Waste Plastic Oil Research Articles

Pyrolytic Waste Plastic Oil and Its Diesel Blend: Fuel Characterization.

The authors introduced waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO) as an alternative fuel characterized in detail and compared with conventional diesel. High density polyethylene, HDPE, was pyrolyzed in a self-designed stainless steel laboratory reactor to produce useful fuel products. HDPE waste was completely pyrolyzed at 330–490°C for 2-3 hours to obtain solid residue, liquid fuel oil, and flammable gaseous hydrocarbon products. Comparison of the fuel properties to the petrodiesel fuel standards ASTM D 975 and EN 590 revealed that the synthetic product was within all specifications. Notably, the fuel properties included a kinematic viscosity (40°C) of 1.98 cSt, density of 0.75 gm/cc, sulphur content of 0.25 (wt%), and carbon residue of 0.5 (wt%), and high calorific value represented significant enhancements over those of conventional petroleum diesel fuel.

Effect of Pongamia Oil Blending with Polymer Oil on Engine Performance and Exhaust Emission in a Diesel Engine

This paper describes an experimental study of using pongamia oil(PM) and waste plastic oil(PO) used as a fuel in diesel engine without changing anymodification to the engine. Pongamia oil has become more attractiverecentlybecause of its better quality exhaust emission and environmental benefits. In this work 90% plastic oil and 10% pongamia oil, called here as POPM10 and 80% plastic oil and 20% pongamiaoil, called here as POPM20 and 70% plastic oil and 30% pongamia oil calledPOPM30 were used in a single cylinder four stroke, air cooled diesel engine. The present investigation to study the performance, emission characteristics were analyzed and compared with plastic oil anddieselfuelindiesel engine. The experimental result showed that the smoke, carbon dioxide emissions& unburned hydrocarbons reduced, and the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake specific energy consumption& oxides of nitrogen were increased..

A detailed study of combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine using waste plastic oil and its blends

An experimental investigation was carried out to assess the effects of using plastic oil in a DI diesel engine. Plastic oil was synthesized from plastic waste, collected from municipal landfill areas, by pyrolysis process. PO25 (25% plastic oil and 75% diesel in volume), PO 50 and PO75 blends were prepared using plastic oil and the reference diesel fuel. In this present work the combustion characteristics of a constant speed diesel engine were studied under variable loading conditions. The results indicate that the thermal efficiency of all blends and neat plastic oil is lower than diesel at all loading conditions. At full load, the peak cylinder pressure, heat release, combustion duration and ignition delay of plastic oil and its blends were higher than that of diesel. The peak pressure of the engine running on neat plastic oil was increased by about 6% but it showed poor thermal efficiency. Based on test results it can be noticed that the combustion characteristics are greatly affected by the physical properties of the fuel.

Effect of Jatropha methyl ester on waste plastic oil fueled DI diesel engine

Rapid demanding of conventional fossil fuels, increasing costs and environmental issues is the major problems for a substitute fuel. On the other hand waste plastic poses a very serious environmental challenges because of their disposal problems all over the world. The oil obtained by pyrolysis of waste plastics can be utilized as an alternate fuel for diesel engine without any modifications to the engine which results, increase the emissions like carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Hydrocarbons (HC) compared with diesel. In this present study, the waste plastic oil mixed with 10% vol and 20% vol of Jatropha methyl ester (JME) oil used as fuel for the DI diesel engine and the combustion, performance and emission characteristics were studied. The experimental results indicated that the brake thermal efficiencies of waste plastic oil–JME blends at full load conditions are higher as compared to that of waste plastic oil. BTE increased by about 2.24% with PJ20 operation at full load compared to waste plastic oil. The Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increases with an increase in the JME blend ratio and decreases with an increase in engine load. The CO and HC emissions were decreased with increase in percentage of JME in waste plastic oil blends. HC and CO emissions for PJ20 operation are about 11 ppm and 0.13% lower than waste plastic oil at full load respectively. The NOx emission was slightly increased with increase in percentage of JME in waste plastic oils. NOx emission is 20 ppm higher for PJ20 operation than waste plastic oil. Smoke emission decreased by about 11.4% in the case of PJ20 compared to waste plastic oil.

