Wastewater Pipe Research Articles

Consequence-of-Failure Model for Risk-Based Asset Management of Wastewater Pipes Using AHP

AbstractRisk-based asset management focuses on prioritizing the most critical assets by evaluating their risk of failure. A typical way to determine the risk of failure is by assessing the asset’s ...

Municipal Landfill Leachate Real-time Processing Measurement and Control Method

Landfill leachate is one of the main sources of stench in refuse transfer stations, and it is also one of the main pollution sources in municipal waste water pipe network. This paper designs an automatic treatment and process control system for landfill leachate based on plasma to realize real-time monitoring and automatic control of multiple parameters in the process of landfill leachate treatment. The whole system is divided into two parts: on-site control and remote control. remote control: single-chip microcomputer collects signals of each sensor, communicates with wifi module through serial port, and PC logs into internet of things cloud platform to realize real-time monitoring. The single-chip microcomputer remotely controls the external execution module through the wifi module. Field control: taking the data detected by turbidity and dissolved oxygen sensors as input of fuzzy control, establishing a correct fuzzy rule base and obtaining a fuzzy output set; IO port communication is carried out between PLC and single-chip microcomputer to read the result of fuzzy control operation of single-chip microcomputer and intelligently control the external executing mechanism. Finally realize the function of man-machine interaction.

The use of numerical models on service equipment noise prediction in heavyweight and lightweight timber buildings

In modern constructions, service equipment is the most used and complex technology. Air and liquid flow inside piping or conduit provides conditioning, well-being and comfort within buildings. Nevertheless, fluid movements inject both structure-borne and airborne noise, causing annoyance on people living inside edifices. In order to avoid this issue, the model provided by ISO 12354-5 standard could be used. Unfortunately, the standard describes very well the process in order to calculate the resulting noise caused by air flow service equipment, but it does not offer clear definitions of parameters related to waste water installations. As a consequence, very few researches and studies are available at present because of the difficulty on initial data set and on interpretation of requested parameters. In this article, the ISO 12354-5 method for waste water pipe source is critically analysed, modified and then applied to real case studies. Considerations on coupling terms are proposed, discussed and used in the standard equations, calculating the theoretical values and providing possible solutions for all missing data; results demonstrate how the suggested modified models matched very well measurements outcomes.

Unravelling long-term source removal effects and chlorinated methanes natural attenuation processes by C and Cl stable isotopic patterns at a complex field site

The effects of contaminant sources removal in 2005 (i.e. barrels, tank, pit and wastewater pipe sources) on carbon tetrachloride (CT) and chloroform (CF) concentration in groundwater were assessed at several areas of a fractured multi-contaminant aquifer (Òdena, Spain) over a long-term period (2010–2014). Changes in redox conditions, in these chlorinated methanes (CMs) concentration and in their carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C) were monitored in multilevel wells. δ13C values from these wells were compared to those obtained from sources (barrels, tank and pit before their removal, 2002–2005) and to commercial solvents values in literature. Additionally, CMs natural attenuation processes were identified by C-Cl isotope slopes (Λ).Analyses revealed the downstream migration of the pollutant focus and an efficient removal of DNAPLs in the pit source's influence area. However, the removal of the contaminated soil from former tank and wastewater pipe was incomplete as leaching from unsaturated zone was proved, evidencing these areas are still active sources. Nevertheless, significant CMs degradation was detected close to all sources and Λ values pointed to different reactions. For CT in the tank area, Λ value fitted with hydrogenolysis pathway although other possible reduction processes were also uncovered. Near the wastewater pipe area, CT thiolytic reduction combined with hydrogenolysis was derived. The highest CT degradation extent accounted for these areas was 72 ± 11% and 84 ± 6%, respectively. For CF, the Λ value in the pit source's area was consistent with oxidation and/or with transport of CF affected by alkaline hydrolysis from upstream interception trenches. In contrast, isotope data evidenced CF reduction in the tank and wastewater pipe influence areas, although the observed Λ slightly deviates from the reference values, likely due to the continuous leaching of CF degraded in the non-saturated zone by a mechanism different from reduction.

