Waste Sorting Research Articles

Recovery of plastic packaging from mixed municipal solid waste. A case study from Austria

Austria must recycle more packaging materials. Especially for plastic packaging waste, significant increases are necessary to reach the EU recycling targets for 2025 and 2030. In addition to improving separate collection and introducing a deposit system for specific fractions, the share of plastic packaging in mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) could be utilized.In Austria, about 1.8milliontonnes of mixed MSW are generated. This includes about 110,000 t/a of plastic packaging waste. Most of the mixed MSW (94 %) is sent directly or via residues from pre-treatment, such as mechanical–biological treatment or waste sorting, to waste incineration. While materials such as glass and metals can also be recovered from the bottom ash, combustible materials such as plastics must be recovered before incineration.This work aims to evaluate the recovery potential of plastic packaging waste in mixed MSW with automated waste sorting. For this purpose, two of the largest Austrian waste sorting plants, with a total annual throughput of about 280,000 t/a, were investigated. The investigation included regular sampling of selected output streams and sorting analysis.The results show that the theoretical recovery potential of plastic packaging from these two plants is 6,500 t/a on average. An extrapolation to Austria results in a potential of about 83,000 t/a. If losses due to further treatment, such as sorting and recycling, are considered, about 30,000 t/a of recyclate could be returned to plastic production. This would correspond to an increase in plastic packaging recycling rate from 25 % to 35 %.

Which is the larger issue in Indonesia: waste exports or imports? Interests in politics, economics, or the environment?

The current situation in the worldwide society is paradoxical, as it is characterized by a scarcity in addressing the demand for food. Hence, the garbage predicament in Indonesia remains an environmental concern that necessitates resolution, in conjunction with the challenge of importing waste from industrialized nations to Indonesia. This practice came into existence. Habits of Indonesian individuals who continue to dispose of garbage negligently. This practice of mishandling waste will lead to the emergence of other issues. The issue of waste importation is further compounded by the unreliability of Indonesian waste sorting as a supply source. As one of the developing nations in Southeast Asia that receives waste imports, Indonesia experiences substantial consequences due to this phenomenon. Hence, this paper seeks to examine the issue of trash imports in Indonesia from a political-ecological standpoint, encompassing the social and economic dimensions and the environmental consequences. Furthermore, the article above, which examined the issue of trash imports in Indonesia, has also been conducted. Further investigation is required to explore political ecology, social and economic dimensions, and environmental ramifications. In addition, this article provides an overview of the relevant legislative requirements for the trash importation process in Indonesia. This paper employed the literature review approach to gather research material about waste imports and policies in Indonesia during the past five years. The research information was sourced from multiple studies utilizing the SLR 7P technique. The study findings indicate that trash imports in Indonesia can be understood as a manifestation of ecological politics, wherein the environmental issues are significantly shaped by political factors (namely ego-sectoral features) and economic components within them. The primary objective of the environmental interests outlined in the Basel Convention, which was subsequently translated into laws and regulations in Indonesia, has yet to safeguard environmental and human well-being from the adverse effects of imported trash. In addition, it is essential to comprehensively evaluate Indonesia's trash import policy to clarify its requirements. Furthermore, the issue of enforcing laws effectively in cases of infractions will also be addressed.

Unveiling Waste Sorting Intentions: The Influence of Green Brand Opportunity Perception Among Cafes

Cafe managers play an important role in realizing waste sorting behavior in cafes. To encourage waste sorting behavior among cafe managers, it is necessary to understand intentions as the main predictor of behavior. This research aims to determine the influence of green brand opportunity perception on waste sorting intention. The method used in this research was quantitative correlational with a total of 103 cafe managers in the Greater Malang area (Malang City, Malang Regency, Batu City) subjects who were collected using purposive sampling techniques. The scales used in this research are the opportunity perception scale (???? = 0.93) adapted after Neill et al. (2017), and the waste classification intention scale (???? = 0.80) adapted after Tian et al. (2019). Data analysis used simple linear regression with results showing that there was a significant positive effect (B = 0.308; p < 0.001). The findings of this research reveal green brand opportunity perception as a predictor of waste sorting intention among cafe managers. The results of this research provide an understanding of the cognitive dynamics that occur in business actors to support environmentally friendly practices.

