Wastewater Outlet Research Articles

Photodegradation potential of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in a middle-order Alpine river downstream of a wastewater treatment plant, during a year of enduring water scarcity

The year 2022 was characterised by significant water shortages and droughts in Italy, with the most pronounced impact observed in the North-Western regions, including Piemonte. In conditions of water scarcity, treated wastewater undergoes little dilution by natural flows and this can deeply affect the chemistry of water-poor rivers and streams. However, increased pollution by wastewater would be partially offset by fast photodegradation of pollutants in shallow water and by the longer time allowed to photochemical reactions if water flows more slowly. We assessed the latter phenomena in the Stura di Lanzo, a middle-order Alpine river tributary of the largest Italian river, the Po, and affected by a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). In 2022, the concentration values of the photochemically significant parameters nitrate, nitrite, and DOC were usually higher downstream of the WWTP outlet, which could slightly favour indirect photodegradation reactions. Direct and indirect photodegradation was assessed for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs paracetamol, diclofenac, and naproxen, all undergoing rather fast photoreactions. Photochemistry model results show that the three compounds would undergo 10–40 % photodegradation in spring and summer along the stretch separating the wastewater outlet from the confluence of Stura into the Po. Photodegradation would continue in the latter, but other WWTPs might contribute additional pollution in the meanwhile. Albeit significant, photodegradation could only partially promote the elimination of the contaminants.

Evaluation of water quality fluctuation in the tidal reach under the impact of on shore wastewater discharges based on MIKE 21 model in dongguan, China

The text discusses the study of water quality simulation in the lower reaches of the Dongjiang River basin—tidal river section. Utilizing MIKE 21 software, an integrated 2D hydrodynamic-water quality coupled mathematical model was constructed for the lower reaches and estuary area of the Dongjiang River. The model simulated the hydrodynamic characteristics near the wastewater outlet and the impact of pollutant discharge on the water quality in the study area. The simulation results indicate: (1) During wet and dry seasons, the overall flow pattern remains consistent, with the ebb current velocity slightly greater than the flood tide current velocity beside the outlet. The flow velocity is generally greater during wet season compared to dry season. Interestingly, the flow direction during flood and ebb tides is completely opposite and tides have a great impact on the maximum flow velocity in Xialu Connecting channel. (2) Under normal discharge conditions, the increment of COD, NH3-N, and TP in most areas of Zhongtang Waterway, Daoyun Waterway, and Hengchong Waterway is less than 5 mg/L, 0.1 mg/L, and 0.02 mg/L, respectively, indicating a minor impact on water quality; While in the event of an accidental discharge, the concentration increment is in the range of 5–30 mg/L, 0.1–0.25 mg/L, and 0.02–0.05 mg/L, respectively. COD causes the most significant water quality changes and will severely impact the water environment of the Dongjiang River basin. Furthermore, pollutant dispersion is more extensive during dry seasons due to reduced river flow and weaker dilution capacity. (3) Overall, the results underscore the critical importance of accounting for both tidal and seasonal dynamics in simulation of estuarine water quality.

Facility wastewater monitoring as an effective tool for pandemic infection control: An experience in COVID-19 pandemic with long-term monitoring

IntroductionSince the first report of a novel coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019, the infection has spread rapidly and had a significant impact on our lives. In the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was no adequate testing system in place, despite an urgent need for infection control measures in student dormitories. MethodsWe have been monitoring SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater as part of our infection control efforts in the university facilities since fall 2020. In the four dormitories, absorbent cotton was placed in the drains that the facility wastewater passed through, and samples were collected twice a week and processed by RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2. The dormitory residents were informed of the monitoring results the next morning. ResultsThe positivity of residents in the dormitories was highly consistent with the positivity of wastewater. Wastewater was positive in 89 % of cases before any residents were tested and found positive. Facility wastewater monitoring showed sensitivities of 80.4 % and specificities of 87.6 %. No traceable resident-to-resident transmission of infection within the facility was confirmed during the study period. ConclusionSampling a single wastewater outlet in a building for SARS-CoV-2 PCR can effectively indicate the presence or absence of COVID-19 cases and be very useful for infection control of a facility. This simple and effective monitoring is applicable to future outbreaks of both emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

Optimizing the placement of medical wastewater outlets in sewer systems to reduce chemical consumption at wastewater treatment plants

