Waste Cooking Palm Oil Research Articles

Recovery of waste cooking palm oil as a crosslinker for inverse vulcanized adsorbent to remove iron (Fe3+) ions

Gas and oil reservoirs around the world leave megatons of unused elemental sulfur as industrial byproducts which has been successfully used in inverse vulcanization. We reported the successful application of inverse vulcanized porous adsorbent from waste cooking palm oil (WCO) to remove ferric (Fe3+) ions. Sodium chloride (NaCl) acted as a porogen to get the porous polysulfide. The removal of Fe3+ was observed through the atomic absorption spectroscopic (AAS) technique. The effects of pH (3,7, and 11) and initial concentration (35, 40, 45 mg/L) of Fe3+ solution, and dosage (10, 15, and 20 g/100 mL) on Fe3+ adsorption were studied to determine the best removal condition. Later, fixing the best parameters (pH 3, 40 mg/L, 20 g/100 mL), Langmuir and Freundlich equations were used to study the adsorption isotherm. Adsorption kinetics were described using linear and nonlinear pseudo-first and second-order reactions. The Freundlich isothermal model and linear pseudo-second-order kinetics fit best for the removal process. The comparison between the pre and post-adsorption analyses using FTIR, SEM-EDX, and the isothermal model confirmed the physisorption of Fe3+. The current study concluded with some further scopes of the adsorbent for diverse removal applications.

In Situ Epoxidation of Hybrid Oleic Acid Derived from Waste Palm Cooking Oil and Palm Oil with Applied ZSM-5 Zeolite as Catalyst

In Situ Epoxidation of Hybrid Oleic Acid Derived from Waste Palm Cooking Oil and Palm Oil with Applied ZSM-5 Zeolite as Catalyst

ANALYSING THE LUBRICANT RHEOLOGY-PRESSURE RELATION FOR BIODIESEL DERIVED WASTE PALM COOKING OIL (WPCO)

Given that its primary energy sources are reported to be dwindling daily, the pursuit for new alternatives to fossil fuel is essential. Biodiesel is perceived as a viable option for achieving sustainable and renewable energy in response to this challenge. The present study demonstrates the potential of Waste Palm Cooking Oil, Raw Palm Cooking Oil, Waste Palm Methyl Ester, and Raw Palm Methyl Ester as lubricants. This study's objective is to analyze the rheological behaviour of produce biodiesel lubricant from two distinct feedstocks, namely WPCO and Raw PCO at increasing temperature from 25°C to 100°C. Both WPCO and Raw PCO are subjected to a transesterification reaction, which is facilitated by potassium as a catalyst, in order to remove the free fatty acid (FFA) present. This study discovered that the biodiesel production efficiency for waste palm methyl ester (WPME) was 82.5%, whereas the yield for raw palm methyl ester (RPME) was 96.4%. A qualitative analysis was carried out by Gas Chromatography Analysis to identify the presence of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) in the biodiesel produced from Waste Palm cooking oil (WPCO) and Raw Palm Cooking Oil (RPCO). The physicochemical properties of all four varieties of oils were evaluate. WPCO, WPME, Raw PCO, and Raw PME had densities of 895 kg/, 865 kg/, 898 kg/, and 867 kg/ at 40 °C, respectively. The density that was acquired was subsequently employed to calculate the kinematic viscosity of the lubricants. At a temperature of 40 °C, a comparison was made between the kinematic viscosity of the lubricants and the standard kinematic viscosity of motor oil as specified by the SAE. The evaluation of WPCO, WPME, Raw PCO, and Raw PME in comparison to SAE motor oils standard reveals that none of the aforementioned oil types exhibit the necessary properties to function as a pourable engine lubricant.

Green catalytic epoxidation of hybrid oleic acid derived from waste palm cooking oil + palm oil

Green catalytic epoxidation of hybrid oleic acid derived from waste palm cooking oil + palm oil

TRIBOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF BIODIESEL DERIVED WASTE PALM COOKING OIL (WPCO)

The demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources is rising globally, which has increased interest in biodiesel manufacturing. The generation of biodiesel derived waste palm cooking oil (WPCO) is the main topic of this study. A versatile and easily accessible feedstock for the synthesis of biodiesel is palm frying oil, which is frequently used in culinary applications. WPCO is transformed into biodiesel using a process called transesterification, in which the oil's triglycerides combine with an alcohol, usually methanol, in the presence of a catalyst.
 The oils were analyzed for their chemical and physical properties such as viscosity and density. The frictional test was carried out using Pin-on-Disc Tribometer for different loads and speeds. The findings show that lubricants based on WPCO and WPME have remarkable anti-wear properties and have promise for usage in industrial and automotive applications. WPCO is found to have better performance to be used as an engine lubricant while WPME has the lowest potential to be a lubricant because of its low viscosity and high coefficient of friction. It can be found that WPCO which has higher viscosity presents a wear scar diameter of 1.888 mm and a total average CoF of 0.4296. As for WPME, the wear scar diameter is 2.062 mm with a CoF of 0.5483. The surface area of WPCO values was found to be about 9.2% less than WPME. The higher the CoF, the larger the wear scar diameter. The lubricant film of WPME is too thin to provide total surface separation. Contact between the surface asperities occurs.

Enhancing deoxygenation of waste cooking palm oil over CaO-MgO catalyst modified by K2O for green bio-fuel

There are challenges to replacing traditional fossil fuels completely, so producing efficient green biofuels is crucial. In this work, waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) was used as raw material to produce biofuel through pyrolytic catalysis cracking (PCC) over alkaline catalysts as CaO-MgO with various dopants at 0, 3, 6 and 9 wt% K2O contents. The WCPO reacted under atmospheric pressure without purging gases at 500, 525 and 550 °C, respectively. Catalysts were characterized by various techniques in terms of physical and chemical properties. The pyrolytic oil (PO) was separated from the crude oil product. Then, PO was characterized by TGA/DTG, CHNO, FTIR and GC–MS. The PO was distilled following an ASTM D86 method. The properties of biofuels, such as density, kinematic viscosity and acidity, were measured. The basicity of the catalyst increased with increasing K2O contents. K2O not only enhanced the pyrolytic-liquid product yield but also significantly reduced the oxygenated compounds in biofuel through the deoxygenation process to improve biofuel quality. The different reaction temperatures were observed in which low-temperature reaction provided incompletely cracking heavy molecules, and more gas product occurred at the high reaction temperature. Surprisingly, the fatty acid compounds of WCPO were transferred to hydrocarbon compounds by deoxygenation reactions confirmed by GC–MS and FTIR results. The highest pyrolytic oil yield was approximately 92 vol% compared with crude oil product, obtained from 3 wt% K2O-MgO/CaO and 525 °C. The paraffinic and olefinic compounds were the main hydrocarbon products with K2O doping catalysts, while ketone compounds were found in all catalysts via the ketonic decarboxylation mechanism. In this condition, pyrolytic oil was completely distilled to get gasoline, kerosene and diesel. The kinematic viscosity and density were under ASTM standards except for acidity. Remarkably, the acidity of biofuel with K2O doping was reduced about 2–3 times compared to MgO/CaO alone.

PALM KERNEL SHELL ASH: THE EFFECT OF WEIGHT AND STIRRING DURATION ON WASTE PALM COOKING OIL QUALITY

This study aims to investigate the effect of variations Palm Kernel Shell Ash (PKSA) in weight and stirring duration on the quality of waste palm cooking oil (WPCO). PKSA is waste from the use of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) as fuel in palm oil factories. The method used in this study is a laboratory experiment with variations in the weight of PKSA and variations in stirring duration to improve WPCO quality. PKSA was characterized using XRF, FTIR, and XRD. The parameters of WPCO analyzed were color, water content, and free fatty acid (FFA). The standard used for comparison was the SNI for palm cooking oil 7709-2019. The results showed that the treatment category of S3, where PKSA was 20 g and stirring duration was 90 min, decreased the parameter value of WPCO according to SNI requirements. The improved quality of WPCO can be used for various purposes, including biodiesel, fertilizer and poultry feed.