Peningkatan Kesadaran Masyarakat terhadap Metode Pengolahan Sampah di Dusun Klaci 1 Margoluwih Sayegan Sleman

Waste has become a problem for all of us and the environment in which we live. Every day, garbage is produced as a result of various human activities. Natural waste production is increasing in lockstep with population and industry growth but has yet to be proportional to final landfill capacity. This causes issues with waste management. This service aims to increase public awareness of waste management methods and processing waste on a household scale. This service uses the socialization of waste sorting and training in processing organic waste from households. This service uses the socialization of waste sorting and training in processing organic waste from households. This service program benefits the community in the following ways: the community is aware of the various types of waste that exist, the community has increased waste management awareness, and the community is aware of proper waste management and processing.

Conveyor Roll Manufacturing Conveyor Roll Manufacturing

Field work practice is a form of educational and vocational implementation that is participated in by students. Practical work aims to prepare students to become productive people and can work directly in their respective fields. Students can also experience the production atmosphere and can help deal with several problems experienced by professional engineering in factories. Conveyor systems can be said to be part of the equipment mechanics that transport materials from one place to another. This system is useful when goods need to be transported and moved from one place to another. Its existence makes the process easier, faster and more comfortable. In various industries, conveyors are very important. This system is designed to withstand heavy workloads and extreme weather conditions. The ability to adjust certain angles to help move materials. Design is divided into two, namely planning and conceptualizing. Planning this research focused on designing the conveyor for the can and plastic bottle waste sorting machine, then the consumer needs for the conveyor for the can and plastic bottle waste sorting machine were arranged as follows: a) The conveyor is easy to operate. b) Does not endanger the operator. c) Easy maintenance. d) Energy efficient conveyor from carrying out practical field work at CV. According to Agung Widodo's source, it can be concluded as follows: Industrial Automation or Industrial Automation is basically technology related to the application of mechanical, electronic and computer-based information systems to operate and control production.

Green Symphony: A Brief Review of Waste Segregation Techniques

Proper waste segregation poses challenges like insufficient awareness, inadequate infrastructure, and limited resources. In this study, we've scrutinized five waste segregation methods employing IoT, Arduino, Deep Learning, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence. The IoT-based system utilizes sensors, and cameras to identify diverse waste types, transmit data to the IoT module, and activate sorting mechanisms like robotic arms [1]. This leads to remote monitoring, and automated waste sorting, fostering efficient recycling. An advanced garbage monitoring system with sensors and an Arduino Uno detects waste types, monitors garbage levels, and issues alerts when bins are full, contributing to waste management efficiency [2]. DL is integrated into the system, categorizing waste images using CNNs, and employing transfer nearest neighbor algorithm predicts waste management alerts based on three sensors, automating notifications to authorities with a 93.3% accuracy rate [3]. AI-driven waste segregation models, particularly for non-biodegradable plastics, reduce waste management costs, achieving over 80% accuracy in sorting plastics. The culmination is the (WSD) model [5], incorporating IoT, Arduino, ML, DL, and AI. Utilizing sensors and imaging devices, this model generates real-time data for efficient monitoring and sorting, featuring a K-nearest neighbor algorithm with 93.3% accuracy and DL precision in material classification. The WSD model provides an automated and eco-friendly solution, reducing manual labor and improving recycling practices for effective waste management. Advanced technology-based techniques like the WSD model offer solutions, emphasizing the importance of choosing technologies aligned with available resources and infrastructure for optimal impact.

