Wastewater Outlet Research Articles

Tofu wastewater treatment by sediment microbial fuel cells

This research aimed to measure power density generated by sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) by varying anode position and wastewater concentration. Anode position was varied at 2 cm and 4 cm under the surface of sediment, while wastewater concentration varied into 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The electrodes employed was stainless steel mesh, while the organic subtrate source was taken from wastewater of soybean washing and boiling process. The sediment was taken from the Lamnyong River around the outlet of tofu industry wastewater. SMFCs was run until the power density was relatively small. The produced electricity represented in power density. The results of this research showed that power density was decreased over time. Generated power density by varying 2 cm and 4 cm position of anode under the sediment surface was not significantly different, while the lowest wastewater concentration, 25%, gave the highest power density.

PENGEMBANGAN SISTEM PEMANTAUAN KUALITAS AIR UNTUK MEMANTAU AIR LIMBAH INDUSTRI SECARA ONLINE

The number of industry in Indonesia continues to increase along with the increase in population. The increase in the construction industry will have a positive impact as increasing social and economic life of society. However, the negative impact is the increasing environmental pollution such as air pollution, water pollution and soil. One of the causes of water pollution industrial waste discharged into water bodies without treatment beforehand. Various attempts have been made by the government for the supervision and control of water pollution by issuing laws and regulations, permit to dispose of liquid waste and Proper Program. Nevertheless, there are still companies and industries that discharge wastewater does not meet the requirements is allowed. One effort in monitoring, particularly in the waste disposal industry by applying online monitoring in real-time at the outlet WWTP Industry. This technology is expected to real-time monitoring can be done by government agencies (Ministry of Environment and Forestry and the Regional Environmental Agency) and can send an early warning when there is pollution. This monitoring system generally consists of sensors, data loggers, data communications and data centers. Sensor data from industrial wastewater outlet will be sent to the data center continuously, then the data will be stored and processed by database system and then displayed on Internet. Keyword : industrial wastewater pollution, online monitoring, wastewater quality, WWTP

Особенности формирования и расчета обратных течений в Воткинском водохранилище (1d-постановка)

Issues of the contraflows formation in the Votkinsk Reservoir (the middle one in the sequence of the Kama reservoirs) have been studied. The water discharge regime through the Kama Hydro Power Plant determines the contraflow occurrence. The importance of the contraflow issues is caused by the risk of contaminated waters input to water intakes located upstream in respect of the waste water outlets. One of the major industrial agglomeration, namely the Perm-Krasnokamsk cluster with numerous water intakes and waste water discharge points, is located in the upstream part of the Votkinsk Reservoir with is the downstream reach of the Kama Reservoir. On the basis of assessment of the contraflows scale and the consequences for water users the water/economic and environmental limitations are set for the power plant operation regime including sanitary discharge volumes. The contraflows have been simulated as a result of digital solution of the Saint-Venant equation in 1D-definintion with input of the first type boundary conditions directly in the vicinity of the Votkinsk Power Station dam. We have assessed the reservoir morphometry role in the contraflows formation. Outputs of the comparative experiments performed at different schematic models of the Votkinsk Reservoir have shown that reflection of the level lowering straight wave from the Votkinsk Power Station dam is the determining factor of the contraflows formation rather than peculiarities of the morphometry. When decreasing the period of water discharge to the downstream reach the zone of contraflows formation is displacing towards the Votkins Power Plant dam.

ВЫПУСКИ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД В ВОДОЕМЫ

ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЕ ВОДНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ, СТОЧНЫЕ ВОДЫ, ВЫПУСКИ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД The problem of water body pollution by wastewaters is reviewed. The method of wastewater dilution by wastewater outlets is described. The classification of wastewater outlets is given.

