Sugarcane Bagasse Waste Research Articles

INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL SURFACE MODIFICATION ON MICRO-WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF SUGARCANE NANOCELLULOSE EPOXY NANOCOMPOSITES

The waste sugarcane bagasse is the primary agricultural biomass of sugarcane industry and its main constituents is cellulose. These waste sugarcane bagasse can also be applied as reinforcement material in polymer matrix composites. In this present work, the nanocellulose fibers extracted from sugarcane bagasse using salt solution and alkaline treatment process. Sugarcane nanocellulose fiber reinforced epoxy nanocomposites were manufactured by wet layup method. This investigation has been conducted to exhibit the utilization of plant cellulose fiber as the potential reinforcement of synthetic fibers in tribo-composites. The dry sliding wear experiments designed and carried out as per central composite design to determine influence of 3 variable factors such as sliding velocity, sliding distance and load on the wear characteristics of epoxy nanocomposites. From ANOVA (Analysis of variance), it is observed that all three independent parameters plays an important role in the wear characteristics of epoxy nanocomposites, as proven from scanning electron microscope. Simultaneously minimize these tribological characteristics, desirable values of the parameters were depicted to be 5.94 m/s, 5 km and 5 N for sliding velocity, distance and load respectively. From normal probability curves, it is signified that there is a good agreement within the RSM models and experimental results.

Fabrication of Hydrophobic Coatings Using Sugarcane Bagasse Waste Ash as Silica Source

Eco-friendly hydrophobic coatings were fabricated on tiles via the drop-casting process. Sugarcane bagasse waste ash (SBA) was used as a silica source and dimethyldiethoxysilane (DMDEOS) was used as a surface functionalizing agent. The elemental composition of SBA was measured using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The surface morphology of SBA was analyzed through the field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) technique. The surface wettability of SBA coated tiles was evaluated by determining the static water contact angle (WCA). XRF studies showed that the impurities were removed, and the silica content was enriched by the acid treatment. SBA coated tiles showed good hydrophobicity with a WCA of 135°. The high hydrophobicity of the coated tiles may be attributed to the increase of surface roughness by SBA. Moreover, the SBA coating was successfully tested on various substrates such as tiles, brick, glass, and cotton cloth. SBA coated glass substrate was more durable compared to other substrates at normal room temperature.

Facile fabrication of superhydrophobic and superoleophilic green ceramic hollow fiber membrane derived from waste sugarcane bagasse ash for oil/water separation

Green ceramic hollow fiber membranes with superhydrophobic and superoleophilic surfaces (ss-CHFM/WSBA) were successfully fabricated via facile sol–gel process using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) as precursors. In this work, silica solution was prepared using the modified Stöber method. This process was followed by dipping the pristine membranes into the sol–gel solution at various grafting times (0–90 min), grafting cycles (0–4 cycles), and calcination temperatures (400–600 °C). The wettability, surface morphology, and chemical composition of the pristine and ss-CHFM/WSBA membranes were investigated. The results showed that increasing the grafting time has increased the wettability of ss-CHFM/WSBA with high contact angle of up to 163.9°. Similarly, increasing grafting cycle has enhanced the hydrophobicity of ss-CHFM/WSBA due to the formation of hierarchical structure of grafting cycle which were more than one. The optimum calcination temperature for ss-CHFM/WSBA was identified. It was found that increasing the calcination temperature has degraded the sol template on the surface of ss-CHFM/WSBA, hence decreasing the wettability. The preliminary performance tests showed that ss-CHFM/WSBA grafted at 60 min, 3 cycles, and calcined at 400 °C showed excellent oil/water separation efficiency of 99.9% and oil flux of 137.2 L/m2h.

Improved mechanical properties of k-carrageenan-based nanocomposite films reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals

This work investigates the isolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) waste and the evaluation of their mechanical reinforcement capability for k-carrageenan biopolymer. The results from Atomic Force Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy indicated the successful extraction of CNC from SCB following alkali, bleaching and acid hydrolysis treatments. The CNC displayed a needle-like structure with an average aspect ratio of 55. The surface functionality of the CNC was evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy measurements. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the as-extracted CNC exhibit cellulose I crystalline structure, with a crystallinity index of 80%. The obtained CNC were dispersed into k-carrageenan biopolymer matrix at various CNC contents (1, 3, 5 and 8 wt%) and the prepared films were further characterized. The incorporation of CNC decreased the light transmittance values but enhanced the mechanical properties compared with the neat k-carrageenan film. Empirical Halpin-Tsai model was used to predict the CNC dispersion within k-carrageenan matrix. The obtained nanocomposite films have the potential to be used as food packaging material.