Manufacturing of Roll Conveyors

Field work practice is a form of educational and vocational implementation that is participated in by students. Practical work aims to prepare students to become productive people and can work directly in their respective fields. Students can also experience the production atmosphere and can help deal with several problems experienced by professional engineering in factories. Conveyor systems can be said to be part of the equipment mechanics that transport materials from one place to another. This system is useful when goods need to be transported and moved from one place to another. Its existence makes the process easier, faster and more comfortable. In various industries, conveyors are very important. This system is designed to withstand heavy workloads and extreme weather conditions. The ability to adjust certain angles to help move materials. Design is divided into two, namely planning and conceptualizing. Planning this research focused on designing the conveyor for the can and plastic bottle waste sorting machine, then the consumer needs for the conveyor for the can and plastic bottle waste sorting machine were arranged as follows: a) The conveyor is easy to operate. b) Does not endanger the operator. c) Easy maintenance. d) Energy efficient conveyor from carrying out practical field work at CV. According to Agung Widodo's source, it can be concluded as follows: Industrial Automation or Industrial Automation is basically technology related to the application of mechanical, electronic and computer-based information systems to operate and control production. Key words: conveyor, roll, as roll.

Fine-tuning DETR: Toward holistic process in plastic waste sorting system

Every year human discharges about 350 million tons of plastic waste into the environment and can be projected to triple in 2060 without any attempts to change situation. From 1970 to 2019, an estimation of 130 million tons of plastic waste was accumulated into the rivers, lakes and sea, while only 27 % is recycled and utilized. Moreover, waste treatment plants in most places around the world are using out-of-date technology, may pose a threat to the health of the workers. Therefore, it is essential to modernize these systems for protecting human health. This paper proposes fine-tuning DETR, which applies Artificial Intelligent in plastic waste sorting system. Consequently, this study analyzed the applicability of fine-tuning DETR in the domain of plastic waste categorization and its potential drawbacks. For fair experiment and evaluation, model candidates were trained and evaluated on an industrial plastic waste dataset. The fine-tuning DETR outperformed other candidates in the context of critical indicators, from accuracy (25.1 mAP), processing speed (28 FPS) to computational cost (GFLOPs 86). Furthermore, fine-tuning DETR possesses the capability of autonomous operation without requiring human intervention, distinguishing this candidate from other prevalent algorithms. Our research demonstrates that, fine-tuning DETR specifically and Transformer-based algorithms in general, are entirely suitable and hold significant potential for large-scale application in holistic plastic waste sorting systems.

Edukasi Sampah Plastik dan Pengolahannya Menjadi Barang Hias

One of the problems that cannot be solved in Indonesia is the way waste is processed, for example the problem in Gembong Kulon Village. This is because the final disposal site (TPA) is quite far from residential areas. The aim of holding this waste education is to provide knowledge about how to process and utilize inorganic waste (plastic) into goods of selling value. The research method used is a persuasive lecture or education approach and direct practice on how to collect and sort waste, both organic and inorganic. The output results obtained from this work program regarding environmental education and plastic waste are an increase in students' understanding of waste and how to process it as well as fostering creativity in these students.

WASTE SORTING IN A FRONT-LINE CITY: OPINIONS OF KHARKIV RESIDENTS

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problem of social attitude towards waste sorting in exceptional conditions. The author considers this problem within the framework of the general problematic of positions and practices of environmental consumption. The focus of the study is the peculiarities of attitudes towards environmental waste management practices in atypical conditions. The article examines Kharkiv as a front-line city in which military security threats come to the fore, create additional threats to food security, and at the same time disguise them as less important. The goal is to find out how mass consciousness in war conditions distributes empirical material for analysis – an online survey of 309 Kharkiv residents. The results of the study show that a positive attitude towards environmental waste sorting practices has been formed in the minds of Kharkiv residents. However, there is a gap between the declarative level of attitude and the implementation of practices. This gap can be explained both by the lack of a materially designed environment for the formation of sustainable waste sorting practices, and by the shortcomings of the information environment. At the same time, military living conditions in a front-line city do not affect the opinions of citizens about the importance of waste sorting.

