Waste Related Problems Research Articles

Pengetahuan Masyarakat Desa Dajan Peken terhadap Pengelolaan Sampah Berbasis Sumber

Rapid population growth in urban areas has a significant impact on environmental quality, especially in waste management. Waste-related problems are a global concern, not only limited to urban centers, but also spreading to rural areas which require joint efforts. Responding to Bali Province's waste management directives, Dajan Peken Village in Tabanan Regency has started a waste management initiative involving the community. This research aims to assess the condition of waste in Dajan Peken Village which originates from various community activities and explore community knowledge about managing their household waste. The findings show that waste in this village comes not only from households but also from markets, kiosks, offices, schools and places of worship. Even though the community already has fairly good knowledge, ongoing outreach efforts and promotion of the 3R movement are still needed. This research provides localized insights, emphasizing the importance of sustainable waste management practices.

Pengolahan Limbah Organik Rumah Tangga Menjadi Kompos Melalui Penerapan Metode Takakura

Waste-related problems are serious problems that are being faced by the Samarinda City government. Waste production in Samarinda City reaches 500 tonnes/day. The programmes presented by the Department of Environment (DLH) of Samarinda City currently focus on inorganic waste management. In fact, half (50%) of the total waste production in Samarinda City comes from organic waste, especially those generated from household activities. This community service programme aims to provide education to the community, especially the Family Welfare Empowerment (PKK) group on how to process household organic waste so as to produce compost that can be used by the community. The method used in this composting is the Takakura method. The dedication programme for the use of household waste into compost is important to do in order to reduce household waste in the environment and change the perspective regarding waste that has no economic value. This service program has produced products in the form of compost that is dark in colour (blackish-black), fine textured and compost temperatures ranging from 300C-350C. Based on questionnaires and interviews, 75% of participants understood the material presented, 90% had a high level of satisfaction with the programme and 50% of participants stated that they were willing to apply the composting method.

ВПЛИВ СМІТТЄВИХ ПОЛІГОНІВ НА МІСТОБУДУВАННЯ ТА АРХІТЕКТУРУ ВЕЛИКИХ МІСТ

Today, urban development is rapidly gaining momentum due to economic growth and changing lifestyles, which leads to urban expansion and population growth. This leads to an increase in the amount of solid waste in urban areas. The problem of solid waste management is now one of the most pressing issues on a global scale. Garbage does not leave us at home, at work, on the streets of the city, even during a quiet walk in the park - it accompanies us everywhere. In fact, garbage has become an integral part of our everyday life, and humanity has even learned to coexist with it. However, the problem is far from as simple as it seems at first glance. The root of the problem lies not in the garbage itself, but in the way people treat it. Consider, for example, such disturbing phenomena as "landfills" or "landfills", which are currently the subject of general concern. First, landfills have a negative impact on the environment. They cause soil contamination around the landfill and groundwater pollution, which in turn leads to serious problems with the availability of clean water. In addition, landfills cause air pollution and the spread of unpleasant odors over long distances. Despite the widespread belief that all waste-related problems can be solved through recycling, landfills remain the most common method of waste disposal worldwide. There is also a perception that landfills are a cost-effective way to treat waste. Although this is undoubtedly the most affordable and easiest way to solve the problem. But it is worth remembering that the cost of these savings exceeds the environmental problems that will soon arise. Modern waste and landfill management has a major impact on the architecture and urban planning of large cities. This article explores the urgent problem of improper waste management in the context of urban development. Based on the latest data and research, a thorough analysis of the impact of landfills on the environment, infrastructure, and quality of life of residents of large cities is carried out.

Determining the Illegal Waste Disposal in Coastal Area using Transect Walk Approach

The increasing population and anthropogenic activities in cities/regencies in Indonesia have caused many waste-related problems, which can trigger environmental and human health. In addition to population growth, rapid economic development has resulted in an increasing amount and type of waste. The coastal area is one area that still needs to get adequate solid waste services. There have been many studies on waste management. However, research has yet to examine the amount and composition of waste generation in coastal areas that have not been served by waste management.. This study shows the waste generation and composition trend in coastal areas that must be served in waste management and determines the appropriate waste management strategy. This research method uses a transect walk survey carried out by following a predetermined route in the area. Paths are made randomly by forming circles or straight lines for 10 km. The composition of illegal waste dumps found included leaves (69.02%), plastic (15.24%), branches and twigs (9.93%), paper and cardboard (3.75%), food waste (1.97%), and rubber (0.1%). At least 1.59 tonnes/day of illegal waste is estimated in Sidorejo Village. While this figure increases at the district level, the amount of unaccommodated waste is estimated at 19.85 tonnes/day. Efforts to handle waste that can be done are changing the mindset and paradigm of the community through an educational approach, improving the waste management system by providing waste facilities and reducing the amount of waste collected through a simple program (Reuses, Reduces, Recycle) that involves the community.