Potential of aquatic oomycete as a novel feedstock for microbial oil grown on waste sugarcane bagasse

Biodiesel production from vegetable oils is not sustainable and economical due to the food crisis worldwide. The development of a cost-effective non-edible feedstock is essential. In this study, we proposed to use aquatic oomycetes for microbial oils, which are cellulolytic fungus-like filamentous eukaryotic microorganisms, commonly known as water molds. They differ from true fungi as cellulose is present in their cell wall and chitin is absent. They show parasitic as well as saprophytic nature and have great potential to utilize decaying animal and plant debris in freshwater habitats. To study the triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in the aquatic oomycetes, the isolated water mold Achlya diffusa was cultivated under semi-solid-state conditions on waste sugarcane bagasse, which was compared with the cultivation in Czapek (DOX) medium. A. diffusa grown on waste sugarcane bagasse showed large lipid droplets in its cellular compartment and synthesized 124.03 ± 1.93 mg/gds cell dry weight with 50.26 ± 1.76% w/w lipid content. The cell dry weight and lipid content of this water mold decreased to 89.54 ± 1.21 mg/gds and 38.82% w/w, respectively, when cultivated on standard medium Czapek-Dox agar (CDA). For the fatty acid profile of A. diffusa grown in sugarcane bagasse and CDA, in situ transesterification (IST) and indirect transesterification (IDT) approaches were evaluated. The lipid profile of this mold revealed the presence of C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C20:0, and C21:0 fatty acids, which is similar to vegetable oils. The biodiesel properties of the lipids obtained from A. diffusa satisfied the limits as determined by international standards ASTM-D6751 and EN-14214 demonstrating its suitability as a fuel for diesel engines.

Mesophilic anaerobic co-digestion of residual sludge with different lignocellulosic wastes in the batch digester

Co-digestion of residual sludge (RS) and different lignocellulosic wastes (LWs) including greening waste (GW), decocted Chinese herbs waste (DCHW) and sugarcane bagasse waste (SCBW) was investigated in batch digester. Results show that the application of GW presented the highest specific methane yield (161 mL CH4/g VSadded) due to its high carbohydrate fraction and more balanced C/N ratio in co-substrate mixture. Buswell equation was applied and it is found that biodegradability index (BI) for co-digestion varied from 68.1% to 74.2% (53.0% for RS mono-digestion) depending on the lignin fractions of the LWs. Variation of pH, VFAs, alkalinity and ammonia throughout the digestion were also examined. The addition of LWs induced VFAs formation, as well as their conversion to methane. The higher microbial diversity in RS/LWs co-digestion further confirmed the positive effect of LWs addition in co-digestion.

Morphology and property study of green ceramic hollow fiber membrane derived from waste sugarcane bagasse ash (WSBA)

This work describes the preparation of green ceramic hollow fiber membranes derived from waste sugarcane bagasse ash (WSBA) using phase inversion and sintering techniques as membrane support for water filtration. The first step consisted in the production of WSBA is by the calcination process of sugarcane bagasse at 800 °C and followed characterizing of the microstructure, phases present, and thermal behavior using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This process was followed by the preparation of ceramic dope suspension consisting of WSBA powder as the main material, NMP as the solvent, PESf as the binder, and Arlacel P135 as the dispersant. In this work, various spinning parameters (effect of SWBA contents, bore fluid flow rate, air gap, and sintering temperature) were evaluated. By varying these parameters, significant effects on the membrane structure and mechanical strength were observed. The different sintering temperatures resulted in wormlike pores in the membrane structure due to neck growth and melting mechanism. The preliminary performance tests show that the green ceramic hollow fiber membrane prepared with a WSBA content of 60 wt%, bore fluid flow rate of 10 mL/min, air gap of 10 cm, and sintering temperature of 1000 °C induced a stable permeate water flux (PWF) of ~ 466.2 L/m2 h at the beginning of the filtration process.

Identification of a novel hydrogen producing bacteria from sugarcane bagasse waste

Abstract A new hydrogen producing strain with potent cellulose degrading ability was isolated from soil sample collected from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) storage yard. Among the colonies screened, the newly identified strain, Bacillus subtilis AuChE413 has shown better performance in terms of hydrogen yield and cellulose degradation. Morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits of the isolated strain were studied. And its molecular characterization was studied by analyzing the sequence of 16S rRNA gene. The sequence of Bacillus subtilis AuChE413 was compared with other GenBank sequences using BLASTn to study its homology with other species. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor joining method. The hydrogen production capacity of Bacillus subtilis AUChE413 was tested by employing the pretreated SCB and sweet sorghum stalk biomass (SSB) as substrates. In comparison, the substrate sorghum stalk has produced the highest hydrogen yield of 55.2 l H2 /kg SSB at pH 7 and 37 °C.