The severely low influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has become a critical issue. A key factor is the excessive biodegradation of organic matter by microbial communities within sewer systems. Intense disinfection commonly adopted for medical wastewater leads to abundant residual chlorine entering sewers, likely causing significant changes in microbial communities and sewage quality in sewers, yet our understanding is limited. Through long-term sewer simulation batch tests, this study revealed the response mechanism of microbial communities to residual chlorine and its impact on organic matter concentration in sewage. Under residual chlorine stress, microbial community structure rapidly changed, and more complex microbial interactions were observed. Besides, pathways related to stress response such as two-component system were significantly enriched; pathways related to energy metabolism (such as carbon fixation in prokaryotes and citrate cycle) in microbial communities were inhibited, and carbon metabolism shifted from the Embden-Meyerhof pathway to the pentose phosphate pathway to enhance cellular reducing power, reduce oxidative stress, and consequently decrease organic matter degradation. Therefore, compared to sewers with normal disinfection, concentrations of COD and dissolved organic carbon in sewage under chlorine stress increased by 12.6 % and 7.4 %, respectively. Besides, the decay and transformation of residual chlorine in sewers were explored. These findings suggest a new approach to medical wastewater discharge management: placing the medical wastewater outlet at the upstream in sewer systems, which ensures that residual chlorine consumption reaches maximum during long-distance transportation, mitigating its harmful effects on WWTPs, and increases the influent organic matter concentration, thereby reducing the need for additional carbon sources.

Interrelation between environmental conditions, acanthocephalan infection and metal(loid) accumulation in fish intestine: an in-depth study

Metal(loid) bioaccumulation in acanthocephalans (Dentitruncus truttae) and intestines of fish (Salmo trutta) from the Krka River, influenced by industrial and municipal wastewaters, was investigated in relation to exposure to metal(loid)s from fish gut content (GC), water, and sediment to estimate potentially available metal (loid)s responsible for toxic effects and cellular disturbances in biota. Sampling was performed in two seasons (spring and autumn) at the reference site (river source, KRS), downstream of the wastewater outlets (Town of Knin, KRK), and in the national park (KNP). Metal(loid) concentrations were measured by ICP-MS. The highest accumulation of As, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, Pb, Se and Zn was observed mainly in organisms from KRK, of Cd, Cs, Rb and Tl at KRS, and of Hg, Mn, Mo, Sr and V at KNP. Acanthocephalans showed significantly higher bioaccumulation than fish intestine, especially of toxic metals (Pb, Cd and Tl). Metal(loid) bioaccumulation in organisms partially coincided to exposure from water, sediments and food, while in GC almost all elements were elevated at KNP, reflecting the metal(loid) exposure from sediments. Seasonal differences in organisms and GC indicated higher metal (loid) accumulation in spring, which follows enhanced fish feeding rates. Higher number of acanthocephalans in the intestine influenced biodilution process and lower concentrations of metal(loid)s in fish, indicating positive effects of parasites to their host, as supported by high values of bioconcentration factors. Fish intestine and acanthocephalan D. truttae were confirmed as sensitive indicators of available metal fraction in conditions of generally low environmental exposure in karst ecosystem. Since metal(loid) accumulation depended on ecological, chemical and biological conditions, but also on the dietary habits, physiology of organisms and parasite infection, continuous monitoring is recommended to distinguish between the effects of these factors and environmental exposure when assessing dietary associated metal(loid) exposure in aquatic organisms.

Understanding watershed sources of pollution in Vinh Long Province, Vietnamese Mekong Delta

We explore point source (PS) and non-point source (NPS) pollution impacts on surface water quality in Vinh Long Province, Vietnam. We used data from 60 surface water quality monitoring stations across dry, transitional, and wet seasons from 2017 to 2021, in addition to sampling data collected from 12 wastewater outlets from June to October 2021 to determine the sources of pollution loads. Surface water quality was assessed using both the water quality index (WQI) and the Vietnamese standards QCVN 08:2015, whilst cluster analysis (CA) and principal components analysis (PCA) were used to evaluate spatial variation and key influencing factors. We observed seasonal variation in surface water quality, with a decline in quality during the rainy season. Moreover, the water quality parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) frequently exceeded the QCVN 08:2015 standard. Across, the different monitoring fixed points and seasons, COD levels were found to range from 8.94 to 15.14 mg/L, while TN levels varied between 0.24 and 0.53 mg/L. The cluster analysis categorized the monitoring fixed points into three groups, based on their water quality parameters, while PCA identified four principal components that explain 69% of the variance, distinguishing between pollution sources and seasonal factors. Our findings emphasize that poor water quality in many areas is affected by non-point source pollution, underscoring the need for watershed and land management. The results and applied methodologies provide insights for watershed management, policy development, and adaptation, applicable to regions facing similar environmental challenges.