Prioritization and Analysis of Watershed: A Study Applied to Municipal Solid Waste

This paper shows a watershed prioritization analysis applied to municipal solid waste. The study area was the macrowatershed “Cañón del Sumidero”, in the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Geographic information systems, multi-criteria evaluation techniques, as well as several geomorphometric, land use, vegetation and waste management variables were used. The results indicate that, of the set of watersheds analyzed (4 subwatersheds and 80 microwatersheds), only 14 (2 subwatersheds and 12 microwatersheds) have high priority, since they are severely affected by the mismanagement of solid waste. This is also due to the major presence of urban settlements, which are places with different dynamics in terms of population growth, migration, as well as access to infrastructure and services, such as collection and final disposal of waste. Additionally, the incidence of certain biophysical and geomorphometric variables, such as steep slopes, high rainfall and high drainage density, among others, exacerbate the waste-related problems. The remaining watersheds (2 subwatersheds and 68 microwatersheds) showed moderate or low prioritization values because of the low amount of solid waste produced there. Finally, this work concludes that the regionalization of municipalities and the management of solid waste through decentralized operating agencies can help solve solid waste management problems since this approach would permit to delegate non-primary activities from watershed operating agencies to other specialized waste agencies.

Bacteriological Analysis of Top Soil from an Electronic Waste Dumpsite in Port Harcourt Metropolis

Aim: To determine the bacterial and physicochemical analysis of topsoil from an electronic waste (e-waste) dumpsite within Port Harcourt metropolis using standard procedures.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study area was Kaduna street, beside Fruit and Vegetable Garden Market, Mile l which is located in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The coordinates are 4o47’57.5” N 7o00’02.7” E. The duration of study was between March and September, 2019.
 Methodology: The waste disposed were mainly television sets, computer monitors, radio sets, stoves, laptops and central processing units. Soil samples were cleared off top debris, collected within 5cm of the top soil from four (4) different points of the dumpsite and a control was collected from area devoid of waste disposal, 20m away from the dumpsite. The five samples were kept in clean sterile polythene bags. Contamination observed from soil samples was attributed to the waste disposal. The total heterotrophic bacterial count was performed using l gram of soil from e-waste dumpsite in a 9-fold serial dilution using a spread plate method, in duplicates on dried nutrient agar plates and incubated at 30°C for 24hours. Centrimide agar plates were used to obtain Pseudomonas isolates and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours while MacConkey agar plates were used to isolate coliform bacteria, incubated at 0c for 48 hours. The physicochemical parameters were determined using standard methods.
 Results: Seven (7) bacterial genera were isolated from the topsoil of the e-waste dumpsite and they were Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Kluyvera, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Chromobacterium and Pectobacteria species. Staphylococcus spp. had the highest percentage composition of 42.3% and Kluyvera spp, the lowest percentage composition of l.9% of bacterial isolates found in the topsoil of the electronic waste dumpsite. The total heterotrophic bacterial count ranged from l.30 x l06 to l.97 x l06 cfu/g, total coliform count was 3.05 x l03 to 7.98 x l03 cfu/g and total Pseudomonas count ranged from l.00 x l02 to 2.88 x l03 cfu/g with a significant difference at .05 probability level to the control samples. The temperature ranged from 27.67±0.580C to 28.00±l.000C with a control of 29.00±l.000C, pH value ranged from 6.33±0.58 with a control of 7.00±0.00. The pH values were lower than the control indicating that the soil was slightly acidic to neutral. Moisture content had 4% with a control of 2.7%, an organic matter of l7.33±0.58 with a control of 4.47±0.58.
 Conclusion: The presence of the isolated organisms could cause public health risk or environmental hazard. Proper education and legislations on handling of e-waste in the society should be intensified to forestall waste related problems along the food chain.

Little precious lithium?