Application of Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine: For a Small Scale Non-Grid Electrification

Waste plastic can be transformed to oil by the pyrolysis and it may be applicable as a fuel for diesel engines. The pyrolysis oil property varies depending on the raw waste plastic and the pyrolysis condition, which is different from that of diesel and gasoline. Considering the thermal efficiency, the running stability and the reliability, diesel engines are the most promising energy converter to generate electricity by using the pyrolysis oil. In this research, plastics from municipal wastes were converted into oil through the pyrolysis and the catalytic reforming process in a commercial facility. Compared with diesel fuel, the raw pyrolysis oil showed slightly lower kinematic viscosity than the minimum level of diesel fuel and almost the same heating value. Its carbon class differed from diesel, gasoline and kerosene and is mainly composed of naphethenes and olefins which have poor self-ignition quality. A single cylinder direct injection diesel engine was used for the test to show the compatibility of the pyrolysis oil to diesel fuel. The pyrolysis oil was blended with diesel fuel with different mixing ratios. The full load performance, the exhaust emission and the thermal efficiency were investigated from the view point of the compatibility to diesel based on the US EPA regulation mode.

Design of a decision support methodology using response surface for torque comparison: An empirical study on an engine fueled with waste plastic pyrolysis oil

Current energy and environmental situations have been driving the development of new alternative energies, especially in transportation sector. The objective of this research is to present a decision support methodology to compare engine torques between using the average value and the new approach called response surface. This research investigates the engine torques from neat diesel fuel (WPO (waste plastic pyrolysis oil) 0%) and blend 25% of waste plastic pyrolysis oil by volume in diesel (WPO 25%) at wide range of engine load (20%, 40%, 60%, and 100%) and speed (800 rpm, 1200 rpm, 1500 rpm, 1800 rpm, and 2000 rpm). A heavy-duty multi-cylinder diesel engine was installed on an engine dynamometer and the torque data were recorded. The contribution of this research is to present a more accurate methodology to perform an engine torque comparison. The value of this research lies in the development of a new approach, which is applicable to decision makers in obtaining an engine torque comparison. Consequently, the benefit of the research is that the empirical data from a heavy-duty diesel engine fueled with waste plastic oil blends are revealed. The number of experimentations can be reduced and this leads to lower costs and less time usage for future research.

Evaluation of engine performance, emissions, of a twin cylinder diesel engine fuelled with waste plastic oil and diesel blends with a fraction of methanol

A comprehensive study on the methanol and waste plastic oil as an alternative fuel has been carried out. This report deals with the exhaust emission of waste plastic fuel on twin cylinder diesel engine. The objectives of this report are to analyse the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a twin cylinder diesel engine that are using waste plastic oil compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are available in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which is to analyse the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the both fuels. Detail studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the experiment started. Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments. Calculations and analysis have been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained. The experiment used diesel engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin cylinder diesel engine was adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, mechanical efficiency, brake power, volumetric efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency and emissions at full load with the fuel of fraction methanol in bio-diesel. In this study, the diesel engine was tested using methanol blended with bio-diesel at certain mixing ratios of (WPO: Diesel) 20:80, 40:60 and 60:40 methanol to bio-diesel respectively. By the end of the report, the successful of the project have been started which is Kirloskar engine is able to run with waste plastic oil (WPO) but the engine needs to run by using diesel fuel first, then followed by waste plastic oil and finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the engine turned off. The performance of the engine using blended fuel compared to the performance of engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results of blended fuel and diesel fuel are also compared. Keywords: Alternative Fuel, Waste Plastic Oil (WPO), Diesel, Methanol, Performance, Emissions, Pyrolysis.