Remoción de ibuprofeno y amoxicilina en agua residual doméstica mediante jabones con carbón activado y polvo de semillas de moringa a nivel laboratorio

This research was done to determine the effect of using soaps with activated carbon and moringa seed powder on the concentration of ibuprofen and amoxicillin in domestic wastewater. The soaps were prepared with transparent commercial glycerin, adding the adsorbents at a rate of 0.1 g/g of soap. The residual water was prepared in the laboratory and characterized, then ibuprofen and amoxicillin were added at a concentration of 3 mg/L each. In the experiments, the soaps were added individually and combined to 1 liter of residual water, in three weight percentages: 5%, 15% and 25%. The combined application of soap with activated charcoal and 25% moringa seed powder was the best treatment with removal of 81.33% and 80% of ibuprofen and amoxicillin, respectively. This treatment was applied to actual domestic wastewater from the wastewater outlet to the Huallaga River in Tingo María-Huánuco-Perú, which was characterized and 72.3% and 69.7% of ibuprofen and amoxicillin were removed, respectively. Through a Tukey test, it was verified that there is a significant difference with a confidence interval of 95%, between the treatments applied in a real residual water and an artificial one.

SARS-CoV-2 presence in recreational seawater and evaluation of intestine permeability: experimental evidence of low impact on public health.

Coastal seawater pollution poses a public health risk due to the potential ingestion of contaminated water during recreational activities. Wastewater-based epidemiology has revealed the abundant presence of SARS-CoV-2 in seawater emitted from wastewater outlets. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of seawater on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity to assess the safety of recreational activities in seawater. Wild SARS-CoV-2 was collected from oral swabs of COVID-19 affected patients and incubated for up to 90 min using the following solutions: (a) standard physiological solution (control), (b) reconstructed seawater (3.5% NaCl), and (c) authentic seawater (3.8%). Samples were then exposed to two different host systems: (a) Vero E6 cells expressing the ACE2 SARS-CoV-2 receptor and (b) 3D multi-tissue organoids reconstructing the human intestine. The presence of intracellular virus inside the host systems was determined using plaque assay, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and transmission electron microscopy. Ultrastructural examination of Vero E6 cells revealed the presence of virus particles at the cell surface and in replicative compartments inside cells treated with seawater and/or reconstituted water only for samples incubated up to 2 min. After a 90-min incubation, the presence of the virus and its infectivity in Vero E6 cells was reduced by 90%. Ultrastructural analysis performed in 3D epi-intestinal tissue did not reveal intact viral particles or infection signs, despite the presence of viral nucleic acid detected by qPCR. Indeed, viral genes (Orf1ab and N) were found in the intestinal luminal epithelium but not in the enteric capillaries. These findings suggest that the intestinal tissue is not a preferential entry site for SARS-CoV-2 in the human body. Additionally, the presence of hypertonic saline solution did not increase the susceptibility of the intestinal epithelium to virus penetration; rather, it neutralized its infectivity. Our results indicate that engaging in recreational activities in a seawater environment does not pose a significant risk for COVID-19 infection, despite the possible presence of viral nucleic acid deriving from degraded and fragmented viruses.

Distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in sewage and surrounding environment of Tórshavn, Faroe Islands

Several studies have investigated the effects of swimming in sewage-polluted recreational beach water, highlighting the associated health hazards. To mitigate potential pathogen transmission, it is imperative that the polluted water is released away from recreational waters and foreshores, where children tend to play. At present, domestic sewage in the Faroe Islands solely undergoes primary wastewater treatment within primary settling tanks before being discharged into the ocean. Effluents are a major anthropogenic source of antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistant bacteria, which are released into the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in influents and effluents of wastewater subjected solely to primary treatment, along with their release into the environment during both summer and winter. Water samples were collected from influents and effluents as well as with increasing distance away from the wastewater outlet and from nearby tidepools. Samples were cultured on MacConkey agar with four different antibiotics for detection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes were quantified by droplet digital PCR. All multi-drug resistant bacteria were identified using the API 20E kit. We observed an overall decrease of the abundance of Gram-negative bacteria from the effluents compared to influents, however, we observed the opposite trend in the antibiotic resistance genes. Antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in addition to multi-drug resistant bacteria were found in the surrounding oceanic and several terrestrial tidepool samples. Of the multi-drug resistant bacteria, we found, e.g., Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa, and A. hydrophila species, which can be pathogenic, potentially causing an infection if encountering a host. These results indicate a relatively wide pollution range of the effluents from the septic tank and treated sewage released into the environment, posing a potential hazard for both humans and wildlife.