A PMMA-assisted transfer method of waste cooking palm oil based multi-layered graphene from a nickel substrate onto a glass substrate for the development of a humidity sensor

A PMMA-assisted transfer method of waste cooking palm oil based multi-layered graphene from a nickel substrate onto a glass substrate for the development of a humidity sensor

In situ epoxidation of oleic acid derived from hybrid oleic acid from waste palm cooking oil & palm oil via homogenous catalyst

In situ epoxidation of oleic acid derived from hybrid oleic acid from waste palm cooking oil & palm oil via homogenous catalyst

Optimization and characterization of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using modified CaO catalyst derived from snail shell

Currently, research has diverted toward generating renewable fuels due to the unreliable supply and rising cost of conventional fuels. Biodiesel is renewable fuel commonly obtainable via a simple process. Biodiesel was produced via the transterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) using heterogeneous catalysts. The aim of this study was to synthesis a ZnO and TiO2-supported CaO catalyst from a snail shell for the transterification of waste cooking palm oil to produce biodiesel. Sol-gel and wet-impregnated methods were adopted to synthesize ZnO and catalyst, respectively. The physicochemical properties of waste cooking oil and biodiesel were characterized in accordance to AOAC and ASTMD standard methods. The FTIR and XRD analyses were carried out to characterize the biodiesel and the prepared catalysts. The result of this study revealed that CaO catalyst derived from snail shall, resulted to a WCO-derived biodiesel yield of 80%. The CaO catalyst modified with ZnO and TiO2, further led to an increased biodiesel of 90% and 95%, respectively. The result of this study showed that the optimum conditions associated with highest biodiesel yield over the synthesized catalysts were at 3% catalyst weight, 65 °C, a 6:1 methanol-to-oil ratio and 3-h reaction time. The FTIR spectra also proved successful formation of biodiesel. Biodiesel was successfully synthesized from WCO, and the CaO catalyst synthesized from snail shells and modified with ZnO and TiO2, showed potential to substitute for costly catalysts derived from chemical reagents for biodiesel production.

Highly Selective Bio-hydrocarbon Production using Sidoarjo Mud Based-Catalysts in the Hydrocracking of Waste Palm Cooking Oil

In this work, Lapindo mud (LM) was used as catalyst support. This is because the Lapindo mud has a high SiO2 content of 45.33 %. This research aims to produce a hydrocracking catalyst based on Lapindo mud through impregnation of Ni and Pt metals as well as grafting amine groups. Ni and Pt metals impregnation using wet impregnation method followed by amine group grafting. The best catalyst in this study was NiPt-NH2/LM which contained Ni and Pt metals, surface area, and pore diameters of 1.68 wt.% and 0.4 wt.%, 6.59 m2/g, 15.51 nm, respectively. The effectiveness of the catalyst was tested against temperature and catalyst: feed ratio. The catalyst with the best activity and selectivity was tested for reusability 3 times through hydrocracking process. The yield of liquid products obtained in the hydrocracking process of WPO using NiPt-NH2/LM catalyst with the optimum temperature and the weight ratio of catalyst:feed at 550 oC was 79.4 wt. % which consists of hydrocarbon compound of 55.9 wt.%. The yield of liquid products obtained in the hydrocracking WPO using the used NiPt-BH2/LM catalyst was 28.4 wt.% which consists of hydrocarbon compound of 23.6 wt.%. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Biodiesel Production from Waste Palm Cooking Oil Using Immobilized Candida rugosa Lipase

Biodiesel production from Waste Palm Cooking Oil (WPCO) is of interest to substitute fossil derived diesel fuel, due to its renewable nature, cleaner emissions and non-toxic properties. Thus, in this study, biodiesel production through transesterification process was optimized using immobilized lipase from Candida rugosa and WPCO collected from the faculty’s cafeteria as a feedstock. Interaction between five operating factors: molar ratio of ethanol to oil, water content, lipase loading, reaction temperature and time on the biodiesel yield were investigated. It was observed that, with the optimal conditions of 10:1 molar ratio of ethanol to oil, 1 g water, temperature 40 °C, 0.8 g immobilized lipase and 32 h reaction time, a yield of 85.72% of biodiesel could be achieved. Thus, this study shows that WPCO, an environmental waste, can be utilized as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production using environmentally friendly biocatalysts such as immobilized lipase.

