmed and the practicality of these LBAs (transient species) in organic synthesis as operationally simple protecting reagents of various phenols, amines, and alcohols in water at ambient temperature is explored. The products are furnished in very good yields (up to 95 %) and are purified just by filtration followed by recrystallization thus avoiding column chromatography. The Lewis base, DBU is recycled and reused for the preparation of LBAs. The methodology is an environmentally benign due to aqueous phase, base free reaction, chromatography free purificatios, ambient temperature reactions and recycling DBU.

Angular Dependence of Reflection Spectra and Color for Anodic Alumina Possessing the Photonic Crystal Properties

The angular dependences of visible wavelengths mirror reflection spectra and color characteristics of one-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) based on anodic alumina impregnated with water and isopropyl alcohol are investigated. The photonic crystal was fabricate by anodizing of aluminum in 1M sulfuric acid solution with ethylene glycol addition under periodically varying current density of 0,40 mA/cm2 and 1,80 mA/cm2. The photonic crystal was impregnated using immersion and exposure in liquids for at least 5 hours at room temperature. The short-wavelength shift of photonic band gap spectral position for the photonic crystals has been established under the irradiation incidence angle increase from 25° to 45°. The bathochromic shift of 45 nm has been detected when water was introduced into the photonic crystal pores and 60 nm when isopropyl alcohol was introduced, under the irradiation angle of 25°. The color and chromaticity coordinates on chromaticity diagram have been determined using the CIE 1931 (XYZ). The significant difference in colorimetric characteristics for initial and impregnated PC has been established, the visual color difference being maintained between PC impregnated with substances varying in refractive indices by 0,045.

Pectin Nanoporous Structures Prepared via Salt-Induced Phase Separation and Ambient Azeotropic Evaporation Processes.

Polysaccharide nanoporous structures are suitable for various applications, ranging from biomedical scaffolds to adsorption materials, owing to their biocompatibility and large surface areas. Pectin, in particular, can create 3D nanoporous structures in aqueous solutions by binding with calcium cations and creating nanopores by phase separation; this process involves forming hydrogen bonds between alcohols and pectin chains in water and alcohol mixtures and the resulting penetration of alcohols into calcium-bound pectin gels. However, owing to the dehydration and condensation of polysaccharide chains during drying, it has proven to be challenging to maintain the 3D nanoporous structure without using a freeze-drying process or supercritical fluid. Herein, we report a facile method for creating polysaccharide-based xerogels, involving the co-evaporation of water with a nonsolvent (e.g., a low-molecular-weight hydrophobic alcohol such as isopropyl or n-propyl alcohol) at ambient conditions. Experiments and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that salt-induced phase separation and hydrogen bonding between hydrophobic alcohols and pectin chains were the dominant processes in mixtures of pectin, water, and hydrophobic alcohols. Furthermore, the azeotropic evaporation of water and alcohol mixed in approximately 1:1 molar ratios was maintained during the natural drying process under ambient conditions, preventing the hydration and aggregation of the hydrophilic pectin chains. These results introduce a simple and convenient process to produce 3D polysaccharide xerogels under ambient conditions.

Filling fraction measurement around a drying drop onto nanoporous silicon using digital holographic microscopy

In this work, we implemented an off-axis digital holographic microscopy (DHM) setup to study the behavior of liquid drops on nanostructured porous silicon (PS) membranes. When a liquid comes into contact with the PS structure, capillary action and surface tension give rise to imbibition of the liquid into the intricate volume of the pores. At the same time, the vapor field developed around the drop enhances liquid condensation and evaporation into and from the pores. The complex interplay between these phenomena (capillary driven internal flows, condensation, and evaporation) is not yet fully understood but the methods we propose can provide new insights. We demonstrate how DHM allows determining the filling fraction of the porous membrane around drying drops of water and isobutyl alcohol. The phase information obtained from registered holograms provides quantitative information that permits to reconstruct the filling fraction along the porous membrane and its evolution during the drying process. Additionally, relevant parameters such as speed and contact angle during retraction of the drops can be measured. These methods can be further extended to other porous materials, such as porous alumina, micro- and macro-PS, to develop better fluid-dynamic models for describing fluid behavior in highly confined structures.

