Waste Services Research Articles

Regulatory environment for private sector involvement in solid waste collection in Ghana

Government failures call for private sector involvement in solid waste service provision which requires government regulation. Surveys of 1,300 households, 25 private companies and five local governments were conducted in five cities in Ghana to assess the regulatory practices in solid waste collection. The results showed that there were weak regulatory practices and non-adherence to contractual obligations. Service quality and cost recovery were affected by unsigned contracts, the long period before revision of collection fees and service charges, delayed payment of subsidy (more than a year) and no interest on money delayed. These weak regulatory practices affected investment in new tracks and did not provide incentive for private sector growth and development. But a gradual well-functioning system was emerging, with two competitive bidding and signing of contracts in two cities. The solution to the problem of solid waste management hinges on adherence to formal rules, such as competitive bidding, signing of and adhering to contracts, the use of appropriate cost recovery mechanisms, and the restructuring of institutional arrangements to enforce legislation.

The efficiency of the municipal waste management model in the Italian Municipalities

The role played by Public Administration in producing local public services has been modified. This is due to the increasing of complex necessities and to the progressive evolution of the society. So nowadays the Government is responsible for providing fundamental services in the life of any individual citizen. (Spallini S. 2014) Nevertheless in a time of recession there is a lack of financial resources. To combine these two conflicting factors the PA must be efficient in producing public services. The production of public services must be rationalized by adopting more efficient management models (Rhys A., Entwiste T. 2014). The aim of this paper is to analyse the efficiency of management in the municipal waste service in Italian cities and find a connection between the levels of efficiency and the management model adopted by the city. This study uses Data Envelopment Analysis to calculate a score for efficiency and to investigate the economies of scale in reference to management models used. We find a positive relation between dimension and efficiency, as we found more efficient management models with public capital or mixed public-private than those with only private equity capital.

Relationship Between Solid Waste Service Characteristics and Income Level in Metropolitan Bandung Raya

Rapid urbanization process has stimulated the emergence of the metropolitan area, including Metropolitan Bandung Raya. The development of the metropolitan region is not equipped by infrastructure. Generally, the level of service of infrastructure varies based on income level. The purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between solid waste service characteristics and household income level. Solid waste service characteristics are measured from waste handling and disposal, waste collection officers, the frequency of waste collection, and fees and payment. The results of the analysis show that there is a relationship between solid waste service and income level: the higher the income, the better the solid waste service. The followings are some significant findings found in this research: (a) solid waste service in housing developed by the developer is better compared to those in self-help housing, and (b) solid waste service in the urban area is better compared to those in peri-urban and rural area.

KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN PERSAMPAHAN DINAS PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DAN KEINDAHAN KOTA MAKASSAR

In several cities generally waste management is provided by Jakarta the city cleansing. Community involvement and private parties in dealing with waste in several cities have been done to some typesof activities. Many community sector involved in collecting the garbage in the heap of garbage, whilethe providers are generally manage waste in an elite area where paying ability from the customers isalready quite high. In the conduct of waste service, the government of Makassar will stipulate policiesthe region about waste fees or hygiene.

Anaerobic co-digestion of municipal food waste and sewage sludge: A comparative life cycle assessment in the context of a waste service provision

This study used life cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental impact of anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) and compared it against the current waste management system in two case study areas. Results indicated AcoD to have less environmental impact for all categories modelled excluding human toxicity, despite the need to collect and pre-treat food waste separately. Uncertainty modelling confirmed that AcoD has a 100% likelihood of a smaller global warming potential, and for acidification, eutrophication and fossil fuel depletion AcoD carried a greater than 85% confidence of inducing a lesser impact than the current waste service.

Empirical Investigation of Formal and Informal Sectors in Waste Recycling of the Municipal Waste Management System of Developing Countries: The Case Study of Lagos State

Municipalities in metropolitan cities of developing countries often find it difficult to cope with the onerous task of providing waste services to their citizens due to financial constraints and poor infrastructure. In most of these cities, waste collection services are grossly inadequate as less than half the population is served with regular and efficient waste services. However, the shortcomings of the formal waste management system are compensated by the activities of the informal sector engaged in waste collection and make significant contributions to the MWMS through material recovery and waste recycling. In view of this, the study focuses on the roles of the formal and informal sector in municipal waste management with regards to their impacts on the recycling rate of Lagos State. In this study, we measured and compared the recycling rates between the formal and informal sectors to determine their impacts on the recycling rates of Lagos State. The study relies on primary field data, site visits and observations backed by secondary sources to investigate the range of informal sector activities in comparison to the formal sector. The findings indicate that, while both sub-sectors play significant roles in the MWMS, the informal recycling activities contribute more to the recycling rate of Lagos state than the formal sector.