Lithium is on everybody´s lips these days, due in part to the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to our own EQ Board member M. Stanley Whittingham and co-recipients John B. Goodenough and Akira Yoshino for their research in breakthrough battery technology. Lithium is the lightest metal and, like other alkaline elements, it is highly reactive. Thus, it occurs only in its oxidized form. Because of its many interesting properties—high electropositivity, low weight, relative stability—lithium is widely used in the production of polymers, as antidepressants, as a fusion fuel candidate, as flux in ceramics and glasses, and as a “rocking chair” intercalating ion in Li-ion batteries. Li-metal batteries, which would be even more effective, unfortunately are not reliable and safe enough to be applied broadly. The transition from combustion-based to electric mobility in transportation raises the question of increasing demand and limitations of new material supply chains. Lithium might become a very critical element, although it is abundantly found even in oceans because of its water solubility. Geological lithium resources are not easy to quantify—the published data vary according to political whims—but are certainly abundant: at least 15 million metric tons of reserves are proven. Lithium extraction from brines and hard-rock mines, currently around 40,000–50,000 metric tons, will increase dramatically along with the price of battery-grade lithium salts. Better technologies will be required at the extraction sites to safely provide larger amounts of this future high demand material and, therefore, more and more precious raw material. Until now, recycling lithium has not been an economical option. However, as the demand for raw material for millions of new Li-ion batteries increases—for the storage of electricity from newly installed renewable energy sources and for the huge number of new electric vehicles—the number of end-of-life batteries will pile up. The Li-ion battery industry will require efficient recycling, reuse, refurbishment, and electrode regeneration to limit the environmentally intense mining of lithium. The regeneration of lithium-containing materials and effective extraction of lithium from ceramics, glass, ores, and e-waste by efficient delithiation, mechanochemical, soft hydrometallurgical, electrochemical, bioleaching, or solvothermal processes will avoid the deposition of lithium salts and prevent the increasing dissipation of lithium in the environment. Because lithium wastes are partly water-soluble and might be toxic or could interfere in other unforeseen ways with the biosphere, follow-up problems for human beings cannot be excluded. Only intense materials research for an efficient circular economy and green chemistry recycling processes will guarantee a waste-neutral future as well as a smooth energy transition to prevent new waste-related problems, such as CO2 dissipation-initiated climate change, for lithium.

Biogas Potential for Improved Sustainability in Guangzhou, China—A Study Focusing on Food Waste on Xiaoguwei Island

As a result of rapid development in China and the growth of megacities, large amounts of organic wastes are generated within relatively small areas. Part of these wastes can be used to produce biogas, not only to reduce waste-related problems, but also to provide renewable energy, recycle nutrients, and lower greenhouse gases and air polluting emissions. This article is focused on the conditions for biogas solutions in Guangzhou. It is based on a transdisciplinary project that integrates several approaches, for example, literature studies and lab analysis of food waste to estimate the food waste potential, interviews to learn about the socio-technical context and conditions, and life-cycle assessment to investigate the performance of different waste management scenarios involving biogas production. Xiaoguwei Island, with a population of about 250,000 people, was chosen as the area of study. The results show that there are significant food waste potentials on the island, and that all studied scenarios could contribute to a net reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Several socio-technical barriers were identified, but it is expected that the forthcoming regulatory changes help to overcome some of them.

Sustained municipal waste management models in Russian megapolicies through utilizing waste-to-energy technologies

St. Petersburg, as the second most important Russian city in Russia is facing with waste related problems which requires taking immediate actions. The excessive diurnal volume of municipal waste generation and insufficient waste management system ring the bells to warn the decision makers. Focusing on problems, insufficiencies and opportunities of the waste management system, the paper goes through the evaluation of details of the dominant situation in St. Petersburg and two models are introduced to improve the system. At the end, an estimation of biofuel, heat and electricity generation will be provided for four incineration facility installments with design capacity of each 315,000 tons of waste per day. It will be shown that the contributing share of bioconversion processes is significant and an acceptable portion of 8% of annual electricity consumption can be supplied via those processes as well as production of 477 million liters of ethanol.

Sustainable competitive advantage by implementing lean manufacturing “A Case study for Indian SME”

This paper work presents a model of implementation of lean manufacturing for improving productivity and quality, by conducting a case study in a small scale industry at Ranchi, Jharkhand. The purposes of this paper are to identify waste related problems, cause of equipment failure, bottleneck problems and rectify them. The above problems are analyzed in concern with rejection control, inventory control, waiting time, set time and eliminating non value added time / activities. The complete problem is identified and depicted by value stream mapping. This paper conclude with discussing improvements and it proposes Value stream mapping lean tools can be applied in small scale industries and calculation of takt time for reduction of wastage and increasing productivity.

