Waste Treatment Plant Research Articles

Alcanivorax quisquiliarum sp. nov., isolated from anaerobic fermentation liquid of food waste by high-throughput cultivation.

Strain CY1518T was isolated from an anaerobic fermentation liquid of food waste treatment plant in Beijing, PR China, and characterized to assess its taxonomy. Cells of CY1518T were Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive and ellipsoidal. Growth occurred at 20-42 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 8) and with 0-6.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1.5%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CY1518T belongs to the genus Alcanivorax, with the highest sequence similarity to Alcanivorax pacificus W11-5T (95.97 %), followed by Alcanivorax indicus SW127T (95.08%). The similarity between strain CY1518T and other strains of Alcanivorax was less than 95 %. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain CY1518T was 60.88 mol%. The average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CY1518T and the closely related taxa A. pacificus W11-5T and A. indicus SW127T were 77.61, 78.03 and 21.2 % and 74.15, 70.02 and 19.3%, respectively. The strain was able to use d-serine, Tween 40 and some organic acid compounds for growth. The polar lipids comprised aminophospholipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid, an unknown polar lipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phospholipid. The principal fatty acids (>5 %) were C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c (36.3%), C16 : 0 (32.3%), C12 : 0 3-OH (8.3%) and C12 : 0 (7.6%). Based on its phenotypic, genotypic and genomic characteristics, strain CY1518T represents a novel species in the genus Alcanivorax, for which the name Alcanivorax quisquiliarum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CY1518T (=GDMCC 1.2918T=JCM 35120T).

Cost Benefit Analysis and Determination of Liquid Waste Tax Rates Commercial Buildings in DKI Jakarta

This study aims to analyze the cost benefits of wastewater treatment and the determination of liquid waste tax rates on commercial buildings in the DKI Jakarta area. The variables used are (i) positive externalities that are proxied through labor and the benefits of wastewater treatment, (ii) concentration of liquid waste which includes Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Organic (KMnO4), and Total Suspended Solid (TSS), (iii) Liquid waste processing costs, (iv) Costs incurred by the community due to pollution. This research was conducted using an explanatory research approach and descriptive research. The samples used were commercial buildings X, Y and Z and communit affected liquid waste in central Jakarta. The analytical method used is Extended Cost and Benefit Analysis, Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC), Marginal Damage Cost (MDC) and Pigovian Tax. For marginal damage costs using economic valuation and determining the optimum tax rate using the Pigovian Tax approach. The results of the dissertation analysis show that buildings that have Liquid Waste Treatment Plants produce positive externalities, namely employment and the reuse of liquid waste processing results in the form of gardening, car wash, cooling tower, and reverse osmosis. In addition, commercial buildings that carry out liquid waste treatment have economic feasibility due to cost efficiency and are also environmentally feasible with the allocation of liquid waste treatment costs. For buildings that haven’t implemented WWTP and only use the services of PAL Jaya DKI Jakarta, directly shows that it is feasible from an environmental aspect because there is an allocation of costs for wastewater treatment and the benefits obtained are that operational activities can run Liquid waste processing by companies that have WWTPs have not reached usage standards drinking water so that it has an impact on additional damage costs incurred by the community (Marginal Damage Cost/MDC). Used the Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) and Marginal Damage Cost (MDC) equilibrium, the determination of the waste tax rate on commercial buildings produces the optimum tax value to be paid by pplluters and the optimum concentration of liquid waste that can be discharged into rivers.

Simulation Design Of Animal Waste Treatment Installation System Using Water Level Control System

The simulation design of this animal waste treatment plant is a design that applies the sewage treatment plant system which is made to cope with environmental pollution, especially rivers due to indiscriminate disposal of animal waste. Making this animal waste treatment plant provides information to readers or the public about how to design an animal waste treatment plant system and the performance of the sewage treatment system so that people know how to deal with environmental pollution caused by the livestock themselves. The manufacture of this installation system uses data collection methods from direct farmers and theories obtained from books, journals, articles related to sewage treatment plant theory, plumbing, electricity, and others. Finally, the data was collected by testing the animal dung waste treatment system where the test data was taken from the pH content of the water used for processing the animal dung waste treatment system. The test results on the sewage treatment plant system concluded that in order to obtain optimal results or water pH content, namely the pH content of 6, it is necessary to deposit animal manure between two to three days, while the maximum processing of this system is the pH content of 6.5. and processing of animal manure, which is on the fourth day to get the maximum pH content.