The Co-cracking Experiment and Application Route of Waste Plastics and Heavy Oil

The co-cracking experiment of waste plastics and heavy oil was done in the condition of 400°C and pressure not higher than 2.0MPa. The experimental results showed that the yield of heavy oil and coke decreased but the light oil and gas yield increased with the increasing amount of waste plastics. The products of heavy oil's solidifying point, flash point, viscosity and density decreased and had a good pour point depression effect. Heavy oil containing heat conduction oil and solvent contributed to heat transfer, melting and transport and had the effect of dissolution and co-cracking. It would have a good prospect when the co-cracking of waste plastics and heavy oil was applied to the combination processes of visbreaking and delayed coking and catalytic cracking and delayed coking.

Performance and Emission Test of Several Blends of Waste Plastic Oil with Diesel and Ethanol on Four Stroke Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine

Fossil fuels are non- renewable source of energy. It is difficult to predict its availability in future. It casts a shadow of uncertainty of its supply, the immediate effect of its scarcity is rising price and its adverse impact on the growing economies like India. India imports 80% of total demand of the Petroleum products. Therefore, sourcing a sustainable energy and environment friendly alternative is needed to be developed instead of using fossil fuels. Recently waste plastics are receiving renewed interest as an alternative to fossil fuel. Waste plastics are indispensable materials in the modern life and its application in the industrial field is continuously increasing. Conversion of waste plastic to energy is one of the recent trends in minimizing not only the waste disposal but also as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engine. In this paper waste plastic oil and its blends with Diesel and Ethanol is introduced as alternative fuel. I have conducted an experimental research on this alternative fuel on various operational parameters i.e. Engine Performance and emission test with blends like D100, B20, B40, B60.

Performance and emission analysis of blends of waste plastic oil obtained by catalytic pyrolysis of waste HDPE with diesel in a CI engine

Compression ignition engines have proved to be the best option in heavy duty applications like transportation and power generation, but rapid depleting sources of conventional fossil fuels, their rising prices and ever increasing environmental issues are the major concerns. The present study deals with performance and emission analysis of blends of waste plastic oil obtained by catalytic pyrolysis of waste high-density polyethylene with diesel in a CI engine with varying loads. The experimental results show that the brake thermal efficiencies at all load conditions are lower as compared to that of diesel fuel, exhaust gas temperature increases with increase in engine load. The BSFC increases with increase in WPO blend ratio and decreases with increase in engine load. Mechanical efficiency increases with increasing brake power for all fuel blends. The NOx emission and CO emission increase with increase in percentage of waste plastic oil in blends, NOx emission decreases while CO emission increases with increase in engine load. The unburnt hydrocarbon emission decreases with increase in the engine load and increases with increase in percentage of waste plastic oil in blends. The carbon dioxide emission for the blends is lower than diesel for almost all loads and all blends.

Influence of Nozzle Pressure on Performance and Emission in Compression Ignition Engine Running on Distilled Waste Plastic Oil (DWPO)

Influence of Nozzle Pressure on Performance and Emission in Compression Ignition Engine Running on Distilled Waste Plastic Oil (DWPO)

1009 プラスチック再生油のディーゼル燃料・燃焼特性(燃焼(燃焼特性・計測))

1009 プラスチック再生油のディーゼル燃料・燃焼特性(燃焼(燃焼特性・計測))

Research on Spiral Engagement Cold Feeding Rubber Extruder

Through the experimental comparison of free feeding technology, roller feeding technology and spiral engagement feeding technology, it can be seen that the spiral engagement feeding technology has significantly increased production capacity, improved extrusion stability, reduced the energy consumption and does not hold shaft, not leak rubber, etc; at the same time, industrial application research on spiral engagement cold feeding extruder was carried out, as well as expanding its application research on this extruder with short fiber compound and environmental protection plate compound which is composed by waste plastic, rubber compound and waste oil. It proves that the work principle of spiral engagement cold feeding technology is feasible, also demonstrates that this extruder has a broad prospect of application.