Behavioral Intention of Domestic Organic Waste Segregation in Urban Communities (Case Study: Sukmajaya and Cilodong Districts, Depok City)

Waste management is a significant and widespread issue that challenges many countries, particularly developing countries. Organic waste is a primary contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in waste management, making it a crucial problem to address. Proper waste management practices, including decentralized organic waste management, are necessary to address this issue. However, this decentralization requires the support of the community’s waste segregation behavior. Therefore, this study was conducted in Sukmajaya and Cilodong Districts to analyze the intention of organic waste sorting behavior utilizing Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) analysis. The results showed that only two constructs, attitude and perceived behavioral control, positively impacted the intention to sort organic waste. In this study, norm construction does not serve as a supporting construction for the waste sorting intention. Additionally, knowledge of waste sorting programs and activities significantly affects perceived behavioral control.

New Vibrating-Table-Type Tribo-Electrostatic Separator for Selective Sorting of Granular Plastic Wastes

New Vibrating-Table-Type Tribo-Electrostatic Separator for Selective Sorting of Granular Plastic Wastes

Intelligent system for solid waste classification using combination of image processing and machine learning models

ABSTRACT Solid waste is a major issue in all cities around the world. Classification and segregation of solid waste prior to reuse, recycle or recover is an important step towards sustainable waste management. Traditional manual sorting of solid waste is a labour-intensive process that may pose health risks to the workers. Currently, automated classification of solid waste using machine learning techniques is widely applied. This study aims to develop an automated waste classification model by testing traditional and deep machine learning models. To achieve that, both open and generated datasets were used in the model training and testing. The study results showed relatively low prediction capability of the traditional machine learning models like Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) as compared to the deep machine learning Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The testing of the three models on a combined data set of Trashnet with local garbage data set resulted in accuracy of 62.5% for SVM, 72.0% for RF and 92.7% for CNN. JONET deep learning model has been developed using a combination of pre-trained base model (DenseNet 201) with a new architicture that contains a fully connected layer in the classification stage with 1024 neurons. The model is capable to identify six classes of solid waste items with various accuracies. When tested on the Trashnet dataset, the accuracy was 96.06%, while testing on the local garbage dataset gave an accuracy of 94.40%. JONET has been tested also on multi object images which gave an acceptable prediction accuracy.

A Review on the Recovery and Separation of Gallium and Indium from Waste

Gallium and indium are crucial metals in various industries, such as the medical and telecommunication industries. They can find applications as pure metals, alloys and alloy admixtures, oxides, organometallic compounds, and compounds with elements such as nitrogen or arsenic. Recovery of these two metals from waste is an important issue for two main reasons. First, gallium and indium are scattered in the Earth’s crust and their minerals are too rare to serve as a primary source. Second, e-waste contributes to the rapidly growing problem of Earth littering, as its amount increased significantly in recent years. Therefore, it is essential to develop and implement procedures that will enable the recovery of valuable elements from waste and limit the emission of harmful substances into the environment. This paper discusses technological operations and methods that are currently used or may be used to produce pure gallium and indium or their oxides from waste. The first step was described—waste pretreatment, including disassembly and sorting in several stages. Then, mechanical treatment as well as physical, chemical, and physicochemical separations were discussed. The greatest emphasis was placed on the hydrometallurgical methods of gallium and indium recovery, to be more precise on the extraction and various sorption methods following the leaching stage. Methods of obtaining pure metals or metal oxides and their refining processes were also mentioned.