3D-Printable Sustainable Bioplastics from Gluten and Keratin.

Bioplastic films comprising both plant- and animal-derived proteins have the potential to integrate the optimal characteristics inherent to the specific domain, which offers enormous potential to develop polymer alternatives to petroleum-based plastic. Herein, we present a facile strategy to develop hybrid films comprised of both wheat gluten and wool keratin proteins for the first time, employing a ruthenium-based photocrosslinking strategy. This approach addresses the demand for sustainable materials, reducing the environmental impact by using proteins from renewable and biodegradable sources. Gluten film was fabricated from an alcohol-water mixture soluble fraction, largely comprised of gliadin proteins. Co-crosslinking hydrolyzed low-molecular-weight keratin with gluten enhanced its hydrophilic properties and enabled the tuning of its physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the hierarchical structure of the fabricated films was studied using neutron scattering techniques, which revealed the presence of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic nanodomains, gliadin nanoclusters, and interconnected micropores in the matrix. The films exhibited a largely (>40%) β-sheet secondary structure, with diminishing gliadin aggregate intensity and increasing micropore size (from 1.2 to 2.2 µm) with an increase in keratin content. The hybrid films displayed improved molecular chain mobility, as evidenced by the decrease in the glass-transition temperature from ~179.7 °C to ~173.5 °C. Amongst the fabricated films, the G14K6 hybrid sample showed superior water uptake (6.80% after 30 days) compared to the pristine G20 sample (1.04%). The suitability of the developed system for multilayer 3D printing has also been demonstrated, with the 10-layer 3D-printed film exhibiting >92% accuracy, which has the potential for use in packaging, agricultural, and biomedical applications.

(266) Miconazole Vaginal Cream-Induced Acquired Neuroproliferative Vestibulodynia

Abstract Introduction The endodermal vestibule lies between the ectodermal vulva and the mesodermal vagina. Unlike the vulvar skin, the vestibular epithelium is thin, non-keratinized, and its submucosal immune cells are more susceptible to activation. Topical pharmaceutical agents that are applied to the genitals for various medical indications are likely to contact the vestibular epithelium. For example, miconazole vaginal cream (MVC) is approved for treatment of vaginal yeast infections and the irritation associated with the yeast infection. Active and inactive ingredients in MVC include miconazole nitrate, benzoic acid, cetyl alcohol, isopropyl myristate, polysorbate 60, potassium hydroxide, propylene glycol, purified water and stearyl alcohol. We have observed cases where individuals, previously without vestibular pain, have applied MVC to their genitals and immediately experienced excruciating burning that resulted in persistent unrelenting severe pain throughout the vestibule, which is a symptom of acquired neuroproliferative vestibulodynia (ANPV). Objective Our objective is to report cases of patients who used MVC and were diagnosed with ANPV in order to provide awareness of this condition. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of persons with vulvas presenting to a single sexual medicine clinic between 6/2019-6/2023 who were clinically suspected to have ANPV after experiencing an allergic reaction following use of MVC. Patients were included who failed conservative treatments for provoked vestibular pain, underwent vestibulectomy and were histopathlogically diagnosed with ANPV (>8 CD117 stained immunopositive cells per high-power field (HPF), consistent with mast cells, and excess PGP117 stained immunopositive cells, consistent with nerves). Demographic data, prior diagnoses and treatments, and results from validated questionnaires were collected. Results Our patient cohort included 7 individuals who met the criteria for MVC-induced ANPV. Mean age at time of MVC-induced vestibular pain was 23 (range 18-29) years. Mean age of presentation to our sexual medicine facility was 28 (range 22-33) years. Mean years of delay in diagnosis of MVC-induced ANPV was 5 (range 1-12) years. 71% and 29% were previously diagnosed and unsuccessfully managed as hormone-mediated vestibulodynia and interstitial cystitis, respectively. The mean pain score and overall score for the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was 1.2/6 (range 0-3.2/6) and 11.7/36 (range 4.2-18.1/36), respectively. All total FSFI scores were <26 and indicative of sexual dysfunction. The mean Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised score was 32.2/52 (21-39/52), consistent with significant distress. Conclusions Our cohort of patients with MVC-induced ANPV experienced several years of misdiagnoses, unsuccessful treatments, and significant pain and distress. It is hypothesized that MVC induces ANPV in genetically susceptible individuals possibly due to activation of the innate submucosal immune cells from an allergic reaction to active or inactive ingredients in the MVC. This allergic reaction results in accumulation of mast cells in the subepithelial stroma that release cytokines and growth factors leading to proliferation of nerves with subsequent symptoms of allodynia and hyperalgesia. Avoidance of topical medications and use of systemic antifungal strategies in individuals with yeast infections may be advisable. Disclosure No.

Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Poria cocos

In order to investigate the structural characteristics and immunomodulatory effects of Poria cocos polysaccharides, a water-soluble homogeneous polysaccharide (PCP-2) was isolated by water extraction and alcohol precipitation and further purified by Cellulose DEAE-52 and Sephacryl S-100HR column chromatography. PCP-2 is a heteropolysaccharide composed of glucose, galactose, mannose, and fucose in a molar ratio of 42.0: 35.0: 13.9: 9.1. It exhibits a narrow molecular weight distribution at 2.35 kDa with a branching degree of 37.1 %. The main chain types of PCP-2 include 1,3-β-D-Glc and 1,6-β-D-Glc as the backbone glucans and 1,6-α-D-Gal as the backbone heterogalactan. In vitro experiments demonstrate that PCP-2 directly stimulate RAW264.7 cell proliferation and secretion of inflammatory factors such as NO and TNF-α. In cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced mice, it promotes the development of thymus and spleen immune organs, elevates the blood levels of IgG, IgA, IgM and CD3+CD4+ T cells, increases the intestinal villus height/ crypt depth ratio and improves gut barrier dysfunctions. These findings suggest that PCP-2 is a natural fungal polysaccharide with broad spectrum of immunoenhancing effects, which can significantly ameliorate the immunocompromised state.

A Multidisciplinary Approach toward CMOS Capacitive Sensor Array for Droplet Analysis.

This paper introduces an innovative method for the analysis of alcohol-water droplets on a CMOS capacitive sensor, leveraging the controlled thermal behavior of the droplets. Using this sensing method, the capacitive sensor measures the total time of evaporation (ToE), which can be influenced by the droplet volume, temperature, and chemical composition. We explored this sensing method by introducing binary mixtures of water and ethanol or methanol across a range of concentrations (0-100%, with 10% increments). The experimental results indicate that while the capacitive sensor is effective in measuring both the total ToE and dielectric properties, a higher dynamic range and resolution are observed in the former. Additionally, an array of sensing electrodes successfully monitors the droplet-sensor surface interaction. However practical considerations such as the creation of parasitic capacitance due to mismatch, arise from the large sensing area in the proposed capacitive sensors and other similar devices. In this paper, we discuss this non-ideality and propose a solution. Also, this paper showcases the benefits of utilizing a CMOS capacitive sensing method for accurately measuring ToE.

Standardization of Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham: A Classical Siddha Drug

Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham is one of the polyherbal formulation mentioned in siddha system of medicine. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the quality of formulation Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham by conducting Physicochemical, Phytochemical evaluation through advanced analytical techniques. The organoleptic nature of the drug provides the purity and quality of the formulation. The results obtained from physicochemical evaluation shows that the total ash value of Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham was “2.8±0.3%”, in which the acid insoluble ash was “0.041±0.008%”, loss on drying at 105ºC of the formulation Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham was noted to be “7.4±0.88” in which water soluble extract value and alcohol soluble extract value was “20.2±1.53 and 8.333=1.15% “respectively. High performance Thin Layer Chromatography analysis of reveals the appearance Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham of ten prominent peaks corresponds to presence of ten versatile phyto components present with in it.Rf value of the peaks ranges from “0.13 to 0.91”. Phyto chemical analysis of Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham reveals the emergence of phytocomponents like Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Steroids, Triterpenoids, Coumarin, Phenol, Tannin, Protein, Saponins, Sugar, Betacyanin. In conclusion, the polyherbal formulation of Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham possess significant phytocomponents and have beneficial effects towards treating various disorders.