Optimizing Utilization of Hazardous Waste and Biomass as Solid Fuel for Co-Firing

Continuously high use of fossil fuels may lead scarcity of these energy sources in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to develop renewable energy to ensure its availability. One of the efforts in the development of renewable energy and the aims of this study is to examine the utilization Fly Ash (FA), Bottom Ash (BA) combined biomass sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and municipal solid waste) materials as an alternative energy source (briquette raw materials) for co-firing in textile industry boilers. Briquettes were made with a composition of 60% FABA and 40% biomass which were then varied in composition. The parameters measured were proximate, calorific value, and shatter index. The feasibility test of briquettes was carried out using a Tanner diagram, where all briquettes made can be burned as fuel. Optimum briquettes quality was measured based on the criteria according to the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 06/2021. The results showed that the composition of three briquettes that had optimum quality and met the criteria were briquettes with composition 10%FA:50%BA:40%Biomass (variation of WWTP sludge and biomass) with a calorific value and sulfur content of 3,578 Kcal/kg and 0,70%; 3,890 Kcal/kg and 0,82%; and 3,864 Kcal/kg and 0,96%.

Digital Process Monitoring of Stationary Processing Equipment—A Step Toward an Optimized Digital Processing Plant

In response to the current trends of digital transformation in the raw materials extraction and processing industry, IFE Aufbereitungstechnik GmbH has set itself the challenging goal of developing robust and versatile sensor systems for monitoring the condition of their predominantly vibrating stationary processing units. It shall be used as a basis for establishing a predictive maintenance scheme and ultimately facilitate the reduction of equipment downtime. In the course of the research project, research activities will be directed in particular toward a better understanding of the operating state of vibrating machines, especially based on their vibration patterns. Namely, a range of experiments with various vibrating screens and vibratory conveyors as well as an already ongoing extended case study on a linear vibrating screen currently operating in a waste treatment plant will be conducted. Furthermore, DEM simulations of vibrating screens as well as a specifically engineered “Laboratory Vibrating Machine” will be part of the research process. The sensors in use to identify and measure the required vibration patterns will be newly developed vibration sensors called “Sapient Edge Sensors”, which, later on, will be combined with other sensors for measuring different parameters.

Comparison of AOP, GAC, and Novel Organosilane-Based Process for the Removal of Microplastics at a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as important point sources of micropollutants and microplastics into the environment. Existing fourth cleaning steps are designed to remove dissolved micropollutants, however do not target dispersed solids such as microplastics. Therefore, the ability of an Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) in parallel and serial connection to remove microplastics was investigated and determined. The pilot plants were operated at the municipal WWTP Landau, Germany, a three-step biological waste treatment plant with a capacity of 80,000 population equivalents. A Nile red-based detection method was applied to quantify microplastics. Neither method showed a significant removal of microplastics. To achieve a simultaneous removal of microplastics and dissolved micropollutants, a pilot plant using organosilanes for microplastics’ removal was connected in series with the GAC. When added to the water, the organosilanes attach to the microplastics and collect them in agglomerates by chemically binding them in a water-induced sol–gel process. The pilot plant for microplastics’ removal was operated with a flow rate of 12 m3/h and a retention time of 10 min; the GAC with 2 m3/h and a retention time of 1 h. An average reduction in micropollutants by 86.2 ± 2.0% and a reduction in microplastics by 60.9 ± 27.5% was reached. Thus, there is an effective reduction in micropollutants and a significant reduction in microplastics. Further optimizations of the pilot plant are expected to result in a more stable and higher removal performance.