The role of women in enhancing economic standards in rural areas through the implementation of waste reform in Desa Cemagi

Cemagi Village faces challenges in its human resources sector, which are not yet prepared to compete in the tourism industry, and waste management, which is deemed highly risky. In response to waste management issues, the Cemagi Village Perbekel has initiated the establishment of the Sarwa Metu Wangi TPS3R to oversee waste management and has appointed cadres to manage waste banks in each Banjar neighborhood. To address these issues, a pilot project was launched for women's empowerment activities in Cemagi Village, specifically in Banjar Sangiangan. These service activities aim to empower women in Cemagi Village by encouraging women's groups to actively sort waste, generate additional income from the sale of segregated waste, increase public awareness of the importance of proper waste management for environmental cleanliness and public health, and support tourism village development through the application of the Sapta Pesona principles. The method of implementing these activities involves conducting waste management awareness campaigns and providing assistance in waste sorting at residents' homes. The results of these activities indicate that the community has begun to actively sort waste in accordance with guidance provided by the implementation team during assistance. This is evident from the initial condition of waste deposits at the onset of waste bank activities, which were predominantly mixed or improperly sorted. However, after providing assistance at residents' homes, the waste brought to the waste bank has begun to be properly sorted. Changes in people's waste sorting behavior serve as an indicator of the success of awareness campaigns and mentoring efforts, reflecting an increase in public awareness regarding the importance of proper waste sorting for environmental protection.

Analisis solusi untuk mengurangi timbulan sampah di kawasan Suaka Margasatwa Muara Angke

Introduction: In 2020, marine waste in Indonesia reached 521,540 tons, mostly due to marine activity, with the mangrove ecosystem being the most affected. Even though various parties have tried to clean and collect waste in the SMMA Area (Angke Mangrove Wildlife Reserve), the problem of waste generation is still an unresolved environmental problem. The increasing amount of waste in the area can disrupt mangrove restoration efforts and disrupt the regeneration of natural ecosystems. Result: According to research observations, in the SMMA environment, especially during high tide, there is still a generation of waste consisting of plastic, styrofoam, wood, cloth, and electronic waste. Plastic and styrofoam waste comes from food and drink packaging, and other types of waste, such as wood and plywood, can come from rivers or from activities around SMMA. Waste generation in mangrove environments includes fabric and polymer waste, such as pampers and clothing. Because it interferes with air aeration in the root system, plastic waste is the main cause of damage to the growth of mangrove vegetation. Waste in the SMMA mangrove ecosystem is defined as specific waste that appears irregularly, contains hazardous waste, and comes from various sources, such as household waste and building waste. Conclusion: Waste control in the SMMA area is regulated by PP Number 27 of 2020, which emphasizes the importance of reducing, reusing, and recycling. Waste sorting, collection, transportation, processing, and final processing are all part of this effort. Good waste management in the SMMA area is very important to prevent environmental pollution, protect human health, and maintain the sustainability of the mangrove ecosystem.

Gambaran pengelolaan sampah padat pada pedagang di pasar Karuwisi kota Makassar

Waste is an object, whether solid or liquid, that is no longer used and is simply thrown away by the owner. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), waste is something that is no longer wanted, not used, not liked or something that is thrown away that comes from human activities and does not occur by itself. The volume of waste generation in Indonesia in 2022 will reach 19.45 million tons. This figure decreased by 37.52% from 2021 to 31.13 million tons. Aim to determine the sorting, collection, and transportation of solid waste by traders. The type of research is descriptive research. The population and research sample were all 79 traders in the Karuwisi market. Sampling used a total sampling technique with a sample size of 79 traders. Data was collected using interview and observation methods using questionnaires and observation sheets. More people did not meet the requirements for waste sorting, namely 40 people (50.6%) than those who met the requirements. There were more people collecting waste who did not meet the requirements, namely 47 people (59.5%) than those who did, while all waste transporters met the requirements, namely 79 people (100%). The management of solid waste among traders in the Karuwisi market in Makassar City still does not meet the requirements, most traders do not sort waste, most traders also do not collect waste, and the transportation of waste at the Karuwisi market is very good, the tools used to collect it trash like dump trucks. It is recommended that traders at the Karuwisi market sort waste and collect waste according to its type.