Surface wastewater in Samara and their impact on water basins as water supply sources

The paper gives an overview of surface wastewater outlets in Samara through the rainwater sewer system into the Saratov water reservoir and the Samara river. The rainwater sewer system in Samara is designed and executed according to a separate scheme, except for the old part of the city, where surface run-off is dumped into the sewer system through siphoned drain. The rainwater system disposes of surface, drainage, industrial clean-contamined waters, emergency and technology discharges from the city’s heat supply and water supply systems. The effluent discharge is carried out by means of separate wastewater outlets into ravines or directly into the Samara river and the Saratov water reservoir without cleaning. The effluent discharge is carried out through the rainwater sewer system with 17 wastewater outlets into the Saratov water reservoir. In the Samara river, surface runoff drainage and clean-contamined water of industrial enterprises is carried out through 14 wastewater outlets. This study emphasizes the demand to arrange effluent discharge and construction of sewage treatment plants to prevent contamination of water objects by surface run-off from residential areas and industrial territories.

Determination of chemical forms of 14C in liquid discharges from nuclear power plants

Developments of radioanalytical methods for determination of radiocarbon in wastewaters from nuclear power plants (NPP) with pressurized light water reactors, which would distinguish between the dissolved organic and inorganic forms have been carried out. After preliminary tests, the method was used to process pilot samples from wastewater outlets from the Temelín and Dukovany NPPs (Czech Republic). The results of analysis of pilot water samples collected in 2015 indicate that the instantaneous 14C releases into the water streams would be about 7.10−5 (Temelín) and 4.10−6 (Dukovany) of the total quantity of the 14C liberated into the environment.

Migration and degradation of swine farm tetracyclines at the river catchment scale: Can the multi-pond system mitigate pollution risk to receiving rivers?

The study investigated the degradation behaviors of swine farm tetracyclines (TCs) at a catchment scale and explored whether multi-pond systems could be beneficial to the interception of TCs so as to reduce the pollution risk to receiving rivers. The occurrence and migration of 12 kinds of tetracycline antibiotics, including their degradation products, were studied in four swine farms of the Meijiang River basin in China. The migration paths of the TCs were examined through sampling and analyzing the soil and/or sediment at different points along the swine wastewater outlet, which included sewer, sewage pond, mixed-canal (stream and sewage), farmland (paddy and upland soil) and finally the river. TC concentrations of all collected samples were obtained by solid phase extraction followed by measurement with high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that sediment TC concentrations varied greatly in different swine farms, from mg·kg−1 to μg·kg−1 levels. TCs had different decay patterns along different migration paths, such that TCs decayed exponentially in paddy soil, while linearly in sewer and mixed canal. The concentrations of TCs and their degradation products decreased in the order: sewer sediment > sewage pond sediment > mixed-canal sediment > paddy soil > upland soil, indicating that TCs tend to be more easily intercepted and accumulated in water-sediment systems such as ponds. Therefore, the multi-pond system could be an effective way to prevent TCs from migrating into rivers. These results provided essential information for contamination control of antibiotics in aquatic environments.

Explanation of Foaming Mechanism and Experimental Application of Foam Reduction Techniques in the Treated Wastewater Outlet of Wastewater Treatment Plant Connected to a Tidal River, Korea.

Explanation of Foaming Mechanism and Experimental Application of Foam Reduction Techniques in the Treated Wastewater Outlet of Wastewater Treatment Plant Connected to a Tidal River, Korea.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT FAILURE ON THE DRAVA RIVER WATER QUALITY

1D model of the Drava River, between 00 + 543 rkm and 69 +118 rkm, was created by the MIKE 11 river-modeling tool. The aim of this model was to analyze the river water quality (WQ). Compared to the real Drava River section, the model was simplified to exclude any tributaries for the purpose of the water quality analysis. The inflow boundary was specified upstream, in addition to the WQ parameters (dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus and orthophosphate, and five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)). The water level and open boundary conditions were specified at the downstream end of section. The WQ parameters, mentioned earlier, were also defined at the Belisce wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) (54 + 373 rkm) and at the wastewater outlet near Osijek (14 + 580 rkm). The model was then used to simulate the effect on the WQ of the Drava River in a hypothetical extreme scenario: the 2-day failure of the Belisce WWTP. It was assumed that during this time untreated wastewater would be discharged into the river. After running the simulation, the resulting concentrations of DO, BOD5, and ammonia nitrogen were analyzed. The results showed that, according to the concentration values of the untreated wastewater, the concentrations of BOD5 and ammonia nitrogen rapidly increased and the DO concentrations rapidly decreased with the initiation of the WWTP failure. Immediately after the WWTP was repaired, the parameters returned to their pre-failure values. The resulting analysis of the effects of this scenario highlighted the self-purification ability of the Drava River.