Emerging Research Trend in Chemical Technology Towards Sustainable Development

The rapid industrialization and urbanization as well as rising global transportation have induced numerous challenges regarding energy security, environmental protection, waste management, and greenhouse gas emissions across the world. Addressing these current issues is crucial to guarantee the sustainable development, green environment, and circular economy. The implementation of advanced chemical technology in industrial production, worldwide transportation, and environmental treatment could contribute to efficiently solve these global challenges. This special issue of Chemical Engineering & Technology highlights the recent research trends in chemical technology towards sustainable development such as advanced material synthesis from various waste sources, biological and thermochemical processes for alternative biofuels and chemicals production. In particular, the synthesis of polysulfide from waste cooking palm oil and the production of hybrid films reinforced with cellulose nanofibers used as packaging materials are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, a comprehensive review regarding waste biomasses transformation to value-added biofuels and biochemicals via thermochemical processes, namely, liquefaction, gasification, torrefaction, and pyrolysis, is presented in this special issue. The environmental benefits associated with these approaches are also underlined. Computer-aided methods including simulation, modeling, and optimization of different chemical engineering processes for energy and environmental applications are offered as well. The contribution from authors across the world to this thematic issue is highly appreciated. The guest editors also acknowledge the valuable effort and constructive comments from reviewers for manuscript assessment. Lastly, we would like to appreciate the Editor in Chief Dr. Barbara Böck and the entire editorial office for their valuable support and guidance during the completion of this topical issue. Dr. Dai-Viet N. Vo, Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Vietnam Dr. Sumaiya Zainal Abidin, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia Dr. P. Senthil Kumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, India Dr. Muthusamy Govarthanan, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, South Korea Dai-Viet N. Vo Sumaiya Zainal Abidin P. Senthil Kumar Muthusamy Govarthanan

Eggshell Membrane Functionalized with Waste Palm Cooking Oil for Removal of Alizarin Red from Aqueous Solutions

Eggshell Membrane Functionalized with Waste Palm Cooking Oil for Removal of Alizarin Red from Aqueous Solutions

Performance of a Hybrid Catalyst from Amine Groups and Nickel Nanoparticles Immobilized on Lapindo Mud in Selective Production of Bio-hydrocarbons

In the present work, optimum conditions for hydrocracking of waste palm cooking oil (WPCO) over a Ni-NH2/Lapindo mud catalyst were studied to obtain a high quantity and quality of biofuel. The utilized catalyst support material was Lapindo mud (LM) from Sidoarjo, Indonesia, which was only given physical treatment (i.e., washing, drying, grinding, and calcining). Ni/LM was prepared via wet impregnation in three different Ni weight loadings: 1, 5, and 10 wt.%, which were denoted as Ni(A)/LM, Ni(B)/LM, and Ni(C)/LM, respectively. As a result, the hydrocracking test of WPCO under the temperature of 470 °C and a feed/catalyst weight ratio of 50 showed that the Ni(A)/LM catalyst produced the highest liquid product reaching 46.65 wt.% among the other Ni-based catalysts. The liquid product can be increased drastically to 63.93 wt.% under a more optimum temperature at 550 °C. Functionalization of Ni(A)/LM as the best catalyst was carried out by grafting method with NH2 groups from 3-APTMS, resulting in Ni(A)-NH2/LM. This modification increased the liquid product to 68.17 wt.% under hydrocracking conditions using a weight ratio of 75. Moreover, the reusability of Ni(A)-NH2/LM was found to be effective for three hydrocracking runs, constantly yielding an average biofuel of 80 wt.%.

Polysulfide Synthesis Using Waste Cooking Palm Oil via Inverse Vulcanization

AbstractElemental sulfur and waste cooking palm oil (WCO) are abundant industrial by‐products from petrochemical and food processing industries, respectively. WCO was used as a crosslinker to prepare a high‐sulfur‐content polymer through inverse vulcanization. Polysulfides were generated under vigorous stirring of WCO with elemental sulfur at different temperatures, crosslinking ratios, and reaction times. The physicochemical properties of the produced polysulfides were determined and the thermal stability was analyzed. The FTIR spectra including the breakdown of C=C and formation of C–S bond confirmed the change of functional groups between WCO and produced polymer. The effect of saturated and unsaturated triglycerides of WCO is clearly visible in SEM micrographs. The polysulfide with a 70 wt % sulfur feed ratio showed excellent morphological and thermal properties.