Ligand‐engineered Zr‐MOF membranes with fast water transport channels for alcohol–water separation

AbstractMetal–organic framework (MOF) membranes with rich functionality and a tunable pore system are promising for molecular separation. However, an inadequate pore microenvironment and low water stability may hamper the extension of their use in gas separation to liquid separation (e.g., organic solvent dehydration). In this study, we report a high‐valence Zr‐MOF membrane with high stability and tunable pore microenvironment, prepared using a mixed‐ligand strategy based on fumarate (fum) and 2‐methylfumarate (mes) ligands for the pervaporation dehydration of alcohols. The introduction of a methyl group in the ligand side chain narrowed the aperture size while balancing the hydrophilicity, thus facilitating the fast and selective permeation of water over alcohol molecules. The resulting mes/fum‐Zr‐MOF membrane with a mes content of 30% displayed excellent butanol/water separation performance with total flux of 5226 g−1·m−2·h−1, separation factor of 1281, and water content of 99.3% in the permeate, transcending the upper‐bound of state‐of‐the‐art MOF and polymer membranes, thereby exhibiting immense potential for alcohols dehydration.

A sample preparation guide for clay‐rich carbonaceous chondrites

AbstractThe matrix of the C2‐ungrouped Tarda meteorite contains abundant smectite minerals that swell and crumble when exposed to polar liquids, causing the sample to rapidly slake. This phenomenon presents a serious challenge when polishing the meteorite, as common polishing liquids used on carbonaceous chondrites, such as water, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and isopropyl alcohol, are polar and will cause the sample to swell, making it unsuitable for some analyses. Hexane and mineral oil are nonpolar liquids that were found to not induce swelling on highly expansive montmorillonite‐clay analog material and were effectively integrated into a polishing procedure for Tarda. Here, we detail a procedure for mounting, cutting, and polishing the Tarda meteorite to prepare a surface that is suitable for a variety of sensitive techniques, such as electron microprobe analysis. This work offers a practical methodology for the preparation of other clay‐rich samples, which may include the recently returned Ryugu and Bennu materials.

Recycling of wheat gluten wastewater: separation, characterisation, and solution rheology of arabinoxylans

SummaryA significant volume of gluten production wastewater, containing arabinoxylan, is generated during wheat processing, presenting an underutilised resource. In this study, water‐extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) was obtained from this wastewater through water extraction and alcohol precipitation, followed by purification, and its chemical and rheological properties were subsequently investigated. The analysis revealed a mean molecular weight of 4.57 × 104 Da for WEAX, with arabinose (38.08%) and xylose (43.77%) as the predominant monosaccharides. Notably, the sample exhibited characteristic structural properties of arabinoxylan, as confirmed by FT‐IR spectra. Scanning electron microscopy further revealed a heterogeneous solid morphology, comprising filamentous flake and spherical structures. Moreover, WEAX demonstrated favourable thermal stability and revealed shear‐thinning behaviour, as well as weak gelation, as evidenced by thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and rheological analysis. This study not only presents a novel approach for the resource treatment of wheat gluten production wastewater but also contributes new insights into the characterisation of arabinoxylan.

A remark on hard body fluids: density versus packing fraction and excluded volume

Various hard body fluids are used as a reference term in molecular-based equations of state. Originally, these models were obtained either intuitively (as rigid geometrical objects) or by speculative physical considerations (e.g. pseudo-hard bodies). Considering a proper perturbation theory for molecular fluids, these n-site fused-hard-sphere models descend from the complex force field by a well-defined procedure but may also differ in dependence on the used additional approximations. As individual bodies, they are geometrical objects but their mutual interaction may be more complex including also non-additive hard sphere site-site interactions. The properties of such bodies may be expressed as a function of the number density, packing fraction or the overall excluded volume and these different scalings may also lead to even qualitatively different physical conclusions. This becomes particularly important when properties of different fluids are to be compared. This problem is discussed and exemplified by considering both convex body models and hard body models descending from realistic force fields with a specific focus on water and lower alcohols.