Integrative Assessment of Sediment Quality in the São Francisco River (Mina Gerais, Brazil)

The São Francisco River (one of the most important South American rivers) has many contamination sources, but just a few environmental assessments have been conducted. A weight-of-evidence approach identified the pollution sources (industrial activities, mineral processing, fisheries, and tourism) in the river and the city of Três Marias based on two different lines of evidence: the structure of the benthic community (biological monitoring working party score system, abundance of taxa, number of individuals, Margalef species richness, Pielou evenness, and Shannon–Wiener diversity) and the physicochemical determination of sediments (%fines, TOC, nitrate, ammonium, ammonia, ammoniacal nitrogen, metalloids, and SEM/AVSs). The results show that the wastewater treatment plant was the most important source of pollution. A factory was also detected as a source of contamination, with related adverse effects having been measured downstream. Other sources of contamination and stress were detected in the studied area. The macro-benthic identification study identified three different sentinel species (Tanytarsus sp., Crytochironomus sp., and Polypedilum sp.) for future monitoring assessments of the sediment quality in riverine areas. Thus, an improvement in the management of river effluents and more measures focused on cutting contaminant emissions from the waste treatment plant are recommended.

A mathematical investigation for the simulation and forecasting of a biodigester operations

In this paper we formulate various mathematical models to describe the processes of anaerobic digestion of an organic waste treatment plant, based on its chemical kinetics, stoichiometry and on the biological aspects that influence the chemical reactions of anaerobic digestion. The latter is a process of degradation of the organic substance by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, used in plants that have the purpose of producing biomethane and compost. This type of process is very complex and for its realization different chemical phases are involved as well as the presence of different bacterial families. The chemical reaction reagent represents the digester substrate; the products are biogas (methane and carbon dioxide) and digestate (degraded organic substances, from which compost is obtained). The populations modeled here are the reactants of chemical reactions and their products, as well as microorganisms. The latter play an important role as they carry the reactions inside the anaerobic reactor in which they live.Each mathematical model formulated consists of a system of ordinary differential equations, numerically integrated with the use of MATLAB software. The models are formulated both in non-operational and operational conditions. In the first case, in which neither new daily organic waste inputs nor product releases are expected, the system variables are studied at steady state as functions of the parameters. The operating models, on the other hand, also consider the daily input and output of the plant.

Occurrence Characterization and Contamination Risk Evaluation of Microplastics in Hefei’s Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant

As one of the primary nodes in the flow of micro-plastics (MPs) in the environment, it is critical to examine and assess the Sewage Treatment, occurrence, and removal of MPs in waste treatment plant (WWTP). This research explored the shape, size, and composition of MPs at various stages of the WWTP process in the south of the city of Hefei, China, in dry and rainy weather conditions, as well as the removal effectiveness of MPs in a three-stage process. The collected MPs were quantitatively and qualitatively examined using an Osmosis electron microscope and micro-FTIR. The pollution risk of MPs in WWTP was assessed using the EU classification, labelling and packaging (CLP) standard and the pollution load index (PLI). The findings revealed that the average abundance of fibrous MPs was greatest in WWTP sewage and sludge, 49.3% and 39.7% in dry weather, and 50.1% and 43.2% in rainy weather, respectively. The average distribution of MPs in the 0–500 μm range was highest in WWTP wastewater and sludge, 64.9% and 60.4% in dry weather and 67.9% and 69.0% in rainy weather, respectively. Finally, the overall removal rate was 87.7% and 83.5%. At the same time, it has been demonstrated that MPs with varied compositions are strongly tied to human activities, and environmental conditions (such as rainy weather) also influence their source. In both dry and wet weather, the amount of polymers and the risk score were linked to the pollution risk of MPs in WWTP. In wet weather, the MPS pollution index was more variable. The pollution indices of MPs in row water and tail water were 2.40 and 2.46, respectively, which were heavily contaminated, and 1.0 and 1.2, which were moderately polluted. MPs in dewatered sludge had severely polluted indexes of 3.5 and 3.4, respectively. As a result, there is still MPs efflux or buildup in sludge during and after the WWTP process, which presents an ecological contamination concern.