Cause Diagnosis and Reduction Measures of Foaming in the Treated Wastewater Outlet of D Wastewater Treatment Plant

Cause Diagnosis and Reduction Measures of Foaming in the Treated Wastewater Outlet of D Wastewater Treatment Plant

Evaluation of Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater in a Modified Packed Bed Biofilm Reactor.

For the effective application of a modified packed bed biofilm reactor (PBBR) in wastewater industrial practice, it is essential to distinguish the tolerance of the system for heavy metals removal. The industrial contamination of wastewater from various sources (e.g. Zn, Cu, Cd and Ni) was studied to assess the impacts on a PBBR. This biological system was examined by evaluating the tolerance of different strengths of composite heavy metals at the optimum hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 hours. The heavy metal content of the wastewater outlet stream was then compared to the source material. Different biomass concentrations in the reactor were assessed. The results show that the system can efficiently treat 20 (mg/l) concentrations of combined heavy metals at an optimum HRT condition (2 hours), while above this strength there should be a substantially negative impact on treatment efficiency. Average organic reduction, in terms of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the system, is reduced above the tolerance limits for heavy metals as mentioned above. The PBBR biological system, in the presence of high surface area carrier media and a high microbial population to the tune of 10 000 (mg/l), is capable of removing the industrial contamination in wastewater.

Effectiveness of Vetiver System for the Treatment of Wastewater from an Institutional Kitchen

This paper investigates the potential of using Vetiver System (VS) for the treatment of wastewater generated from an Institutional kitchen. Vetiver grass is a perennial grass with deep root and has high biomass system. Researchers proved that Vetiver grass have extraordinary ability to with stand extreme environmental conditions such as elevated levels of salt, acidity, alkalinity, sodicity as well as whole range of heavy metals, nitrogen (N), and phosphorous (P). There are around 800 inmates in this institutional hostel; as a result large amount of wastewater have been produced everyday in campus kitchen wastewater outlet. A pilot experimental setup was made for the treatment of wastewater produced from the wastewater outlet and the capability of using VS for the treatment was studied. Experimental setup includes 5 drums of130 liters capacity and is filled with soil, the Vetiver grass is planted in them and was connected in series using different pipe fittings. Each tank has outlet at the bottom of the tank and inlet provided at top with sufficient free board. The wastewater was supplied through the inlet of the 1st tank and was allowed to pass through the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th tanks and the treated water was collected at the outlet of the 5th tank. The water quality parameters of wastewater and treated water were analysed and the effectiveness of using VS for the treatment was assessed. The various water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, acidity, alkalinity, BOD, COD, DO, Ecoli were analysed for the wastewater and treated water. It is observed that the wastewater treatment using VS has significant potential to reclaim the wastewater. The VS is able to remove 80 to 85% of BOD, 85 to 90% of COD, and 85% of total Coliform. Most of the water quality parameters are within permissible limits as per IS 10550, 2012 and IS 2292, 1992.

Selective colonization mechanism of Shewanella putrefaciens in dyeing wastewater outlets

The responses ofS. putrefaciensto dyeing wastewater have been investigated using differential proteomics, metabolomics, and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR techniques.