Household solid waste management systems in Ukraine taking into account European experience

The article defines that the solid household waste management system is a complex of organizational, technical, economic and social measures aimed at effective collection, sorting, transportation, utilization and processing of solid household waste. An effective solid waste management system helps to ensure sustainable development, reduce the negative impact on the environment and promotes the use of waste as a resource for new products or energy. The article presents the experience of Germany, Sweden and Poland in the field of solid waste management. The peculiarities of such management are described for each of the countries. It has been established that the organization of the solid household waste management system in European countries differs in a number of features, which are determined by environmental standards, social values and strategies of sustainable development, which are aimed at solving problems related to the generation, storage, processing and utilization of waste. We propose directions for improving the solid waste management system in Ukraine, namely: development and implementation of sorting systems in households (will allow more efficient use of resources and ensure their further processing); introduction of extended producer responsibility; increasing the number and development of modern facilities for the processing and secondary processing of solid household waste; attraction of investments for the introduction of the latest technologies in the processing of solid household waste; implementation of effective incentive systems for enterprises engaged in secondary processing of solid household waste; implementation of modern technologies for tracking the volume of solid household waste, its composition and transportation routes; creation of digital platforms for information exchange between waste management, enterprises and citizens; development of programs and educational activities to increase environmental awareness of the community and their active participation in the solid waste management system; revision and improvement of legislation to meet modern environmental requirements; introduction of effective fines and incentives for enterprises and citizens that comply with or violate solid waste management requirements. Improving the solid waste management system in Ukraine can be achieved with the participation of state bodies, the business sector and the public, relying on the best experience of the European Union and other countries.

HABERTAN: Game Petualangan 3D Dengan Tema Pemilahan Sampah Sebagai Upaya Pendekatan Inovatif Untuk Pengenalan Lingkungan

The increasing awareness of the importance of maintaining forest cleanliness as a primary ecosystem is becoming more urgent, especially in remote areas with limited deep socialization. This research aims to develop an innovative game titled "HABERTAN" focusing on waste sorting in forest areas to raise public awareness of the waste present in the forest. By utilizing a 3D model for visual assets with stages of 2D sketch, 3D modeling, UV Mapping, and Texture Baking. The development of this game is conducted using the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) method. The ADDIE method is used to ensure a systematic game development process, starting from needs analysis to performance evaluation. The goal of this game is to provide players with an interactive experience that not only entertains but also provides a deep understanding of the impact of waste on forest sustainability. The game "HABERTAN (Let's Clean the Forest)" is designed to provide players with a fun and educational learning experience. The results of the development of this game show that "HABERTAN" provides a unique experience for players, with the ability to learn while playing. It is hoped that this game can be an effective tool in raising public awareness of the importance of maintaining forest cleanliness, especially in the context of waste sorting. Through this innovative approach, it is hoped to encourage active participation from the community in preserving forests as extremely valuable natural resources.

Sosialisasi Peningkatan Kesadaran Masyarakat Tentang Pengelolaan Sampah Di Desa Alukh Bakhu Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara

Waste is material that has no value or is worthless for ordinary or primary purposes in the manufacture or use of damaged or defective goods in manufacturing or excess or rejected or discarded material. In the provisions of Article 2 paragraph 1, it is also stated that waste managed under the law can consist of: 1) household waste, 2) waste similar to household waste, and 3) specific waste. Community Service (PKM) Socialization to Increase Community Awareness About Waste Management in Alukh Bakhu Village, Southeast Aceh Regency was carried out on 9-11 February 2024, totaling 45 people. Socialization is provided regarding waste and types of waste, sorting productive non-organic waste and special waste, waste management steps, the impact of throwing waste anywhere and sorting waste using 3R. To maintain environmental sustainability, an active role is needed, community participation (not only individuals, most of whom are housewives as the target of activities), support, and collaboration between industry and academic partnerships to encourage the development of waste storage management and its positive contribution to the environment.