Tuning Controlled Release Behavior of Starch Granules Using Nanofibrillated Cellulose Derived from Waste Sugarcane Bagasse

Controlled release formulations help to encapsulate agrochemicals and deliver at a sustained rate. Growing environmental challenges have increased the need for controlled release systems based on sustainable feed-stocks. To this end, we report here the preparation and properties of a monolith-type controlled release granular formulation based on two ubiquitous biopolymers, starch and cellulose. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) derived from waste sugarcane bagasse were mixed with gelatinized maize starch and urea formaldehyde to yield nanocomposite granular formulation. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) was used as model encapsulant. The morphology of CNFs and CNF-reinforced starch granules was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, BET porosimetry, and X-ray tomography. Incorporation of only 2–4 wt % CNFs led to a significant reduction in porosity as compared to that for neat starch granules, while the water uptake was enhanced by 20–30%. Reinforcing starch with CNFs led to a s...

Characterization of Agricultural Waste Sugarcane Bagasse Ash at 1100°C with various hours

In this globe infinite numbers of natural and modified materials are used for the development of technology. In this study recent development of composites sugarcane waste raw burned products has been used known as ash. Bagasse will be prepared by extracting minerals and fibres will be crashed (milled) into small fibres from sugarcane. The milled fibres were burned at different intervals temperature 1100°C with 1,3 & 5 hours in a furnace, hence this product is known as bagasse ash (BA). Bagasse ash characterized through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) studied various parameters. Parametric studies carried out on grain size and percentage variation of chemical composition. Also observed that the effect of temperature on weight and density variation in different hours. The various properties of ashes will be utilized as reinforcement for development of aluminium composite materials in further work.

Isolation and surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals from sugarcane bagasse waste: From a micro- to a nano-scale view

This work presents the isolation and functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). CNCs were obtained by acid hydrolysis of bleached bagasse pulp and functionalized with adipic acid. The results showed that unmodified CNCs exhibit both a high crystallinity index and a significant aspect ratio. Surface modification with adipic acid decreases the nanocrystal dimensions due to removal of the amorphous region between the crystalline domains and also changes the electrostatic repulsion and hydrophilic affinity of CNCs. Unmodified CNCs offer potential applications as reinforcing phase in hydrophilic polymeric matrices, while modified CNCs interact better with hydrophobic matrices. The use of CNCs as reinforcement in polymer nanocomposites expands the application of this renewable material and increases its added value, providing nonenergy-based markets for the main biomass of the sugarcane industry.

Properties of bio-oil and bio-char produced by sugar cane bagasse pyrolysis in a stainless steel tubular reactor

In this study, compositional analysis of the products obtained by thermal degradation of sugar cane bagasse at various pyrolysis temperatures (300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750 and 800 °C) and heating rate (5, 10, 20 and 50 °C/min) was studied. Sugar cane bagasse was pyrolyzed in a stainless steel tubular reactor. The aim of this work was to experimentally investigate how the temperature and heating rate affects liquid and char product yields via pyrolysis and to determine optimal condition to have a better yield of these products. Liquid product (bio-oil) obtained under the most suitable conditions were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, C-NMR and HNMR. In addition, column chromatography was employed to determine the aliphatic fraction (Hexane Eluate); gas chromatography and FT-IR were achieved on aliphatic fractions. For char product (bio-char), the elemental chemical composition and yield of the char were determined. The results of our work showed that the amount of liquid product (bio-oil) from pyrolysis of sugar cane bagasse increases with increasing the final temperature and decreases with increasing the heating rate. The highest yield of liquid product is obtained from the samples at 550 °C and at the heating rate of 5°C/min, the maximal average yield achieved almost 32.80 wt%. The yield of char generally decreases with increasing the temperature, the char yield passes from 39.7 wt% to 21 wt% at the heating rate of 5°C/min and from 32 wt% to 17.2 wt% at the heating rate of 50 °C/min at the same range of temperature (300–800 °C). The analysis of bio-oil showed the presence of an aliphatic character and that it is possible to obtain liquid products similar to petroleum from sugar cane bagasse waste. The solid products (bio-char) obtained in the presence of nitrogen (N2) contain a very important percentage of carbon and high higher heating values (HHV).

