Orange Peel Waste Research Articles

Optimisation of dry cell electrolyser and hydroxy gas production to utilise in a diesel engine operated with blends of orange peel oil in dual-fuel mode

This study aims at producing hydroxy (HHO) gas using a dry cell electrolysis setup and utilising it along with orange oil in a diesel engine. First an electrolyser was designed considering the optimised values of the material (SS316L), electrolyte (NaOH), and electrode gap (2 mm). Then the biodiesel obtained from the waste orange peels, after transesterification, were blended with diesel at 25 and 50% by vol. The HHO gas was produced by the water electrolysis method by a plate-type electrolyser having a maximum production rate of 2.5 LPM with NaOH as the electrolyte. HHO gas was inducted through the inlet manifold along with the fresh air at a constant rate of 2 LPM with both the biodiesel blends. The performance, emission, and combustion outcomes of the single cylinder diesel engine for different load conditions (0–100%) were tested for all the blends with and without HHO addition. The results showed a considerable increase in brake thermal efficiency of 1.54% at full load condition, with a noticeable decrease in fuel consumption by 11.1% compared to conventional diesel fuel, was achieved for the O25 blend with HHO induction. Moreover, emissions like hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and smoke were reduced by 17.6, 29.5, and 12.1%, respectively. However, the improvement in combustion outcomes led to the increase in nitrogen oxides emission by 9.67%. This study helped to understand the production process of HHO gas by dry cell electrolyser and its effect on the blend of orange oil methyl ester and diesel in dual-fuel mode.

Adsorption of cobalt (II) ions from aqueous solution using orange peel waste: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Adsorption of cobalt (II) ions from aqueous solution using orange peel waste: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Hydrothermal Carbonization as Sustainable Process for the Complete Upgrading of Orange Peel Waste into Value-Added Chemicals and Bio-Carbon Materials

In this study, a simple and green protocol to obtain hydrochar and high-added value products, mainly 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), furfural (FU), levulinic acid (LA) and alkyl levulinates, by using the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of orange peel waste (OPW) is presented. Process variables, such as reaction temperature (180–300 °C), reaction time (60–300 min), biomass:water ratio and initial pH were investigated in order to find the optimum conditions that maximize both the yields of solid hydrochar and 5-HMF and levulinates in the bio-oil. Data obtained evidence that the highest yield of hydrochar is obtained at a 210 °C reaction temperature, 180 min residence time, 6/1 w/w orange peel waste to water ratio and a 3.6 initial pH. The bio-products distribution strongly depends on the applied reaction conditions. Overall, 180 °C was found to be the best reaction temperature that maximizes the production of furfural and 5-HMF in the presence of pure water as a reaction medium.

Utilization of agro-industrial orange peel and sugar beet pulp wastes for fungal endo- polygalacturonase production

The pectinase enzymes are involved in several industrial applications, and industrial waste is one of the largest environmental pollutants, so this study aims to Endo-polygalacturonase (endo-PG) producing using Aspergillus niger AUMC 4156, Penicillium oxalicum AUMC 4153 and P. variotii AUMC 4149 by using some agro-industrial wastes (dried orange peel and sugar beet pulp) as a sole raw carbon source for degradation these waste in the process of urban wastes disposal. The fermentation process was carried out as a submerged culture technique under both shaken and static culture conditions. A. niger AUMC 4156 was the most promising producer of endo-PG under static conditions while P. oxalicum AUMC 4153 was the highest producer of endo-PG under shaken conditions. Sugar beet pulp proved to be the most preferable to orange peel as the only source of carbon in both shaken and static cultures. The medium that encompassing orange peel as a single carbon source afforded the highest protein content with all tested fungal strains in stirred and static cultures in comparison with sugar beet pulp. The highest activity of endo-polygalacuronase that produced using A. niger AUMC 4156 and P. oxalicum AUMC 4153 was achieved by using sugar beet pulp at 3% concentration under static cultures, meanwhile maximal enzyme activity produced by both fungal strains required 2% sugar beet pulp under shaken cultures. Sugar beet pulp showed promised potential as a good inducer for endo-polygalacturoase production, and enzymes production depended on fungal strains, culture medium, and submerged fermentation conditions.

KOH Activation with Microwave Irradiation and its Effect on the Physical Properties of Orange Peel Activated Carbon

Chemical activation with assisted microwave irradiation was used to produced activated carbon from orange peel waste. The activating agent was potassium hydroxide (KOH) with concentrations of 2 M, 3 M, and 4 M. The microwave irradiation was done for 15 minutes with a 630 Watt output power. KOH concentration affected the physical properties of OP-ACxM. With increasing KOH concentration, the interlayer spacing (d002 and d100 ) grew, stack height (Lc ) increased, and stack width (La) dropped. The number of pores on the surface of OP-ACxM increased after the chemical activation process. In OP-ACxM, FTIR analysis reveals the presence of O-H, C-H, C-C, C=O, C=C, and C-O.