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a new heterogeneous catalyst SrO doped CaO nanoparticles

Biodiesel production from waste palm cooking oil (WPCO) was studied. Calcium oxide with a strontium ion additive (Sr-CaO) was employed as a catalyst in transesterification reaction of used palm oil with methanol. The Sr-CaO was synthesized by co-precipitation method between SrCl2 and Ca(NO3)2, then calcined at 900°C for 5 h. The catalyst was characterized by using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). The morphology and elements content of Sr and Ca in the catalyst were confirmed by SEM-EDX. The approximate catalyst diameter is 12.6±5.9 µm. The highest conversion was 99.33% (the reaction time 3 h, 5%w/w catalyst, methanol to oil molar ratio 9:1 and reaction temperature 80°C). The catalyst can be used up to the sixth cycles with a good yield. The synthesized biodiesel meet the requirement of standard biodiesel (EN 14103 and ASTM D445). These findings suggest that calcium oxide with a strontium ion additive (Sr-CaO) is an effective renewable biodiesel catalyst.

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Waste Palm Cooking Oil Against Staphylococcus Aureus

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus which acts as a pathogen causing awide range of infectious diseases. In recent years, several strains of S. aureus have been found to showresistance to several antibiotics. Waste cooking oil may be considered as an alternative antibacterialproduct, as it contains long-chain fatty acids whose antibacterial effectiveness against S. aureus hasbeen known for years. In addition, oxidative biocides produced during the frying process have manytargets for antibacterial activity in the cell and affect almost every biomolecule. Nonetheless, there isno literature that is able to prove the antimicrobial effects of the waste palm cooking oil. Objective: Toexamine the in vitro antibacterial effect of waste palm cooking oil against S. aureus. Method: a twofoldserial dilution method to set the minimum level of both inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations.Conclusion: This study showed that waste palm cooking oil did not show antibacterial effects againstS. aureus, indicating that waste palm cooking oil is not possibly to be applied as an antibacterial agentagainst S. aureus.

Experimental analysis of performance and emission of a turbocharged diesel engine operated in dual-fuel mode fueled with bamboo leaf-generated gaseous and waste palm oil biodiesel/diesel fuel blends

ABSTRACT In the present situation of emergencies of energy demand, rising oil cost, exhaustion of nonrenewable energy source assets. Biodiesel as well as producer gas acquired from vegetable oil, that is, waste palm cooking oil and biomass, that is, waste bamboo leaves are likely to be designated as the promising substitute fuel. Therefore, the goal of this research is to access the reduction in global warming gases mostly NOx and smoke associated with the introduction of producer gas along with waste cooking oil biodiesel. The current investigation draws out a test of preparing biodiesel from used waste palm cooking oil at different blending proportions and its application on a dual fuel mode turbocharged direct injection diesel engine, with varying load at a fixed speed of 1500 rpm. From the experimentation, it was seen that exhaust gas temperature and brake thermal efficiency reduced while, brake specific energy consumption increased by 10.81%↓, 14.08%↓, and 46%↑ relative to diesel fuel in single fuel mode. Taking into account the emission characteristics of smoke intensity, nitric oxide lowered by 63.59%↓, 91.71%↓but on the cost of higher hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide value of 40.63%↑ and 65.71%↑ in comparison to diesel mode when loaded to the maximum limit. Hence, it can eventually be concluded that waste palm cooking oil methyl ester blended biodiesel with bamboo leaf generated gaseous fuel can partially substitute existing diesel fuel with few engine alternations.

Performance, Emission, and Economic Perspectives of a Diesel Engine Fueled with a Mixture of Hydroxy Gas and Biodiesel from Waste Palm Cooking Oil

This investigation experimentally examines the influence of hydroxy gas fumigation in a diesel engine fueled with a biodiesel blend derived from waste palm cooking oil (B10). For the experimental tests, a fixed rotation speed of 2000 rpm and a load condition of 50%, 75%, and 100% have been established. Hydroxy gas (HHO) has been added through the engine's air intake system at a flow of 0.5 lpm, 0.75 lpm, and 1 lpm. Results have demonstrated the positive effect of HHO fumigation on the combustion performance of the B10 blend. Moreover, a reduction of 4.3% in the BSFC and a 2.64% increase in peak pressure in B10 due to the presence of HHO have been observed. On the other hand, a decrease of 8.7%, 9.9%, and 22.8% in CO2, HC, and smoke opacity emissions has been evidenced with the addition of HHO in B10. B10 implementation has promoted NOx emission escalation. However, this increase has been only 1.23% compared to pure diesel. In conclusion, HHO enrichment favors combustion performance and emissions minimization, which represents a significant opportunity to mitigate the negative effect of the lower calorific power of these types of fuels.