457 水エマルション廃プラスチック分解油のディーゼル機関への適用に関する研究(応用熱工学IV)

457 水エマルション廃プラスチック分解油のディーゼル機関への適用に関する研究(応用熱工学IV)

Characterisation and effect of using waste plastic oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine

Plastics have now become indispensable materials in the modern world and application in the industrial field is continually increasing. The properties of the oil derived from waste plastics were analyzed and found that it has properties similar to that of diesel. Waste plastic oil (WPO) was tested as a fuel in a D.I. diesel engine and its performance characteristics were analysed and compared with diesel fuel (DF) operation. It is observed that the engine could operate with 100% waste plastic oil and can be used as fuel in diesel engines. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) was higher by about 25% and carbon monoxide (CO) increased by 5% for waste plastic oil operation compared to diesel fuel (DF) operation. Hydrocarbon was higher by about 15%. Smoke increased by 40% at full load with waste plastic oil compared to DF. Engine fueled with waste plastic oil exhibits higher thermal efficiency upto 80% of the full load and the exhaust gas temperature was higher at all loads compared to DF operation.

An experimental investigation on a DI diesel engine using waste plastic oil with exhaust gas recirculation

Environmental degradation and depleting oil reserves are matters of great concern around the globe. Developing countries like India depend heavily on oil import of about 125 Mt per annum (7:1 diesel/gasoline). Diesel being the main transport fuel in India, finding a suitable alternative to diesel is an urgent need. In this context, waste plastic solid is currently receiving renewed interest. Waste plastic oil is suitable for compression ignition engines and more attention is focused in India because of its potential to generate large-scale employment and relatively low environmental degradation. The present investigation was to study the effect of cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on four stroke, single cylinder, direct injection (DI) diesel engine using 100% waste plastic oil. Experimental results showed higher oxides of nitrogen emissions when fueled with waste plastic oil without EGR. NO x emissions were reduced when the engine was operated with cooled EGR. The EGR level was optimized as 20% based on significant reduction in NO x emissions, minimum possible smoke, CO, HC emissions and comparable brake thermal efficiency. Smoke emissions of waste plastic oil were higher at all loads. Combustion parameters were found to be comparable with and without EGR. Compression ignition engines run on waste plastic oil are found to emit higher oxides of nitrogen.

Influence of injection timing on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine running on waste plastic oil

Environmental concern and availability of petroleum fuels have caused interests in the search for alternate fuels for internal combustion engines. Waste plastics are indispensable materials in the modern world and application in the industrial field is continually increasing. In this context, waste plastics are currently receiving renewed interest. As an alternative, non-biodegradable, and renewable fuel, waste plastic oil is receiving increasing attention. The waste plastic oil was compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as fuel in compression ignition engines. In the present work, the influence of injection timing on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection diesel engine has been experimentally investigated using waste plastic oil as a fuel. Tests were performed at four injection timings (23°,20°,17° and 14° bTDC). When compared to the standard injection timing of 23° BTDC the retarded injection timing of 14° bTDC resulted in decreased oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon while the brake thermal efficiency, carbon dioxide and smoke increased under all the test conditions.

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine using waste plastic oil

Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources have led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. On the other hand waste plastic pose a very serious environment challenge because of their disposal problems all over the world. Plastics have now become indispensable materials in the modern world and application in the industrial field is continually increasing. In this context, waste plastic solid is currently receiving renewed interest. The properties of the oil derived from waste plastics were analyzed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it has properties similar to that of diesel. In the present work, waste plastic oil was used as an alternate fuel in a DI diesel engine without any modification. The present investigation was to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled DI diesel engine run with waste plastic oil. The experimental results have showed a stable performance with brake thermal efficiency similar to that of diesel. Carbon dioxide and unburned hydrocarbon were marginally higher than that of the diesel baseline. The toxic gas carbon monoxide emission of waste plastic oil was higher than diesel. Smoke reduced by about 40% to 50% in waste plastic oil at all loads.