Divergent adaptation strategies of abundant and rare bacteria to salinity stress and metal stress in polluted Jinzhou Bay

Understanding how abundant (AT) and rare (RT) taxa adapt to diverse environmental stresses is vital for assessing ecological processes, yet remains understudied. We collected sediment samples from Liaoning Province, China, representing rivers (upstream of wastewater outlet), estuaries (wastewater outlets), and Jinzhou Bay (downstream of wastewater outlets), to comprehensively evaluate AT and RT adaptation strategies to both natural stressors (salinity stress) and anthropogenic stressors (metal stress). Generally, RT displayed higher α- and β-diversities and taxonomic groups compared to AT. Metal and salinity stresses induced distinct α-diversity responses in AT and RT, while β-diversity remained consistent. Both subcommunities were dominated by Woeseia genus. Metal stress emerged as the primary driver of diversity and compositional discrepancies in AT and RT. Notably, AT responded more sensitively to salinity stress than RT. Stress increased topological parameters in the biotic network of AT subcommunities while decreasing values in RT subcommunities, concurrently loosening interactions of AT with other taxa and strengthening interactions of RT with others in biotic networks. RT generally exhibited greater diversity of metal resistance genes compared to AT. Greater numbers of genes related to salinity tolerance was observed for the RT than for AT. Compared to AT, RT demonstrated higher diversity of metal resistance genes and a greater abundance of genes associated with salinity tolerance. Additionally, deterministic processes governed AT community assembly, reinforced by salinity stress. However, the opposite trend was observed in the RT, where the importance of stochastic process gradually increased with metal stresses. The study is centered on exploring the adaptation strategies of both AT and RT to environmental stress. It underscores the importance of future research incorporating diverse ecosystems and a range of environmental stressors to draw broader and more reliable conclusions. This comprehensive approach is essential for gaining a thorough understanding of the adaptive mechanisms employed by these microorganisms.

Possible Effects of Changes in Carbonate Concentration and River Flow Rate on Photochemical Reactions in Temperate Aquatic Environments.

In temperate environments, climate change could affect water pH by inducing enhanced dissolution of CaSO4 followed by biological sulphate reduction, with the potential to basify water due to H+ consumption. At the same time, increased atmospheric CO2 could enhance weathering of carbonate rocks (e.g., dolomite) and increase the total concentration of dissolved carbonate species. Both processes enhance phototransformation by the carbonate radical (CO3•-), as shown for the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug paracetamol, provided that the dissolved organic carbon of water does not undergo important fluctuations. Climate change could also affect hydrology, and prolonged drought periods might considerably decrease flow rates in rivers. This is a substantial problem because wastewater pollutants become less diluted and, as a result, can exert more harmful effects due to increased concentrations. At the same time, in low-flow conditions, water is also shallower and its flow velocity is decreased. Photochemical reactions become faster because shallow water is efficiently illuminated by sunlight, and they also have more time to occur because water takes longer to cover the same river stretch. As a result, photodegradation of contaminants is enhanced, which offsets lower dilution but only at a sufficient distance from the wastewater outlet; this is because photoreactions need time (which translates into space for a flowing river) to attenuate pollution.