Estimating and calibrating the amount of building-related construction and demolition waste in urban China

One side effect of the unprecedented urbanization in China is the large amount of building-related construction and demolition (C&D) waste generated during the process. It is an enigma why such statistics as C&D waste generation are absent from the literature in spite of their importance to devising sensible interventions to deal with the C&D waste-related problems. This paper aims to estimate the amount of C&D waste at the country level. It does so by adopting a methodology utilizing national statistical data and the average amounts of waste generated at work sites. Furthermore, the estimation undergoes a thorough calibration against various independent sources before it can be accepted confidently. It is finally estimated that approximately 1.13 billion tons of C&D materials were generated in China during 2014, which has declined from a plateau of building activities and C&D waste generation in the early 2010s. The paper provides some useful references for devising appropriate C&D waste reduction, reuse, or recycling strategies. The paper also offers useful commentary on methodology to estimate C&D waste generation at an urban level, particularly in situations where data availability is erratic.

Properties Evaluation of Concrete using Local Used Bricks as Coarse Aggregate

With time concrete / reinforced concrete has become the popular material for construction. Modern industry utilizes this material a lot and has produced various beautiful, eye catching and amazing structures. Due to modern requirements for living and developed construction industries, the old buildings (usually constructed with brick masonry) are demolished and are replaced with new modern buildings. Demolition of buildings results in waste materials which can create waste related problems and environmental issues. By using recycled aggregates weight of concrete can also be reduced, which can also solve problems related to self-weight of concrete. In this paper attempt has been made to use local used bricks from vicinity of Nawabshah, Pakistan, as coarse aggregate. Concrete cubes made with local recycled bricks are cast and tested for overall weight of concrete, moisture content, dynamic modulus of elasticity and compressive strength (nondestructive and destructive methods). The results showed that concrete derived from recycled aggregates attained lower strength than regular concrete. More detailed elaborated work is recommended with different mix ratios and different proportions recycled aggregates for better conclusions.

RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CHERNOBYL EXCLUSION ZONE: 25 YEARS SINCE THE CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENT

Radioactive waste management is an important component of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident mitigation and remediation activities in the so-called Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. This article describes the localization and characteristics of the radioactive waste present in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone and summarizes the pathways and strategy for handling the radioactive waste-related problems in Ukraine and the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone and, in particular, the pathways and strategies stipulated by the National Radioactive Waste Management Program.

Redefining Efficiency: Pollution Concerns, Regulatory Mechanisms, and Technological Change in the U.S. Petroleum Industry. By Hugh S. Gorman. Series on Technology and the Environment. Series Editors, Jeffrey Stine, and Joel Tarr. Akron, OH: University of Akron Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 451. $49.95, cloth; $39.95, paper.

In this well-written, documented, and technically complete book, Hugh Gorman describes the response of the American petroleum industry to pollution over the course of the twentieth century. The industry, which grew and matured during this period as an integral part of modern industrialization, faced serious, and often dramatic pollution problems. They were inherent in production from common oil pools that encouraged haste, waste, and excessive surface storage; in transportation through pipelines and tanker trucks and ships; and in refining and storing complex hydrocarbons that easily escaped into the air, soil, or aquifers. Reaction to pollution brought new technologies, organizational forms, firm collaboration, and regulation—all of which are described and documented from primary and secondary sources throughout this volume. Gorman partitions efforts to address pollution into two “ethics”—an efficiency ethic that characterized industry action through the 1960s and an environmental ethic that came into being in the 1970s. The efficiency ethic describes antipollution efforts to reduce the costly wastes associated with extraction and shipment, including saving lost oil from “gusher” wells and leaky tanks and pipelines, as well as capturing natural gas and water voided in production that could be re-injected and used to propel oil to the surface. Efficiency also required greater productivity and less waste in refining through reducing vapor and hydrocarbon discharges and recycling acids and other chemicals. The firms could capture the benefits of internalizing the externalities associated with these pollutants. In tables 2.1 and 4.3 Gorman lists some of the pollution and waste-related problems encountered in oil production, shipment, and refining that were addressed effectively by firms without much government intervention. He describes the role of the major trade association, the American Petroleum Institute, in generating information for oil firms to reduce externalities.

The Design of Low-Activation Steels for a Fusion Reactor First Wall: A Proposal for a New Austenitic Alloy

This paper deals with the design of a fusion reactor first-wall material, taking into account both low-activation and thermal-mechanical properties. The concept of low activation is discussed in detail, and a new definition is proposed that takes into account not only waste-related problems, but also maintenance and accident scenarios. The results of a thermal-mechanical analysis of some proposed materials, performed in a demonstration reactor under operating conditions, are presented. Among the austenitic stainless steels, VA64 has proved to be the most effective material as far as thermal stress is concerned. The maximum von Mises tensile stress is below the elastic limit. The radioactivity induced in VA64 alloy is analyzed. The long-term activity does not satisfy the stated limits. Therefore, the technique of elemental substitution in steels is tackled. A low-activation version of VA64 (named VA64LA) is proposed that is formed by removing the niobium content and replacing it with titanium.