Genotoxic effects of fumes from asphalt modified with waste plastic and tall oil pitch

As the use of recycled materials and industrial by-products in asphalt mixtures is increasing, we investigated if recycled additives modify the genotoxicity of fumes emitted from asphalt. Fumes were generated in the laboratory at paving temperature from stone-mastic asphalt (SMA) and from SMA modified with waste plastic (90% polyethylene, 10% polypropylene) and tall oil pitch (SMA–WPT). In addition, fumes from SMA, SMA–WPT, asphalt concrete (AC), and AC modified with waste plastic and tall oil pitch (AC–WPT) were collected at paving sites. The genotoxicity of the fumes was studied by analysis of DNA damage (measured in the comet assay) and micronucleus formation in human bronchial epithelial BEAS 2B cells in vitro and by counting mutations in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and YG1024. DNA damage was also assessed in buccal leukocytes from road pavers before and after working with SMA, SMA–WPT, AC, and AC–WPT. The chemical composition of the emissions was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The SMA–WPT fume generated in the laboratory induced a clear increase in DNA damage in BEAS 2B cells without metabolic activation. The laboratory-generated SMA fume increased the frequency of micronucleated BEAS 2B cells without metabolic activation. None of the asphalt fumes collected at the paving sites produced DNA damage with or without metabolic activation. Fumes from SMA and SMA–WPT from the paving sites increased micronucleus frequency without metabolic activation. None of the asphalt fumes studied showed mutagenic activity in Salmonella. No statistically significant differences in DNA damage in buccal leukocytes were detected between the pre- and post-shift samples collected from the road pavers. However, a positive correlation was found between DNA damage and the urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) after work shift, which suggested an association between occupational exposures during road paving and genotoxic effects. Our results indicate that fumes from SMA and SMA–WPT contain direct-acting genotoxic components.

Road pavers’ occupational exposure to asphalt containing waste plastic and tall oil pitch

Waste plastic (WP) and tall oil pitch (T), which are organic recycled industrial by-products, have been used as a binder with bitumen in stone mastic asphalt (SMA) and asphalt concrete (AC). We compared the exposure over one workday in 16 road pavers participating in a survey at four paving sites, using mixes of conventional asphalt (SMA, AC) or mixes containing waste material (SMA-WPT, AC-WPT). The concentrations of 11 aldehydes in air were 515 and 902 microg m(-3) at the SMA-WPT and AC-WPT worksites, being 3 and 13 times greater than at the corresponding worksites laying conventional asphalt. Resin acids (2-42 microg m(-3)), which are known sensitizers, were detected only during laying of AC-WPT. The emission levels (microg m(-3)) of total particulates (300-500), bitumen fumes (60-160), bitumen vapour (80-1120), naphthalene (0.59-1.2), phenanthrene (0.21-0.32), pyrene (<0.015-0.20), benzo(a)pyrene (<0.01) and the sum of 16 PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 1.28-2.00) were similar for conventional and WPT asphalts. The dermal deposition of 16 PAHs on exposure pads (on workers' wrist) was low in all pavers (0.7-3.5 ng cm(-2)). Eight OH-PAH biomarkers of naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene exposures were quantified in pre- and post-shift urine specimens. The post-shift concentrations (mean +/- SD, micromol mol(-1) creatinine) of 1- plus 2-naphthol; 1-,2-,3-,4- plus 9-phenanthrol; and 1-hydroxypyrene were, respectively, for asphalt workers: 18.1+/- 8.0, 2.41 +/- 0.71 and 0.66+/- 0.58 (smokers); 6.0+/- 2.3, 1.70+/- 0.72 and 0.27+/- 0.15 (non-smokers); WPT asphalt workers: 22.0+/- 9.2, 2.82+/- 1.11 and 0.76+/- 0.18 (smokers); 6.8+/- 2.6, 2.35+/- 0.69 and 0.46+/- 0.13 (non-smokers). The work-related uptake of PAHs was low in all pavers, although it was significantly greater in smokers than in non-smokers. The WPT asphalt workers complained of eye irritation and sore throat more than the pavers who had a much lower exposure to aldehydes and resin acids.