Treatment of Lead Contaminated Soil using Solidification/Stabilization Method Incorporated with Sugarcane Bagasse

In recent years, tremendous researches have been carried out for solid waste treatment using the solidification/stabilization (S/S) method incorporated with agricultural wastes after the incineration process. These researches, although they showed efficient results, but they may be expensive due to the incineration procedure cost. In the current research, the treatment of lead (Pb) contaminated soil was studied by the incorporation of sugarcane bagasse in its fibrous state into the S/S method. Chemical properties of the materials used were determined by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) test. Some mechanical tests like density, water absorption and compressive strength were conducted in order to meet the regulatory limits for disposing the treated waste. Some leaching tests were also conducted, to measure the leachability of lead (Pb) from the matrices. Solidification/stabilization was found as an effective method that was able to reduce more than 99% of leachability of Pb from polluted soil. Moreover, this method can incorporate until 10% of sugarcane bagasse into the matrices. Although incorporation of sugarcane bagasse up to 10% decreases the strength of the samples and increase the leachability of Pb, but they still fit to the standard. Incorporation of sugarcane bagasse waste in its fibrous state into the solidification/stabilization method may provide an alternative low cost treatment method for Pb polluted soils and may eliminate huge amounts of this waste from the environment.

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Sugarcane Bagasse Waste for the Adsorption Equilibrium and Kinetics of Basic Dye

This research aimed to study the preparation of activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse waste. The sugarcane bagasse adsorbent was prepared by calcination at 600°C for 2 hours with the use of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a chemical activation. The adsorption surface possessed high specific surface area (838 m2/g) with mesoporous diameter. Factors explaining adsorption including adsorption isotherm, adsorption kinetic and adsorption mechanism were constructed from methylene blue adsorption experiments. It was found that the equilibrium data was best represented by Freundlich isotherm, showing multilayer coverage of dye molecules at the outer surface of adsorbent with a cooperative adsorption (physisorption and chemisorption). The kinetic of methylene blue adsorption was found to follow pseudo-second-order rate kinetic model, with a good correlation coefficient. This indicated that the overall rate of the dye adsorption process was controlled by the chemisorption process.

Moderate alkali-thermophilic ethanologenesis by locally isolated Bacillus licheniformis from Pakistan employing sugarcane bagasse: a comparative aspect of aseptic and non-aseptic fermentations

BackgroundBiofuels obtained from first-generation (1G) sugars-starch streams have been proven unsustainable as their constant consumption is not only significantly costly for commercial scale production systems, but it could potentially lead to problems associated with extortionate food items for human usage. In this regard, biofuels’ production in alkali-thermophilic environs from second-generation (2G) bio-waste would not only be markedly feasible, but these extreme conditions might be able to sustain aseptic fermentations without spending much for sterilization.ResultsPresent investigation deals with the valuation of ethanologenic potential of locally isolated moderate alkali-thermophilic fermentative bacterium, Bacillus licheniformis KU886221 employing sugarcane cane bagasse (SCB) as substrate. A standard 2-factor central composite response surface design was used to estimate the optimized cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymatic hydrolysis of SCB into maximum fermentable sugars. After elucidation of optimized levels of fermentation factors affecting ethanol fermentation using Taguchi OA L27 (3^13) experimental design, free cell batch culture was carried out in bench-scale stirred-tank bioreactor for ethanol fermentation. Succeeding fermentation modifications included subsequent substrate addition, immobilized cells fibrous-bed bioreactor (FBB) incorporation to the basic setup, and performance of in situ gas stripping for attaining improved ethanol yield. Highest ethanol yield of 1.1406 mol ethanol/mol of equivalent sugars consumed was obtained when gas stripping was performed during fed-batch fermentation involving FBB under aseptic conditions. Despite the fact that under non-aseptic conditions, 30.5% lesser ethanol was formed, still, reduced yield might be considered influential as it saved the cost of sterilization for ethanol production.ConclusionEffectual utilization of low-priced abundantly available lignocellulosic waste sugarcane bagasse under non-aseptic moderate alkali-thermophilic fermentation conditions as directed in this study has appeared very promising for large-scale cost-effective bioethanol generation processes.