Fabric dyeing wastewater treatment and salt recovery using a pilot scale system consisted of graphite electrodes based on electrooxidation and nanofiltration

In this study, color removal, suspended solids removal, and salt recovery were investigated from different fabric dyeing wastewaters using a pilot scale treatment system. A pilot scale system was installed in the wastewater outlet area of five different textile companies. Experiments were planned for pollutant removal and salt recovery from wastewater. First, the wastewater was treated by electrooxidation (EO) using graphite electrodes. After a reaction time of 1 h, the wastewater was passed throughout the granular activated carbon (AC) coloumn. The pre-treated wastewater was passed through the membrane (NF) system to recover the salt in the wastewater. Finally, the recovered salt water was used for fabric dyeing. In the pilot scale treatment system (EO + AC + NF), 100% of suspended solids (SS) and an average of 99.37% of color were removed from fabric dyeing wastewaters. At the same time, a high amount of salt water was recovered and reused. Optimum conditions were determined as 4 V current, 1000 A power, wastewater's own pH values and 60 min of reaction time. The energy and operating cost for treatment of 1 m3 of wastewater were determined as 40.0 kWh/m3 and 2.2 US$/m3, respectively. In addition to the prevention of environmental pollution by the treatment of wastewater using the pilot-scale treatment system, the reuse of the recovered water will contribute to the protection of our valuable water resources. In addition, using the NF membrane process after the EO system, it will be possible to recover salt from wastewater with high salt content such as textile wastewater.

Rare earth elements (REEs) behavior in a large river across a geological and anthropogenic gradient

To meet the strong demand for green and digital technologies, the production of rare earth elements (REEs) has increased significantly, yet the fate of REEs (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) in large rivers with multiple hydrological, geochemical, and anthropogenic gradients in their catchments remains poorly documented. Here we evaluated the spatial and temporal evolution of the concentrations, patterns, and speciation of REEs in surface waters along a 550 km transect of the St. Lawrence River (SLR) (Canada) and its tributaries from 2017 to 2020. Particulate and filtered (<0.45 µm) REEs concentrations increased downstream, suggesting that REEs found in the SLR predominantly originate from nearby tributaries, especially those draining the REE-rich Canadian Shield geological formation. Moreover, filtered concentrations were significantly higher in years that experienced intense spring freshets, indicating greater influence of runoff and surface soil processes on water chemistry of the SLR. Correlations with terrestrial-DOM, WHAM speciation modelling, and standardized patterns showed REEs speciation dominated by organic colloids, even in alkaline sites with low DOC and low terrestrial inputs. Strong positive correlations with Fe and Al suggested co-transport on organic matter and adsorption on oxyhydroxides. Compared to the influence of water chemistry and geology, the overall influence of anthropogenic inputs was generally low, although we observed an influence of increased erosion on particulate REEs and we measured anthropogenic gadolinium (Gd) at the Montréal wastewater outlet. Our results provide an integrative understanding of the fate of REEs through a geochemical and landscape perspective in one of the largest rivers in North America.

Chemical characterization and source attribution of organic pollutants in industrial wastewaters from a Chinese chemical industrial park

Accelerated urbanization and industrialization have led to an alarming increase in the generation of wastewater with complex chemical contents. Industrial wastewaters are often a primary source of water contamination. The chemical characterization of different industrial wastewater types is an essential task to interpret the chemical fingerprints of wastewater to identify pollution sources and develop efficient water treatment strategies. In this study, we conduct a non-target chemical analysis for the source characterization of different industrial wastewater samples collected from a chemical industrial park (CIP) located in southeast China. The chemical screening identified volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds that included dibutyl phthalate at a maximum concentration of 13.4 μg/L and phthalic anhydride at 35.9 μg/L. Persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) substances among the detected organic compounds were identified and prioritized as high-concern contaminants given their impact on drinking water resources. Moreover, a source analysis of the wastewater collected from the wastewater outlet station indicated that the dye production industry contributed the largest quantities of toxic contaminates (62.6%), and this result was consistent with the ordinary least squares and heatmap results. Thus, our study utilized a combined approach of a non-target chemical analysis, a pollution source identification method, and a PMT assessment of different industrial wastewater samples collected from the CIP. The results of the chemical fingerprints of different industrial wastewater types as well as the results of the PMT assessment benefit risk-based wastewater management and source reduction strategies.

ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЕ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ И СЕЗОННАЯ ДИНАМИКА ГИДРОХИМИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЙ В ВИСЛИНСКОМ ЗАЛИВЕ БАЛТИЙСКОГО МОРЯ В 2020–2022 гг.