A socio-natural standpoint to understand coproduction of water, energy and waste services

This introductory article of the special issue on ‘Geographies of water, energy and waste service coproduction’ explores the implications of coproducing these services in terms of both accessibility and environmental sustainability. According to a socio-natural standpoint, provision extent and resources metabolized by the services are equally regarded employing a threefold conceptual framework integrating actor/flow and area fields. A rich variety of service coproduction geographies in terms of actors involved, resources mobilized and urban spaces covered emerges. More importantly, coproduction of water, energy and waste services proves to leverage on both service accessibility and environmental sustainability of the related resources.

Chemours will exit sulfuric acid

In another divestiture, the DuPont spin-off Chemours has agreed to sell its sulfur products business to the French waste services firm Veolia for $325 million. The business, which generated revenue...

APPLICATION FOR 3D SCENE UNDERSTANDING IN DETECTING DISCHARGE OF DOMESTICWASTE ALONG COMPLEX URBAN RIVERS

In our study we use 3D scene understanding to detect the discharge of domestic solid waste along an urban river. Solid waste found along the Ciliwung River in the neighbourhoods of Bukit Duri and Kampung Melayu may be attributed to households. This is in part due to inadequate municipal waste infrastructure and services which has caused those living along the river to rely upon it for waste disposal. However, there has been little research to understand the prevalence of household waste along the river. Our aim is to develop a methodology that deploys a low cost sensor to identify point source discharge of solid waste using image classification methods. To demonstrate this we describe the following five-step method: 1) a strip of GoPro images are captured photogrammetrically and processed for dense point cloud generation; 2) depth for each image is generated through a backward projection of the point clouds; 3) a supervised image classification method based on Random Forest classifier is applied on the view dependent red, green, blue and depth (RGB-D) data; 4) point discharge locations of solid waste can then be mapped by projecting the classified images to the 3D point clouds; 5) then the landscape elements are classified into five types, such as vegetation, human settlement, soil, water and solid waste. While this work is still ongoing, the initial results have demonstrated that it is possible to perform quantitative studies that may help reveal and estimate the amount of waste present along the river bank.

Cost efficiency in municipal solid waste service delivery. Alternative management forms in relation to local population size

Considerable research has been devoted to the analysis of efficiency and of management forms for municipal waste collection, but widely varying results have been reported. In this paper, the metafrontier approach, by means of order-m frontiers, is used to analyse the efficiency of different ways of managing waste collection services, in order to determine which form is more appropriate. We compare the results obtained with this approach against those of previous theories. The advantage of applying this methodology is that unlike traditional nonparametric frontier analysis, we can compare the efficiency of different groups of municipalities according to their population size and to the management form adopted to supply the service. The results obtained suggest that, in general, cooperation formulas are the most suitable for the waste collection service. Thus, intermunicipal cooperation performs best in smaller municipalities (up to 20,000 inhabitants). However, we find that contracting out the service is associated with higher levels of efficiency in municipalities with more than 20,000 inhabitants.

Comparing the Life Cycle Energy Consumption, Global Warming and Eutrophication Potentials of Several Water and Waste Service Options

Managing the water-energy-nutrient nexus for the built environment requires, in part, a full system analysis of energy consumption, global warming and eutrophication potentials of municipal water services. As an example, we evaluated the life cycle energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and aqueous nutrient releases of the whole anthropogenic municipal water cycle starting from raw water extraction to wastewater treatment and reuse/discharge for five municipal water and wastewater systems. The assessed options included conventional centralized services and four alternative options following the principles of source-separation and water fit-for-purpose. The comparative life cycle assessment identified that centralized drinking water supply coupled with blackwater energy recovery and on-site greywater treatment and reuse was the most energy- and carbon-efficient water service system evaluated, while the conventional (drinking water and sewerage) centralized system ranked as the most energy- and carbon-intensive system. The electricity generated from blackwater and food residuals co-digestion was estimated to offset at least 40% of life cycle energy consumption for water/waste services. The dry composting toilet option demonstrated the lowest life cycle eutrophication potential. The nutrients in wastewater effluent are the dominating contributors for the eutrophication potential for the assessed system configurations. Among the parameters for which variability and sensitivity were evaluated, the carbon intensity of the local electricity grid and the efficiency of electricity production by the co-digestion with the energy recovery process were the most important for determining the relative global warming potential results.