Evaluating the Thermal Pollution Caused by Wastewaters Discharged from a Chain of Coal-Fired Power Plants along a River

Reliable and safe operation of a coal-fired power plant is strongly linked to freshwater resources, and environmental problems related to water sources and wastewater discharge are challenges for power station operation. In this study, an evaluation on the basis of a wastewater thermal pollution vector is reported for the environmental impact of residual water generated and discharged in the Jiu River during the operation of thermoelectric units of the Rovinari, Turceni and Craiova coal-fired power plants in Romania. Wastewater thermal pollutant vector Plane Projection is applied for assessing the water temperature evolution in the water flow lane created downstream of each power plant wastewater outlet channel. Simulation on the basis of an Electricity of France model, and testing validation of the results for thermoelectric units of 330 MW of these power plants are presented.

Effects of Bahir Dar Textile Factory Effluents on the Water Quality of the Head Waters of Blue Nile River, Ethiopia.

The study was conducted in 2013/14 with the objective of determining the effects of Bahir Dar textile factory effluents on the head of Blue Nile River water quality. Dissolve oxygen was higher at the upstream site of the river, whereas BOD5, TDS, and total alkalinity values were higher at wastewater outlet of the factory site. The mean values of dissolved oxygen, BOD5, and total alkalinity were above maximum permissible limits set by WHO for drinking water at head of Blue Nile River. The mean value of BOD5 was above permissible limit of IFC for textile effluents to be discharged to surface water. A total of 836 aquatic macroinvertebrate individuals belonging to 21 families were collected. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index, the Hilsenhoff family-level biotic index, family richness, and percent dipterans were calculated. Hilsenhoff family-level biotic index and percent dipterans metrics differed significantly among sampling sites (P < 0.05). Hilsenhoff family-level biotic index was higher at the most downstream site but percent dipterans were higher at site of discharge of effluent to the head of Blue Nile River. Therefore, there is indication that effluent demands frequent control and proper treatment before being discharged to the environment.

Application of δ18O, δ13CDIC, and major ions to evaluate micropollutant sources in the Bay of Vidy, Lake Geneva

Waters were sampled monthly from a profile at the wastewater outlet and a reference point in the Bay of Vidy (Lake Geneva) for a year. The samples were analyzed for 18O/16O of water, 13C/12C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), major ions, and selected micropollutant concentrations. δ18O values, combined with the major ion concentrations, allowed discharged waste and storm-drainage water to be traced within the water column. On the basis of δ18O values, mole fractions of wastewater (up to 45 %), storm-drainage (up to 16 %), and interflowing Rhône River water (up to 34 %) could be determined. The results suggest that the stormwater fractions do not influence micropollutant concentrations in a measurable way. In contrast, the Rhône River interflow coincides with elevated concentrations of Rhône River-derived micropollutants in some profiles. δ13C values of DIC suggest that an increase in micropollutant concentrations at the sediment–water interface could be related to remineralization processes or resuspension.

Blue Flag Beaches-Bathers at Risk for Thalassogenic Diseases

If beaches and water are polluted by wastewater, bathers are at risk for thalassogenic diseases such as diarrhea, skin infection, respiratory tract infection and hepatitis. The coastal water around the Cape Peninsula in South Africa is affected by polluted rivers that flow into the ocean, major shipping routes and wastewater outlets of human settlements. With high tide the water from offshore is brought onto the beach area and towards the coastline. Results: Sea water was collected from the eco-labeled Blue Flag beach, Clifton, Cape Town, during peak season in February and March 2013 at high tide to culture E. coli. The tested water quality was between 104 and 106, indicating that Clifton Blue Flag beach is affected by waste water. Foam and yellowish coloring of sand was associated with elevated E. coli counts. Data of water analysis are only displayed at Blue Flag beaches with a delay of two to three weeks. Conclusions: Swimming on a Blue Flag beach does not exclude time limited waste water pollution. Regular external and independent quality surveillance of Blue Flag beaches is mandatory, besides more rapid measurement and timely display of water analysis. Especially infants and people with HIV and/or Tb infections are at risk for health hazards as they are immune compromised. Swimmers should be aware of the risk they are taking when bathing in polluted water and know the signs of waste water pollution. Due to the high burden of HIV and Tb infection, further large scale studies are needed to evaluate the health effects for bathers besides the economic impact of improved wastewater treatment in South Africa.