To study current hydrochemical conditions in the Vistula Lagoon and the trend of their change under changing anthropogenic impact in 2020–2022 seasonal variability and spatial distribution of hydrochemical parameters (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, BOD5, mineral forms of phosphorus and nitrogen) were investigated. The water body is exposed to intense anthropogenic impact from the Kaliningrad agglomeration, the nature of which has undergone qualitative changes in recent years, therefore, a comparative analysis was carried out with the period 2007–2016, which preceded the launch of modern treatment facilities in Kaliningrad. The Vistula Lagoon is characterized by spatial variability of hydrological and hydrochemical conditions, which was considered for 4 different types of regions (eastern, near-Baltic, central and Primorskaya Bay). The impact of anthropogenic factors on the dynamics of hydrochemical conditions had the greatest impact on the eastern region and Primorskaya Bay. The eastern region of the lagoon accounts for the main inflow of nutrients from the catchment area (from the Pregola River), and since 2016 the wastewater outlet from Kaliningrad is located here. Compared to the period before 2016, in the eastern area a significant increase of BOD5, a decrease of dissolved oxygen concentrations, a multiple excess of nitrite and nitrate nitrogen in comparison with the all of the water area lagoon were recorded. In the Primorskaya Bay, where until 2016 low-purity wastewater was supplied from the city of Kaliningrad, in 2020–2022 pollution for most of the studied indicators (BOD5, phosphate phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen) decreased and corresponded to the average values for the water area. The near-Baltic and central regions are strongly affected by natural conditions (sea water inflows), where in 2020–2022, as in the previous period, lower concentrations of nutrients were observed due to the remoteness from the main sources of pollution. Despite the decrease in the intensity of local pollution in the Primorskaya Bay in 2020–2022, the concentrations of mineral forms of nutrients remained at high levels, providing intensive development of algae (including the growth of BOD5) and eutrophication of the Vistula Lagoon.

Analisis Amonia, Hidrogen Sulfida dan Kebauan Limbah Cair Rumah Potong Hewan Kota Jambi

This study aims to determine the levels of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide contained in wastewater as well as the degree of odor to the environment around the Jambi City Slaughterhouse. The research design used was Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 4 sampling points as treatment, LI (cow and buffalo wastewater), L-II (swine wastewater), L-III (Mixed cow and buffalo liquid waste) , L-IV (Place of discharge of wastewater into public channels) and 4 replications. The observed variables were ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and environmental odor. Test results on the average ammonia content L-I = 124.75 ± 4.99; L-II = 60.25 ± 6.60; L-III = 108.50 ± 7.73 and L-IV = 95.50 ± 6.24. Test results on the average content of hydrogen sulfide L-I = 0.428 ± 0.08; L-II = 0.068 ± 0.10; L-III = 0.063 ± 0.09 and L-IV = 0.010 ± 0.00. The results showed that the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide content at the final outlet to the common channel decreased (P &lt;0.01). From this study it can be concluded that the handling of Jambi City Slaughterhouse liquid waste when viewed from the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide content at the wastewater outlet to the public channels are 95.50 mg / L and 0.01 mg / L, respectively. The level of odor of the Jambi City Slaughterhouse waste was still smelled up to a distance of 178 m from the Slaughterhouse complex to community housing. Almost all respondents agreed that the level of odor that was smelled up to the level of odor, even from some respondents stated that the waste originating from Slaughterhouse was very smelly.

Effect of effluent and magnetized effluent on Manning roughness coefficient in furrow irrigation

Due to the water crisis, wastewater utilization is an effective way to meet the water needs of plants and also reduce environmental pollution. In order to know the effect of treated and magnetic wastewater on Manning roughness coefficient, a study was conducted in the form of randomized complete blocks with three irrigation treatments with "wastewater outlet", "magnetic effluent" and "normal water" in four replications. Statistical analysis on the relative changes of the roughness coefficient in the design did not show a significant difference. At the same time, a decreasing trend was observed during the irrigation season in the roughness coefficient, which was expected due to the smoothing of the flow path and the effect of organic matter of the effluent on the bed. The magnetic field was not affected by the magnetism. Manning roughness values with more irrigation with effluent and magnetic effluent, in most cases had a decreasing trend, but due to the use of water, an increasing trend was observed in them. However, the increase in normal water treatment could not be analyzed according to the information of this project. There was no statistically significant difference between the treatments of the project.