Analysis, occurrence and removal efficiencies of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in sludge undergoing anaerobic digestion followed by diverse thermal treatments

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are a complex group of contaminants to deal with in sewage sludge, as currently there is a lack of robust analytical methods to measure them and management strategies to remove them. To facilitate quantifications of the occurrence of OPFRs in sludge and to establish their removal efficiencies (REs%) during thermal treatments, a simple, reliable, and rapid sample preparation methodology was developed for the determination of 21 OPFRs in diverse sludge, ash and biochar matrices. Matrix-solid phase dispersion (MSPD) tailored to ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was applied. Under optimal conditions, 0.5 g of freeze-dried sample were dispersed in 2 g of Bondesil C18, and 1.5 g of deactivated florisil were used as clean-up sorbent. The target analytes were extracted with 5 mL of acetone. The obtained extract was ready for analysis within 20 min without the need of any further treatment. The proposed methodology was assessed, providing absolute recoveries (Abs%) ranging from 50.4 to 112 % with good method repeatability (RSDs <17.9 %). Method limits of quantification ranged from 0.10 to 14.0 ng g−1 dry weight (d.w.). The optimized methodology was applied to raw-, digested-, combusted and pyrolyzed sludge samples collected from different waste treatment plants located in Norway, where 16 out of 21 OPFRs were detected in digested sludge samples up to 2186 ng g−1 (d.w.; sum concentration of OPFRs). Diverse thermal treatments of combustion and dry pyrolysis were assessed for the removal of OPFRs from sludge. Combustion at 300 °C reduced the concentrations of OPFRs by 98 % (in the ashes formed), whereas pyrolysis at temperatures >500 °C effectively removed the OPFRs in the produced biochar. Thermal treatments, in particularly dry pyrolysis, showed potential for achieving zero pollution management and recycling of OPFR contaminated sludge.

Second Life for Plastic Fibre Waste Difficult to Recover: Partial Replacement of the Binder in Asphalt Concrete Mixtures by Dry Incorporation.

In previous studies, different additives and modifiers have been studied to improve the properties of asphalt concrete mixtures, whose main failures are plastic deformation and cracking. In this research, the improvement of the properties of asphalt concrete mixtures were investigated by introducing residual plastics as a substitute for virgin bitumen, which improves the sustainability of the mixtures. Furthermore, the results obtained from these new mixtures were compared with a mixture designed with polymer-modified bitumen (PMB). Ten experimental designs were tested with three types of waste fibre plastics from a municipal solid waste treatment plant and two percentages of bitumen replacement (15% and 25%). The experimental testing plan included air void characterization, moisture sensitivity, stiffness and fatigue resistance, among others. An increase of approximately 5% in voids could be observed when introducing the plastic material and therefore some tests were carried out to over-compact the specimens. The results showed an improvement in the mechanical performance of the experimental mixtures, highlighting the resistance against plastic deformations, which even reached similar values to the mixtures made with PMB.

A bi-level optimized approach for promoting the mixed treatment of municipal sludge and food waste.

The mixed treatment of municipal sludge and food waste can generate renewable energy, solve the environmental and economic challenges caused by this waste, and has attracted significant research attention. Using environmentally friendly anaerobic co-digestion of municipal sludge and food waste can improve the effects of anaerobic mono-digestion and produce more biogas. However, as the municipal sludge and food waste managers are different, balancing the interests of both managers is needed to encourage anaerobic co-digestion development. By fully considering the interests of the local authority, the waste water treatment plants, and the food waste anaerobic digestion treatment plants, this paper developed a bi-level optimization approach based on Stackelberg equilibrium theory to resolve the conflicts between the different stakeholders, in which uncertain parameters were used to describe the uncertainties. The proposed model was then applied to a real case in Chongqing, China, to test its practicality, and scenario analyses under different policy parameter values were conducted to provide guidance for local authorities, waste water treatment plants, and food waste treatment plants. The proposed approach was found to provide balanced strategies for all three stakeholders, increase the renewable energy output of municipal sludge and food waste treatment 14.2 times, and reduce carbon emissions by 50%, thereby protecting the environment and achieving a circular economy.