MACHINE MOTION OPTIMIZATION

Urgency of the research. Inspection of pipe systems are needed, because of prevention of damages and disasters. Also repairing and cleaning can be done without any earth works. Target setting. Pipe machine is suitable to move inside gas pipe, water gas, oil gas, waste water pipes, chemical pipes, steam generator pipes, boiler pipes etc. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Wheeled or tracked machines are currently used for motion inside pipes. Wheeled type tends to slipping when wall is dirty or rudiments are exposed on inner side of pipe wall. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The question of the design of adaptable pipe machines are uninvesti-gated, because the next research will be focused to this are. The research objective. The main aim is to optimize structure of machine for improving the overall properties as motion velocity and traction force. Cary items are bristles, which has any structural and material properties. The statement of basic materials. Montage angle and initial displacement and also bristle length can be identified for set-ting the machine. Bristles are placed at angle on machine body in two groups (front and back). Linear actuator is placed between these groups of bristles. Periodical actuator stroke generates forward motion inside pipe. Conclusions. Phenomenon of friction difference is a key factor for motion of machine inside pipe. Beside of it, a contact phenomenon between bristles and pipe wall is important for analysis in design process of this machine. Real bristles have a limitation of their deflection. In every case, deformation should be in flexible area of loading. These bristles flexibility is used as device for compensation of pipe wall irregularities during the machine motion inside pipe.

Development of a standard data structure for wastewater pipe performance management

The accurate prediction of wastewater pipe structural and functional deterioration plays an essential role in the utility asset management process and capital investment planning. The limitations of deterioration prediction capabilities are in the lack of accurate and consistent performance data, or not well-understood interdependencies of the pipeline performance parameters. Thus, the primary objective of this paper is to develop a standard data structure to support the performance prediction of wastewater pipe remaining life. This paper presents the life cycle, failure modes and mechanisms, and data structure of wastewater pipe that has been completed with results from intensive literature reviews, various interviews with utilities, consultants, and pipe associations. In this research, the authors investigated the lifecycle of wastewater pipes, identifying the causes of pipe failure in different phases, including design, manufacture, construction, operation and maintenance, and repair/rehabilitation/replacement. The data structure was classified into gold, silver, bronze, and wood standards.

Development of a standard data structure for wastewater pipe performance management

Development of a standard data structure for wastewater pipe performance management

DESIGN OF PLUMBING SYSTEM AT TUNJUNGAN PLAZA APARTMENT, SURABAYA

Aim: This study of plumbing system plan is aimed at planning a plumbing system that is compatible with clean water, waste water and rain water management at Tunjungan Plaza apartment, Surabaya City, Indonesia according to SNI 8153-2015, and meet 5 aspects of safety, security, simplicity, beauty, and economy. It applies water supply system which commonly used for tall buildings, namely Roof Tank system. Methodology and Result: Plumbing system planning methods are collecting and analyzing fluctuation in water use, planning clean water and recycled water systems by endorsing alternative piping for clean water and recycled water. In addition to water supply, recycled water system that utilizes waste water to be recycled for flushing closets and watering plants also required to be implemented. Average daily water consumption is 268 m3/day for clean water and 44 m3/day for recycled water with the capacity of ground water tank for clean water is 564.54 m3 and recycled water is 62 m3. Conclusion, significance and impact study: Clean water supply system will implement roof tank system and recycled water will reutilize wastewater for flushing on toilet tank and watering the plants. Waste water use separated system between grey water and black water and then distributed to STP to be treated and reused for flushing water closet and watering plants. Rain water goes to infiltration well by gravity through designed 1 well. Total amount of investment of plumbing equipment is Rp 2,157,697,501,- with cost of water supply per unit Rp 4,445,643,- meanwhile waste water piping cost per units is Rp 1,070,711,-.

Enhanced organics removal and partial desalination of high strength industrial wastewater with a multi-stage microbial desalination cell

Conventional microbial desalination cells (MDCs) extract organic energy from wastewater for in situ desalination of saline water, but cannot treat industrial wastewater containing high strength organics that may cause blocking in the thin membrane stack. In this study, a multi-stage MDC (M-MDC) was fabricated and operated for simultaneous treatment and desalination of diluted industrial wastewater. With wastewater (COD: 8723±456mg/L, conductivity: 24,612±772μS/cm) flowing serially from anode-1→cathode-1→anode-2→cathode-2, the maximum power density of the M-MDC reached 566.1mW/m2, with removal efficiencies of COD, TN, NH4+-N, and conductivity reaching 97.8%, 90.6%, 98.4%, and 31.6% respectively with addition of 1V external voltage. The high strength organics were significantly removed due to alternative anaerobic/oxic conditions, the nitrogen removal was enhanced by simultaneous electrical migration and biological nitrification/denitrification. Moreover, the addition of external voltage enhanced current generation (67.4±3.9mA), desalination efficiency, coulombic efficiency (14.1%), and organics removal in two anodes (47.3%), producing an effluent (COD <500mg/L, TN<15mg/L) qualified to be discharged into municipal wastewater pipe systems. These results indicated great potential of M-MDC to work as a pretreatment technology for high strength industrial wastewater.