A service network design model for multimodal municipal solid waste transport

A modal shift from road transport towards inland water or rail transport could reduce the total Green House Gas emissions and societal impact associated with Municipal Solid Waste management. However, this shift will take place only if demonstrated to be at least cost-neutral for the decision makers. In this paper we examine the feasibility of using multimodal truck and inland water transport, instead of truck transport, for shipping separated household waste in bulk from collection centres to waste treatment facilities. We present a dynamic tactical planning model that minimises the sum of transportation costs, external environmental and societal costs. The Municipal Solid Waste Service Network Design Problem allocates Municipal Solid Waste volumes to transport modes and determines transportation frequencies over a planning horizon. This generic model is applied to a real-life case in Flanders, the northern region of Belgium. Computational results show that multimodal truck and inland water transportation can compete with truck transport by avoiding or reducing transhipments and using barge convoys.

A new approach to nationwide sanitation planning for developing countries: Case study of Indonesia

Many developing countries struggle to provide wastewater and solid waste services. The backlog in access has been partly attributed to the absence of a functional sanitation planning framework. Various planning tools are available; however a comprehensive framework that directly links a government policy to nationwide planning is missing. Therefore, we propose a framework to facilitate the nationwide planning process for the implementation of wastewater and solid waste services. The framework requires inputs from government planners and experts in the formulation of starting points and targets. Based on a limited number of indicators (population density, urban functions) three outputs are generated. The first output is a visualization of the spatial distribution of wastewater and solid waste systems to support regional priority setting in planning and create awareness. Secondly, the total number of people served, budget requirements and distribution of systems is determined. Thirdly, the required budget is allocated to the responsible institution to assure effective implementation. The determined budgets are specified by their beneficiaries, distinguishing urban, rural, poor and non-poor households. The framework was applied for Indonesia and outputs were adopted in the National Development Plan. The required budget to reach the Indonesian government's 2019 target was determined to be 25 billion US$ over 5years. The contribution from the national budget required a more than fivefold increase compared to the current budget allocation in Indonesia, corresponding to an increase from 0.5 to 2.7 billion US$ per year. The budget for campaigning, advocacy and institutional strengthening to enable implementation was determined to be 10% of the total budget. The proposed framework is not only suitable for Indonesia, but could also be applied to any developing country that aims to increase access to wastewater and solid waste facilities.

The Absence of Social Equity Measurement in Municipal Service Privatization

As privatization of municipal service becomes commonplace, empirical evidence is necessary to ensure that services delivered are equitable and responsive to all citizens. This article looks specifically at social equity measures in municipal service privatization. Using panel data analysis with survey data from a large southwest city, it examines how privatization affects citizens’ reported quality ratings of solid waste service in communities of different ethnicities. The findings show that customers of privately delivered services generally report lower ratings than publicly delivered services; and in Latino-concentrated areas, these ratings are significantly lower. This article closes with policy suggestions to address the lack of attention to social equity measures in evaluation efforts of current service privatization practices.

Attributes to facilitate e-waste recycling behaviour

This study aims to identify the set of attributes to facilitate electronic waste (e-waste) behaviour among the community. E-waste disposal is increasing from year to year in parallel with increasing of global population. The short lifespan of electronics and poor e-waste recycling behaviour is among the main contributors to the steadily increasing of e-waste generated. Current recycling rate among the nation is lacking behind, which is only 10.5%. A questionnaire survey has been conducted among the students in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia to evaluate the current e-waste recycling practice. The results showed that majority of the respondents did not recycle their e-waste on campus. Aggressive efforts is needed to realize the country’s target of 20% recycling rate in year 2020, one of the effective paths is to minimize e-waste generation via active e-waste recycling behaviour among the community. Extensive literatures have been reviewed to classify the attributes to facilitate effective e-waste recycling among the community. Total of five attributes that identified in this study which are Convenience of E- waste Recycling Infrastruture and Services, E-waste Recycling Information, Incentives For E-waste Recycling, Reminder to Recycle E-waste And E-waste Recycling Infrastructure and Services. The set of attributes identified in this study may serve as guideline for the management in designing program to foster e-waste recycling behaviour among the community.

공공서비스 민간위탁 결정요인 : 기초자치단체의 쓰레기 처리서비스를 중심으로

본 연구는 공공서비스 민간위탁 결정에 영향을 미치는 요인을 실증적으로 검증하는 것을 주목적으로 한다. 구체적으로 본 연구는 환경적 요인, 재정적 요인, 정치적 요인이 지방정부의 쓰레기 수거‧운반‧처 리서비스의 민간위탁 결정에 어떠한 영향을 주는지를 분석하였다. 자치단체의 도시 수준을 고려해 시, 군, 구를 개별적으로 분석한 결과, 시의 경우 재정적 요인 중 재정자립도가 주요한 영향요인으로 나타 나 민간위탁 결정에 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었고, 군의 경우에는 재정적 요인보 다는 환경적 요인인 인구수와 정치적 요인인 자치단체장의 소속정당이 민간위탁 결정에 유의미한 영향 을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 이때 인구수는 민간위탁 결정에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 자치단체장의 소속정당은 여당일수록 민간위탁 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Institutional Arrangements in Municipal Solid Waste Services in Korea