Recycling of sewage treatment plant (STP) waste in red ceramics

This study aimed to evaluate the use of sewage treatment plant (STP) waste on the production of red ceramic. The raw materials used were clayey ceramic body and STP waste from Campos dos Goytacazes - RJ. The raw materials were characterized through techniques of X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction; moreover. The thermal behavior of STP waste was evaluated by DSC/TG/DTG analysis. The formulations of the clayeys ceramics were prepared with use 0, 3, 5, 10 and 15 wt% STP waste. Through these formulations, specimens were prepared by extrusion with 30% moisture content and fired at 800 °C. The evaluated physical and mechanical properties of the fired ceramics were water absorption, linear shrinkage, flexion strength and relative density. The microstructure of fired pieces was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed the STP waste increased the resistance to flexion and water absorption. The use of the waste improved the mechanical strength of the ceramic mass and tended to increase the flexural strength with the increase in the waste content added to the specimen. This type of waste can be aproveited in red ceramic by up to 15% by mass.

Physical Condition of Filtrated Wastewater from Bakery Household Business

The bakery industry is one of the world’s major food industries and varies widely in production scale and process. In Indonesia, bakery household businesses are growing fast. They are one of the home industries that produce large amounts of wastewater, generally from the washing process of production equipment and rooms. Generally, bakery household businesses handle liquid waste from their activities by disposing of it directly into the surrounding environment or by first treating it using a Waste Treatment Plant (WTP), depending on the scale of the business and the type and character of the waste. However, smallto medium-scale bakery household businesses often dispose of their liquid waste directly into the surrounding drainage channels without any prior processing and have the potential to pollute the environment. Based on that, the wastewater generated from the household-scale bakery business must also be treated before being discharged into the environment. Furthermore, wastewater treated beforehand can be reused for other non-consumption household needs. One way to treat domestic waste from household-scale businesses or activities in a bakery is by using media filtration in a simple wastewater filtration system.

Thermal-flow calculations for a thermal waste treatment plant

Thermal waste treatment plants are an answer to the important problem of waste neutralization on the one hand, while inspiring various emotions in society due to their impact on their planned or existing sites on the other. The primary benefit from incinerating waste is the ability to reuse it as fuel to produce energy. The paper presents thermal calculations that present the performance of the entire thermal waste treatment plant, which depends on the final use of the energy it produces. The equations developed make it possible to monitor the energy flow rate in the various components of the power unit, taking into account losses in the boiler and turbine condenser.

Perencanaan Ulang Tempat Pengolahan Sampah Terpadu (TPST) Tambakrejo Kecamatan Waru Kabupaten Sidoarjo

Volume of waste generation continues to increase in line with population growth, changes in quality and dynamics of community activities. The increasing waste generation will reduce space and disrupt human activities, thereby reducing the quality of human life due to the problem of waste generation. The more waste generation produced, the need for a better waste processing site, therefore it is necessary to carry out a Re-Planning of the Tambakrejo Integrated Waste Treatment Plant (TPST). In carrying out TPST planning, it is necessary to calculate the volume of waste generation, composition and so on. The calculation method used in this planning refers to SNI 19-3964-1994. This planning projects over the next 10 years. So it is projected that the highest waste generation reaches 14366.80 kg / day with a population of 20,524 people. The planned waste management and processing at TPST is divided into 2, namely organic waste is processed into compost and inorganic waste is sold to collectors, and for untreated residual waste is transported to landfill. The land area required in TPST planning is 1050 m2. The cost budget plan (RAB) that must be spent for planning TPST Tambakrejo is Rp. 1,864,842,051.

Identification and simulation of atmospheric dispersion patterns of odour and VOCs generated by a waste treatment plant