Estimating water and wastewater pipe failure consequences and the most detrimental failure modes

Abstract Failures of water and wastewater networks can lead to severe consequences for the human, natural and built environments. This paper presents how data on networks and their immediate environment together with graph analysis can be used to estimate the severity of pipe failure consequences. A case study concerning a large water and wastewater utility revealed that ca. 14% of the water distribution pipes and ca. 25% of the sewers had potentially severe failure consequences with regard to at least one factor considered. The most detrimental failure modes connected to these pipes were identified. An assessment of the most important information needs revealed that a number of crucial source data sets were missing. The results can be used to support asset management decisions aiming at risk alleviation, e.g. when estimating the resources needed for network maintenance, condition inspections or renovations and when planning excavation works.

Characterization of a cold-active bacterium isolated from the South Pole “Ice Tunnel”

Extremely cold microbial habitats on Earth (those below -30°C) are rare and have not been surveyed for microbes as extensively as environments in the 0 to -20°C range. Using cryoprotected growth media incubated at -5°C, we enriched a cold-active Pseudomonas species from -50°C ice collected from a utility tunnel for wastewater pipes under Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica. The isolate, strain UC-1, is related to other cold-active Pseudomonas species, most notably P. psychrophila, and grew at -5°C to +34-37°C; growth of UC-1 at +3°C was significantly faster than at +34°C. Strain UC-1 synthesized a surface exopolymer and high levels of unsaturated fatty acids under cold growth conditions. A 16S rRNA gene diversity screen of the ice sample that yielded strain UC-1 revealed over 1200 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) distributed across eight major classes of Bacteria. Many of the OTUs were Clostridia and Bacteriodia and some of these were probably of wastewater origin. However, a significant fraction of the OTUs were Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria of likely environmental origin. Our results shed light on the lower temperature limits to life and the possible existence of functional microbial communities in ultra-cold environments.

Estimating geometrical parameters of cylindrical targets detected by ground-penetrating radar using template matching algorithm

In the current research, the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) method has been employed to identify physical and geometrical parameters of buried cylindrical structures using the pattern recognition approach. To achieve this goal, the well-established mathematical relationships between geometrical parameters of cylindrical target (radius, burial depth, and horizontal location) and the associated GPR hyperbolic response characteristics are employed using the template matching method. In order to validate the applicability of the template matching method in providing estimates of such parameters, the method is first examined on GPR responses of synthetic models with known geometrical parameters followed by applying on real data using two different similarity criteria including 2-D spatial convolution and normalized cross correlation in the wave number domain. In the first step, the GPR responses of 71 synthetic models encompassing one, two, and three horizontal cylinders were produced using the improved 2-D finite difference in frequency domain. Then, appropriate preprocessing sequences to reduce random noise caused by forward modeling were applied on synthetic data. The proposed algorithm applied on several synthetic model responses could estimate the known geometrical parameters of the buried cylinders with acceptable accuracy (maximum error of 15%). The template matching algorithm was also used to extract geometrical parameters of water and wastewater pipes buried in Imam Hossein Square, Isfahan city, as real GPR data. Depending on environmental conditions and subsurface host formation, the real GPR data normally contain a variety of noises; therefore, a series of appropriate objective preprocessing and processing stages were designed in order to apply on real GPR images before deploying template matching algorithm. The applicability of the template matching algorithm on real data and validity of the estimated parameters were proved based on assessing the accuracy of the estimated geometrical parameters of respective pipes through GPR response versus the measured parameters. The proposed algorithm was designed in such a way that all steps of estimating geometrical parameters of buried cylindrical targets are automatically carried out.