Simultaneous determination of cyromazine, melamine and their biodegradation products by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography

An ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection method for the determination of cyromazine, melamine and its biodegradation products (ammeline, ammelide, cyanuric acid and biuret) was developed. C18 column was utilised to separate the six analytes with a mobile phase consisting of perchloric acid-ammonia solution and acetonitrile, under gradient elution and variable flow rate. The detection wavelengths were 205 nm for cyanuric acid and biuret and 222 nm for cyromazine, melamine, ammeline and ammelide. For analysis of sediment samples, the extraction solution containing acetonitrile, ammonia and water (80:10:10 by volume) was used to extract the analytes from sediment matrix. Using the extraction method for the spiked sediment sample, high linearity of matrix-matched standard curve could be obtained for the six analytes. The method detection limit was 0.1 μg g−1 for melamine and cyromazine, 0.2 μg g−1 for ammeline and ammelide, 1.2 μg g−1 for cyanuric acid and 1.0 μg g−1 for biuret in sediment matrix. The recoveries of these compounds were 70.1–98.3% and the relative standard deviations were 0.5–4.4%. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of the sediment sample near the wastewater outlet of a melamine-producing factory.

KAJIAN SARANA SANITASI DASAR PONDOK PESANTREN AL - FATTAH DI DESA BANJARSARI KECAMATAN BUDURAN KABUPATEN SIDOARJO

Basic sanitation in Islamic Boarding School is very necessary to paid attention because of themain problem in Islamic Boarding School as basic sanitation aspects is ineligible. These basicsanitation included clean water supply, trash fill means, wastewater outlet means, latrine meansthat can be produced various diseasessuch as, diarrhea, dermatitis, and inhalation congestion.This research as descriptive research with cross sectional approach purposed to recognize onbasic sanitation means AI-Fattah Islamic Boarding School in Banjarsari village Buduran DistrictSidoarjo Regency, where performed assessmenttoward the conditions of infrastructure such asclean water supply, trash fill means, wastewater outlet means, latrine means. Data collectingdone with observation and interview. Data taken then analyzed descriptively.The result of the research of assessment toward basic sanitation means Al-Fattah IslamicBoarding School included clean water supply gain score 257 (71,3%), trash fill means gain 70(50%), wastewater outlet means gain score 66 (47,2%), latrine means gain score 272 (75,5%).Suggested in order to improving the cleaning frequency in basic sanitation facilities routinely tokeep their cleanliness.Keywords : Basic Sanitation Islamic Boarding School

Spatial extent and ecotoxicological risk assessment of a micropollutant-contaminated wastewater plume in Lake Geneva

In this study, the spatial extent of a wastewater-influenced water mass (plume) originating from a wastewater treatment plant outlet in Vidy Bay (Lake Geneva) was monitored by two manned submersibles from June to August 2011. The main goal was to assess whether micropollutants in the wastewater mass cause an ecotoxicological risk to the aquatic environment, and to determine how far the zone of risk extends beyond the wastewater outlet. Real-time measurements of elevated electrical conductivity were used as a proxy to indicate the presence of wastewater-influenced water. Conductivity was highest in immediate proximity to the wastewater outlet, though if all measurements obtained over the duration of the sampling campaign were integrated, elevated conductivity extended over an area of at least 1 km2 surrounding the outlet. Additionally, water samples were collected within and outside Vidy Bay, and were analyzed for 39 micropollutants (pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and corrosion inhibitors). Micropollutant concentrations were generally in the low ng/L range, though for some substances >100 ng/L was measured. The concentrations of most pharmaceuticals, which are primarily wastewater-derived, decreased with decreasing conductivity and with increasing distance from the wastewater outlet. Pesticide concentrations, in contrast, were homogeneous throughout Vidy Bay and the lake. An ecotoxicological risk assessment based on the cumulative risk exerted by all measured substances indicated that the wastewater caused a zone of potential ecotoxicological risk that extended well into the deep lake and in the direction of a downstream drinking water intake.