Super‐Clear Nanopaper from Agro‐Industrial Waste for Green Electronics

Due to high volumes of production from the consumer electronics industry, it is highly desirable to develop green electronics comprised of biodegradable components derived from cheap resources or even agro‐industrial wastes. In this work, a facile and benign production route is proposed to transform the agro‐industrial waste sugarcane bagasse into value‐added super‐clear nanopaper for flexible and transparent electronics. High‐value cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are isolated from abundant and inexpensive sugarcane bagasse by a one‐step 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl treatment, and the obtained CNCs are then used to fabricate a super‐clear nanopaper substrate for next‐generation flexible electronics. The super‐clear nanopaper exhibits superior optical properties (91% transmittance and 1.4% transmission haze at 600 nm), excellent nanometer‐scale surface roughness (3.08 nm), and good oxygen barrier properties (1.2 cm3 µm (m2 day kPa)−1 at 50% relative humidity). Moreover, proof‐of‐concept field‐effect transistors with an on/off ratio of >103 are demonstrated on this super‐clear nanopaper. The efficient and scalable production of value‐added CNCs from bagasse waste coupled with advanced applications of CNC‐based super‐clear nanopaper in electronic devices presents a solution for the conversion of agricultural wastes to value‐added electronic applications, which is beneficial for green electronics and recycling and ecoindustries.

Titania modified activated carbon prepared from sugarcane bagasse: adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation

ABSTRACTActivated carbon (AC), prepared from sugarcane bagasse waste through a low-temperature chemical carbonization treatment, was used as a support for nano-TiO2. TiO2 supported on AC (xTiO2–AC) catalysts (x = 10, 20, 50, and 70 wt.%) were prepared through a mechano-mixing method. The photocatalysts were characterized by Raman, X-ray diffraction analysis, FTIR, SBET, field emission scanning electron microscope, and optical technique. The adsorption and photo-activity of the prepared catalysts (xTiO2–AC) were evaluated using methylene blue (MB) dye. The photocatalytic degradation of MB was evaluated under UVC irradiation and visible light. The degradation percentage of the 100 ppm MB at neutral pH using 20TiO2–AC reaches 96 and 91 after 180 min under visible light and UV irradiation, respectively. In other words, these catalysts are more active under visible light than under UV light irradiation, opening the possibility of using solar light for this application.

Activated carbon produced from sugarcane bagasse waste as a low-cost dye-containing wastewater adsorbent for reactive turquoise blue removal

Activated carbon produced from sugarcane bagasse waste as a low-cost dye-containing wastewater adsorbent for reactive turquoise blue removal

Characterization of biochars from different sources and evaluation of release of nutrients and contaminants

The biochar, product of pyrolysis of organic waste, has been used as a soil conditioner and alternative on solid waste management. However, the raw material and pyrolysis temperature used influence the quantity and dynamics of release of nutrients and contaminants from the biochar. The objective wasto evaluate the use of waste sugarcane bagasse, eucalyptus and sewage sludge for production of biochar and determine the chemical, physical, mineralogical properties and acid extraction of these materials produced at 350 °C and 500 °C. Were evaluated the proportion of C, H, N, O; ashes; macro and micronutrients, plus some contaminants; characterization of mineral phases by diffractometry of X- rays; functional groups by infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR). Moreover, it was determined the release of nutrients and contaminants for the extraction in increasing concentration of HNO3 (0,01 - 2,0 mol L-1). The O/C and H/C relations decreased with increasing temperature of pyrolysis, which define a greater stability of the C of biochars. Sewage sludge biochar (BC-L) had the highest nutrient release rates and contaminant metals (Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb). Acid extraction of other biocarvoes was very low (<20% of the total content). The results indicate that the carbon fraction of biochar contributes to the low rateof release of the elements in acid place.

Magnetic carbon composites with a hierarchical structure for adsorption of tetracycline, prepared from sugarcane bagasse via hydrothermal carbonization coupled with simple heat treatment process

Sugarcane bagasse, an agricultural waste, was successfully converted into novel magnetic carbon composites by low temperature hydrothermal carbonization at 230°C for 24h, followed by heat treatment at 400°C for only 1h in air. Effects of NaOH and iron loading on the chemical properties of the composites were studied. In addition, various techniques were employed to investigate the physicochemical properties of the composites. Adsorption kinetics and isotherms were investigated with tetracycline (TC) for the magnetic composites. The magnetic carbon composite exhibited 48.35mg/g maximum adsorption capacity and was highly stable chemically and mechanically, with also good magnetic properties. The adsorption of TC by the magnetic adsorbent was mainly attributed to H-bonds and π-π interactions. The results indicate that waste sugarcane bagasse from the sugar industries can be efficiently transformed to a magnetic adsorbent for TC removal via a facile environmentally friendly method.