Estimation and Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions during the Life-Cycle of Wastewater Pipelines : Case study of Tehran, Iran

Climate change occasioned by the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is now widely accepted as an issue which mankind needs to address. The starting point is necessarily the determination of all the sources of emissions during the life-cycles of the studied components. Post-calculation, the results ought to be presented to decision-makers in a clear manner so as to provide the basis on which corrective actions could be considered. This paper calculates the GHGs emissions during the life-cycle of wastewater pipelines and introduces a different approach to communicate information about GHGs released, to decision-makers. Different diameters of concrete and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) wastewater pipes are compared in a case study. Results show that the total CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) emissions attributed to concrete pipes are greater than HDPE pipes. Hence, the equivalent bio-productive area of forest required to sequester the CO2 (the major GHG) and its corresponding costs will be greater for the former.

The Protozoa and helminths in the water of Terme and Kocaman Boroughs of Samsun Province

Aim: It was aimed to determine the presence of parasites and helminths in the environmental waters of the Terme and Kocaman districts of Samsun.Meterial and Methods: In this study, 6 stations in Terme and 6 stations in Kocaman Milic River areas were included.The research was conducted between August 2012 - July 2013 and every month water samples were collected. The pellet part of the supernatant samples was examined on the same day by native-lugol methods. The samples were also examined by kinyoun acid fast, Weber’s modified trichrome and trichrome methods. The samples were painted and evaluated according to parasitologic terms.Results: As a result of water sample examination, 144 Cryptosporidium spp., oocysts 96 Cyclospora spp., oocysts 60 Strongyloides spp., larvae 36 Microsporidia spores, 48 Blastocystis spp. granular forms, 24 Chilomastix spp. trophozoits, 24 Balantidium spp. trophozoits, 60 hookworm eggs and 132 Giardia spp. cysts have been observed.Conclusion: The animal husbandry made in those regions, direct discharge of the waste water pipes into the river, the usage of this water for irrigation and animal drinking and water cooling explain the presence of parasites in the water. As water is an agricultural, industrial and domestic requirement, it should be free of pathogenic microorganisms in accordance with the criteria related to its potential use. Water, which is a domestic requirement for agriculture and industry, needs to be purified from pathogenic microorganisms in accordance with the criteria for its potential use.Keywords: Terme; Kocaman; Environmental Waters; Parasites.

Cox proportional hazards modelling of blockage risk in vitrified clay wastewater pipes

Older wastewater systems often contain vitrified clay pipes and these pipes are responsible for a significant proportion of blockages. From previous research and site experience, it is known that age, installation period, pipe length, diameter, depth and joint type affect the risk of blockage. Using statistical analysis we extend this list of variables to include soil type, road/rail proximity and road type. The analysis is based on blockage data for 43,976 vitrified clay pipes over a 7 year period. A Cox proportional hazards modelling (PHM) approach using established and new explanatory variables finds that pipe depth, pipe length, pipe gradient, pipe diameter, submergence in water, joint type, pipe installation decade, soil type, road proximity to the pipe, pipe purpose, land use code and road type are associated with risk of blockage. Pipes with the highest risk of failure due to blockage are identified and their locations and risk level are visually represented on a colour coded map. This analysis approach can be used by asset managers working in cost-constrained environments to appropriately target inspection, plan maintenance and replacement programs.

Environmental life cycle analysis of pipe materials for sewer systems

Wastewater system performance continues to be a matter of utmost importance to the development of sustainable communities today. Over the past few decades, we have seen dramatic increases in urbanization that has substantially added to an already-enhanced need for improvement of wastewater infrastructure systems. Traditionally studies on sewer system design have been focusing on maximizing the economic advantages, while limited work has been done on the analysis of environmental impacts of sewer systems made of different piping materials. In this paper, a comparative life cycle analysis (LCA) is performed for six different types of wastewater pipe materials: composite fiber reinforced polymer (FRP), PVC, high density polyethylene (HDPE), ductile iron, vitrified clay, and reinforced concrete. The functional unit is defined as one kilometer sewer infrastructure needed for a small city with population of 25,000 people for a period of 50 years. Considering various life cycle stages, environmental impacts were quantified and compared for all pipe materials in two types of sewer systems i.e. pure gravity sewer and sewer with lifting stations. The results indicate that the manufacturing stage in pure gravity sewer systems has the maximum impact, while for sewer systems with lifting use phase can have comparable or even higher impacts than manufacturing phase. Among the six pipe materials, ductile iron seems to be the worst option while reinforced concrete seems to be the best option. Results from the analysis may help current and future wastewater infrastructure designers and material manufacturers to understand and develop more sustainable sewer systems.