In Korea, local governments are primarily responsible for providing municipal solid waste services to citizens. This paper examines the effects of different institutional arrangements and characteristics on cost savings, efficiency gains and productivity in the delivery of municipal solid waste services to citizens. In order to carry out this research, a hybrid cost function approach was employed, and cross-sectional time-series data from local governments of Korea covering a ten-year period (2000–2009) were used for empirical analysis. Empirical findings indicated that there were no effects of contracting-out on cost savings, efficiency and productivity gains in Korea. Specifically, the solid waste service costs were not significantly lower under contracting-out than under direct public delivery. In addition, contrary to the arguments of the proponents of privatization or contracting-out, efficiency and productivity gains were actually higher under direct public delivery than when contracted out.

Solid waste pollution concern in economic value assessment: Is it uni-dimensional or multi-dimensional?

Pollution concern has been established as an important predictor of economic value ascription related to solid waste service improvement, such as recycling. However, the variable is not directly observable and as such, its influence is captured by existing applied economics papers via “yes” or “no” discrete-nominal measure. Such measure assumes the variable has one dimension. This leads to loss of information, considering its multi-dimensional structure in theory. It thus implies that, if a respondent in an economic valuation study indicates a support for an improvement signified by a “yes” response to valuation question, a uni-dimensional dummy variable cannot tell what dimension of concern the respondent subscribes to. Despite this importance of understanding the variable's dimension, it has rarely been explored. This study investigates such dimensions and our findings support the existence of both the theoretically espoused dual and tripartite factor models. This implies a possible misspecification in existing solid waste related studies that have most often captured the variables via uni-dimensional nominal-discrete measure.

Innovation in brazilian landfills: a servppin perspective

This paper is devoted to the discussion of innovation promotion in urban solid waste services through Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) projects, emphasizing the participation of civil society. The empirical context is based on the municipal solid waste sector in Brazil, taking into account six landfill CDM projects located in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area. The discussion is based on the ServPPIN concept (public-private innovation networks in services). It focuses on the characterization of the landfills selected and on the identification of the stakeholders involved with these landfills, pointing out any participation gaps. The studied context confirms the centrality of multi-agent participation, addressed by the ServPPIN analytical approach, highlighting the wide involvement of several agents, and in particular, the issue of interaction with users. The results indicate that the participation of associations and cooperatives surrounding landfills is still marginal. Bringing this theoretical (ServPPIN) and empirical research (landfill CDM project) together, one can identify a relevant factor affecting the establishment of basic conditions for service innovation converging with the local co-benefits generation: a weak interaction with users.

STRATEGI PENENTUAN LOKASI DAN KEBUTUHAN LAHAN TPS (TEMPAT PENAMPUNGAN SEMENTARA SAMPAH) BERDASARKAN FUNGSI KAWASAN DI KOTA DENPASAR

The percentage of solid waste services Denpasar City in 2013 reached 51,8 percent, the limited number and capacity TPS in Denpasar not meet the needs of waste management services in denpasar. The study was to examine the relevant strategies appropriate to the criteria and requirements related to the determination of the location of TPS and the land need. The position of the study is Part Of The City (BWK) Central in Denpasar. Analysis of technical aspects will evaluation garbage production in order to know the ideal needs of TPS, the evaluation of TPS placement based on the function of the area and the land needed. Environmental aspect will analyze the environmental risk due to the presence of a TPS. Analysis of public opinion and the behavior of people will use a questionnaire in the collection of data to be analyzed with qualitative methods as a consideration in determining the location and design of a TPS. Institutional aspect will be evaluated about the understanding DKP (Office of Cleaning and Gardening Services) employees of the City of Denpasar in the management of garbage, especially in the TPS. As for determining the direction and strategy of the management of garbage SWOT analysis was used.Based on the analysis, the need for the addition of TPS to improve the capacity of TPS, the shape of TPS had comply standard of SNI and environmental safety factor. Additions and changes in the shape of TPS also effect land requirement, the total area of land that must be reserved for TPS is 0,40 hectares. Determining the location of TPS is based on the need of the type of TPS over the spatial pattern. Analysis of public opinion on the determination of the location of TPS, it is obtained that the distance of a TPS with the source must be relatively close and the land use is a vacant land. It is also suggested optimizing the role of the DKP of Denpasar by increasing socialization and community development programs in waste management.