The impact of odorous gases emitted from waste treatment plants (WTP) has been a major concern of communities living near these facilities. This paper describes the methodology used to estimate the dispersion of odorous and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from a WTP situated in Vacarisses (Barcelona). The steps are as follows: (1) collection of gaseous samples at the WTP chimney outlet to the atmosphere; (2) olfactometric and chemical characterization of gaseous samples; (3) identification of the main atmospheric dispersion patterns using air mass trajectories and (4) modelling of the WTP emissions using a dispersion model. The impact on nearby populations such as Tarrasa, Esparraguera, Martorell, Castellar del Vallés and Manresa (Catalonia, Spain) was evaluated.The mean removal efficiency of the WTP biofilter was 37.0 ± 5.0%. Therefore, the remaining 63.0 ± 5.0% accounted for emissions into the atmosphere for average odorous (1,700,000 ouE/s) and VOC emissions (1,476,500 μg/s). VOCs were classified into 19 chemical families, of which terpenes, ketones, alcohols and aliphatic hydrocarbons were the most abundant, with concentrations ranging from 4000 to 8000 μg/m3. The air mass trajectory analysis identified six airflow patterns from the WTP with a clear seasonal distribution. The simulation of the dispersion revealed that Tarrasa (to the southeast) was the most affected community, with odorous and VOC impacts of approximately 4.0 ou/m3 and 3.5 μg/m3 (in summer, wind speed = 1.51 m/s). Although these values are not relevant for the safety and well-being of humans, they do deteriorate air quality.

Optimizing site selection for construction demolition waste treatment plants considering demand and supply uncertainty: a case study in Chongqing, China

The reasonable location of treatment plants can improve the recovery rate of construction and demolition waste (C&DW). However, most studies ignore the impact of uncertainty or are based on known probability information. This study establishes an optimization site selection model using a robust method, which takes into account the uncertainty of the recycling amount of C&DW and the demand for recycled products. The immune genetic algorithm is applied to solve and analyse the model. Chongqing, the only municipality in south-west China, is taken as a case study. The results show that: (1) transportation costs affect the behaviour of construction contractors in recycling C&DW; (2) site selection schemes and total costs vary with changes in the disturbance ratio and uncertainty level, and the uncertainty of supply has a greater impact on the costs; and (3) when the uncertainty level and disturbance rate reach a certain value, the site selection scheme changes.

Thermal-flow calculations for a thermal waste treatment plant and CFD modelling of the spread of gases in the context of urban structures

Thermal waste treatment plants are an answer to the important problem of waste neutralization on the one hand, while inspiring various emotions in society due to their impact on their planned or existing sites on the other. The primary benefit from incinerating waste is the ability to reuse it as fuel to produce energy. The objective of the research presented in this paper was to assess the production potential of eco-incinerators and to investigate the potential impact that the operation of a thermal waste treatment plant can have on its surroundings. To this end, the study included analyses in three problem groups: urban planning, balance calculations and the numerical modeling of fouling spread. The area subjected to the analyses was a district of a model city with a plant at the center. The goal of the CFD modeling was to determine the spread of gaseous pollutants (CO, CO2, SO2, NOx) produced as a result of the incineration of municipal waste in the incineration plant, to get their approximate mass fraction values at a distance of 1 km from the smokestack outlet. The spread of gaseous pollutants in CFD modeling was simulated using the k-epsilon RNG model. It is noticeable that the largest mass fraction of the given gases has carbon dioxide, which is also characterized as a 1.5 times heavier gas than the air. The paper also presents thermal calculations that present the performance of the entire thermal waste treatment plant, which depends on the final use of the energy it produces.

Mini-Review: Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli from Farm Animal-Associated Sources.

Escherichia coli is one of the most frequent causes of gastro-intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases in animals and humans. Due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics, recent years have seen a rapidly increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant (AR) Escherichia coli globally; particularly, AR E. coli from farm animal-associated sources and its antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are becoming a global concern, with clinical negative effects on both human and animal health. The aim of this review was to explore the prevalence trends of AR E. coli from farm animals, waste treatment, and aquatic environments. The disinfection methods of AR E. coli and possible alternatives to antibiotics were also highlighted. The current review highlights that the prevalence of AR E. coli from food animals, products, and animal waste is increasing at an alarming rate, but is reduced at waste treatment plants. Ultraviolet (UV) treatment, surface plasma oxidation, and biochar are commonly used to effectively eliminate AR E. coli. Some probiotics, plant extracts, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are arousing interest as promising alternatives to antibiotics to fight against AR E. coli. The current review suggests that AR E. coli from farm animal-associated sources is prevalent and poses a serious global threat to public health. This review provides an avenue for further research, development, and application of novel strategies to minimize antibiotic resistance in E. coli of farm animal origin.