PENGETAHUAN, SIKAP DAN PERILAKU KEPALA RUMAH TANGGA TERHADAP PENGELOLAAN AIR LIMBAH RUMAH TANGGA (KASUS DI KELURAHAN PEKAPURAN RAYA ) KECAMATAN BANJARMASIN TIMUR KOTA BANJARMASIN

One of the efforts of Banjarmasin City Government to reduce water pollution by establishing Local Company Waste Water Management, which the company functions to process and dispose of household wastewater population by installing waste water pipe network to the home population ( off site system), but still many heads of households do not take advantage of the IPAL. Based on the results of research in Kelurahan Pekapuran Raya found that public knowledge about domestic waste water are still many who do not know the household waste water. The attitude of rejection of the existence of IPAL with a variety of reasons they put forward like objection to the demolition of the road in its territory, the objections of the payment of 25% of PDAM tariffs and went along with refuse because there are influential figures in society also does not come IPAL utilize the existence of the advice given is Government should further enhance efforts to disseminate information about the management of domestic wastewater through socialization to community leaders and through media information or conduct training to the village which will be forwarded to the local community. Development of pilot areas that will both domestic waste water management, will provide definitive proof to the people who have or are still opposed to the program management of household waste water.

Innovative first order elimination kinetics working model for easy learning

Background: General pharmacology is the backbone of therapeutic pharmacology. In general pharmacology, pharmacokinetics is a very difficult topic for undergraduate medical students. Knowledge of the kinetics and of the effects of drugs is necessary for the correct use of drugs in therapy. As in the body most of the drugs follow first order elimination kinetics, so it is necessary for all students to know about basic concept of first order kinetics. This can be easily understood by using working models. Our present study is a step in that direction. The objective of this study was planned to develop first order elimination kinetics working models to teach pharmacokinetics principle to the under graduate medical students.Methods: The current study was planned and executed by the department of pharmacology in SHKM government medical college, Mewat, Haryana, India in the first quarter of 2016. This model was developed from household waste materials like thermocol sheets, coke bottles, waste water pipe, colour etc.Results: As we know learning is better with live experimentation as compare to theoretical learning, so difficult topics such as elimination kinetics will be taught by help of working models.Conclusions: First order elimination kinetics is easily understood with the help of above working model. More and more working models could be developed for teaching difficult topics.

Automated Detection of Faults in Wastewater Pipes from CCTV Footage by Using Random Forests

Sewer systems require regular inspection in order to ensure their satisfactory condition. As most sewer networks consist of pipes too small for engineers to traverse, CCTV footage is used to record the interior of these pipes. This footage is manually analysed by qualified engineers, to determine the condition of the pipe and the presence of any faults. We propose a methodology, which automatically detects faults within the CCTV footage. This has the potential to dramatically reduce the time required to process the large volume of CCTV footage produced during a survey. The proposed methodology first characterises localised regions of each video frame using multiscale GIST features. Extremely randomised trees are then used to learn a classifier that distinguishes between frames showing a fault and normal frames. The technique is tested on 670 video segments from real sewer inspections of a variety of pipes, supplied by Wessex Water. Detection performance is assessed by plotting receiver operating characteristics and quantifying the area under the curve. Preliminary results indicate high detection accuracy of 88% and an area under the ROC curve of 96%. The machine learning used reduces the footage to a selection of frames containing faults, which can be quickly identified (whether by an engineer or another piece of software), showing promise for use in industrial wastewater network surveys.

An Examination of Innovative Methods Used in the Inspection of Wastewater Collection Systems

This report brings together a body of information on the characteristics of the wastewater pipe network and the most common defects encountered. The technologies and methods in use by utilities to investigate these defects for the purposes of condition assessment are identified along with what are the perceived unmet needs. A comprehensive review of the current state of the art of investigation technology is provided for both gravity and force mains. It also reviews data management and interrogation. A structured approach to investigation of gravity and pressure pipe is suggested. Innovative investigation technologies and methods for gravity sewers are reviewed under five sections: Based on the identified unmet needs of the industry seven technologies for gravity pipe investigations and two for force main investigation, are identified as demonstrating potential for application to the wastewater industry. Using a structured approach, each of the chosen technologies are reported in detail with information on details of the technology, its performance including field requirements, role of the operator, and costs. Where possible field monitoring was undertaken this is reported This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781780404349 (eBook) ISBN: 9781843397311 (Print)