Ultrasound-assisted dilute acid hydrolysis for production of essential oils, pectin and bacterial cellulose via a citrus processing waste biorefinery

An orange peel waste biorefinery was developed employing a design of experiments approach to optimize the ultrasound-assisted dilute acid hydrolysis process applied for production of useful commodities. Central composite design-based response surface methodology was used to approximate the combined effects of process parameters in simultaneous production of essential oils, pectin and a sugar-rich hydrolyzate. Application of a desirability function determined the optimal conditions required for maximal production efficiency of essential oils, pectin and sugars as 5.75% solid loading, 1.21% acid concentration and 34.2 min duration. Maximum production yields of 0.12% w/w essential oils, 45% w/w pectin and 40% w/w sugars were achieved under optimized conditions in lab- and pilot-scale facilities. The hydrolyzate formed was applied in bacterial cellulose fermentations producing 5.82 g biopolymer per 100 g waste. Design of experiments was efficient for process analysis and optimization providing a systems platform for the study of biomass-based biorefineries.

ATIK PORTAKAL KABUKLARI ÜZERİNE PALADYUM ADSORPSİYONU İÇİN FARKLI MODELLEME YÖNTEMLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

The objective of this work was to evaluate the adsorption potential of waste orange peels for the removal of palladium. Among linear models, Langmuir isotherm model was more suitable for the adsorption process. Adsorption kinetics analysis of pseudo-second-order model revealed that intraparticle transport was not the only rate-limiting step. Analysis based on the nonlinear mathematical modeling indicated that Smoothing Spline model shows best fitting with higher R-square (R2) and lower Sum of Square Error (SSE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). It was concluded that the SSE and RMSE values should be taking into account as well as R2 in the adsorption studies.

Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of orange peel waste in present productive chains

Agriculture has become an essential sector in the economic growth of developing countries. Although food production at a large scale is the primary purpose, the residues are in some cases not fully exploited, representing environmental problems. The biorefinery concept has gained strength for developing sustainable agriculture communities based on the integral utilization of the raw materials from agriculture or agribusiness. The environmental impact of the productive chain related to any product or group of biorefinery products must be assessed to understand the possible processing effects. This evaluation allows defining the most polluting stages, which can be improved by implementing different process alternatives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the global environmental impact of different scenarios related to the orange peel waste (OPW) production, disposition, and valorization. Four scenarios were evaluated considering the life cycle assessment approach. These scenarios were, (i) Orange juice production with OPW landfilling, and (ii) Orange juice production and OPW valorization under the low complexity biorefinery context (iii) Orange juice production and OPW valorization under the medium complexity biorefinery context and (iv) Orange juice production and OPW valorization under the high complexity biorefinery context. Then, a sensitivity analysis was carried out considering mass and economic allocations. The environmental assessment results demonstrated that the agronomic stage has the highest contribution in the total orange processing chain. On the other hand, the scenario with the highest environmental impact was associated with the OPW disposal in landfills. The use of OPW to obtain added-value products was more environmentally friendly. This work allows concluding the environmental advantages of the valorization for agro-industrial residues through biorefineries.

Utilization of Phenolic Compounds Extracted from Agro-Industrial Wastes as Natural Herbicides

Phenolic compounds are considered one of the most important secondary metabolites categories in plant that involved in allelopathic effect. Allelopathy is a chemical interaction between plants and could be defined as the stimulatory or inhibitory effects of a plant on the growth of another plant through the release of secondary compounds. The phenolic compounds, in orange juice peel waste (ORPW), olive oil mill waste (OLMW) and mango leaves waste (MLW), were extracted, then identified and determined by HPLC. The allelopathic effect of ORPW, OLMW and MLW aqueous extracts, at successive concentrations, was examined on germination and growth of two weed species (Phalaris minor Retz. and Malva parviflora L.) in petri dishes and pots bioassays. The main detected phenolic compounds were ferulic, chrysin, sinapic, p-hydroxybenzoic, quercetin and rosmarinic in ORPW extract, vanillic, cateachin, rutin, protocatechuic and gallic in MLW extract, and gallic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic and ferulic in OLMW extract. The aqueous extracts of ORPW recorded the highest concentration of phenolic compounds and were the most effective in inhibition the germination and growth of both weed species followed by MLW and OLMW in petri dishes and pots trails. It can be concluded that the aqueous extracts of ORPW and MLW wastes have high contents of phenolic acids and could be utilized in controlling weeds as natural herbicides.