Metal Content and Enrichment in Bivalves within the Drainage Area of Seawater Used for a Desulfurization Process in Zhanjiang Bay, China

As heavy metals are easy to accumulate and have strong biological toxicity, they pose a potential threat to human health by entering the human body through the cumulative effect of marine life. Land-based input is an important source of heavy metals in the ocean, which has a great influence on coastal water quality. In this study, the spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, As) in the coastal waters of the desulfurization process outlet of a power plant in Zhanjiang Bay were investigated, and the enrichment behavior of heavy metals by organisms (oysters and barnacles) were also studied. The results showed that, before the seawater desulfurization system was closed, there were high concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Cr) in the surface seawater near the drainage outlet. The concentrations of these heavy metals in the surface seawater were higher than those in the bottom seawater within 100 m of the drainage outlet. After the seawater desulfurization system was closed, the average concentrations of Cu, Cr and As in seawater at each station decreased by 17.04%, 37.52% and 29.53%, respectively, while the average concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb increased by 17.05%, 32.87% and 48.77%, respectively. Single factor pollution index (SFI) and bio-concentration factor (BCF) showed that there was a potential high accumulation risk of Zn in oysters and barnacles near the drainage outlet of desulfurization wastewater (0.5 &lt; SFI &lt; 1 and BCF &gt; 1000). The SFI and BCF of each metal in oysters and barnacles decreased with the increase in distance from the drainage outlet. Generally, the coastal water quality of desulfurization process drainage area in Zhanjiang Bay were below the class Ⅱof the “Seawater quality standard” (GB 3097-1997) of China. However, the heavy metals content in seawater and organisms near the drainage outlet is slightly higher. This suggested that if the seawater desulfurization process runs for a long time, it will have a negative impact on the coastal water and organisms.

Ordu ili kentsel kıyı yerleşim yerlerinden denize verilen evsel atık su deşarjlarının araştırılması

In this study, the compliance of domestic wastewater discharges to the sea from the urban coastal settlements of Ordu Province with the criteria specified in the regulations was investigated. For this purpose, in 2018, samples were taken from the wastewater inlet and wastewater outlet at 8 different domestic wastewater treatment stations located in urban coastal settlements, twice a month, every month 2018. BOD5 (Biological Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), TP (Total Phosphorus), TN (Total Nitrogen), TSS (Suspended Solids), and pH analysis were performed in the wastewater samp-les. In the evaluation of the data obtained, the parameters and upper limit values are given in the Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulation and in the Water Pollution Control Regulation were taken as a basis. In the research, it was determined that they were able to function smoothly in Altınordu-Durugöl, Altınordu-Kumbaşı, Gülyalı, Ünye-Doğu and Ünye-Batı treatment stations. At the domestic wastewater treatment stations in Fatsa District, wastewater is discharged into the sea after physical pretreatment. It has been determined that there is no significant difference between the wastewater inlet and wastewater outlet parameter values at the treatment stations in this district. This shows that domestic wastewater is discharged into the sea without being treated sufficiently at the treatment stations in Fatsa District. In Persembe District, domestic wastewater is directly discharged into the receiving environment. As a result, wastewater treatment plants with the capacity and characteristics to meet the needs should be established and put into operation in the districts of Perşembe and Fatsa. In addition, it is beneficial to establish pre-treatment facilities in the indust-rial zones in order to prevent the wastewater from small and large industrial sites operating in the province of Ordu and Organized Industrial Zones from mixing with domestic wastewater. Domestic wastewater and stormwater networks operating in the adjacent system throughout the province of Ordu should be converted into separate network lines.

POLLUTION LOAD (TSS, DO, BOD, AND COD) AND THE KALIYASA RIVER POLLUTION INDEX IN CILACAP DISTRICTS

The Kaliyasa River was one of the many rivers in Cilacap Country. The River Kaliyasa is physically close to populations and industries that produce a wide range of products, making it a great potential for receiving both domestic and industrial wastes. The study was carried out in Oktober-November 2020 with four sample viewing points before the wastewater output, the wastewater outlet, at exactly the time of the wastewater output, and after the wastewater output. The sampling was done three times every two weeks. Based on this study, calculations indicate that the average value of the pollution load from the wastewater outlet was staggering at 32.661,60 kg/day. The average price of the pollution burden from the station after the wastewater output was produced a value of 15.945,92 kg/day. Average TSS, DO, BOD, and COD variables have already surpassed the second of class river quality. The Kaliyasa River pollution index is obtained that according to TSS, DO, BOD, and COD variables measured indicate IP Numbers in level 6, which include 6,16 of moderate pollutants. Keywords: Comparisons with Water Quality, Load Of River Pollution, Pollution Index