Co-composting of banana peel and orange peel waste with fish waste to improve conversion by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae

Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae composting is a promising waste treatment that can add value to available biodegradable waste. However, substrates that have low protein content and contain complex molecules (e.g. fruit peels) are not easily degraded by the larvae. This study evaluated the impact on the BSF larvae composting efficiency of co-composting different mixtures of banana and orange peels with incremental increase of fish waste. Mixtures (in total 50 distinct mixtures) of varying proportions of banana peels, orange peels and fish waste were evaluated. BFSL fed on orange peel and banana peel mixtures, containing no fish waste, resulted in a lower biomass conversion efficiency (4.5% ± 1.3) on a volatile solids (VS) basis (BCEvs). Co-composting the fruit peels with fish waste increased the biomass conversion efficiency and the highest BCEvs (25%) was attained when 75% fish waste was included. However, the BCEvs varied greatly (18.0% ± 5.8), likely due to varying fish waste composition. A 25% fish waste inclusion resulted in more than twice as high BCEvs (12.3% ± 2.1) compared to when no fish waste was included. As the conversion efficiency variance increased with increasing fish waste inclusion, it was recommended to keep the inclusions of the fish waste to around 25% of the total mixture, in order to increase the reliability of the BSF larvae composting efficiency.

Nano-formulations of hesperidin and essential oil extracted from sweet orange peel: Chemical Properties and Biological Activities

Essential oils and Flavonoids are widely recognized for their beneficial effects in possessing many biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, also using in food additives and in the cosmetic industry. The aim of this work is to produce nanoparticles of hesperidin and essential oil extracted from waste orange peels, and study its biological impact compared to native products (hesperidin and essential oil) as antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic. Obtained products (nano-formulation) are characterized by zeta potential, electron scanning microscopy, spectrophotometric method and color analysis. The final products (nano-formulation) were examined as antioxidant agent by two assays (DPPH and ABTS analysis). The antioxidant activity of nano hesperidin and essential oil was evaluated and compared with none formulated. Nanoparticles of hesperidin and essential oil have a great potential in DNA damage prevention compared to their respective controls which were examined by DNA damage assay induced by oxidative stress protection analysis. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of nano formulated hesperidin and essential oil, towards (three cancerous cell lines, including: breast (MCF-7), colorectal (HCT-116) and liver (HepG2), and two non-cancerous control cell lines (fibroblast BJ-1and MCF-12F) compared with native product (essential oil and hesperidin) were examined using MTT assay. The hesperidin and essential oil NPs showed a positive effect on the inhibition of the proliferation of all tested cancer cell line. The antimicrobial activity of hesperidin, essential oil and their nano formulation form was evaluated using well diffusion assay. The nano formulation form of hesperidin and essential oil showed to improve the antimicrobial activity. These findings showed that nano-hesperidin and nano - essential oils play an important role as antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic agent's effects. These effects might be used for clinical trials and can represent driving formulation for novel chemotherapeutic agents and in food industry. Further studies about the therapeutic effects of nano-hesperidin and essential oil extracted from Egyptian orange peel are requested

OPTIMIZING THE PRODUCTION OF PECTINASE OF ORANGE PEEL WASTE BY PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM MF318506 USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY IN SUBMERGED FERMENTATION

Pectinases find wide application in different industrial applications, e.g., textile, food, tea, paper and pulp, vegetable oil extractions, saccharification of agricultural remains, and in fermented drinks. Three fungal strains were screened for pectinase production. Results indicated that all strains are capable of producing a pectinase enzyme. Penicillium chrysogenum MF318506 showed the highest pectinase activity (0.214 U/ml) on the recommended medium at 30 ◦C at 150 rpm, on 6 days. Different agricultural wastes (orange peel, banana peel, potato peel, pomegranate peel, wheat bran, and rice bran) were screened as a carbon source. The maximum pectinase activity of 0.48U/ml was obtained from Orange peel and was selected for further studies. Screening of important medium components for pectinase production by the Plackett-Burman design (PBD) showed that the maximum pectinase activity of 1.057 U/ml was achieved with 3 % orange peel, 2.0 g/l (NH4)2SO4, 6.0 g/l peptone, 6.0 g/l KH2PO4, 6.0 g/l K2HPO4, 0.1 g/l MgSO4.7H2O, 0.5 g/l KCl and 0.1 g/l FeSO4. Finally, the Box-Behken design (BBD) which uses the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to further optimization of the selected factors using the PBD. The maximum pectinase activity of 1.292U/ml was observed at 2.5% orange peel and 4.5 g/l peptone. The Statistical optimization, enhanced the pectinase production by 6.04 folds using Orange peel waste as a substrate. The pectinase produced by Penicillium chrysogenum MF318506 has potential applications in different industrial fields.

Intensification of delignification and enzymatic hydrolysis of orange peel waste using ultrasound for enhanced fermentable sugar production

The present study focuses on using orange peel as a lignocellulosic substrate for fermentable reducing sugar production with intensification studies for delignification and enzymatic hydrolysis steps. The orange peel exposed to conventional and ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatment under ambient temperature for delignification resulted in around 86% delignification and 92% delignification in 4 h respectively. Subsequently, the effect of the enzyme concentration, ultrasonic power and duty cycle on reducing sugar production in the enzymatic hydrolysis has been investigated. Maximum concentration of reducing sugar as 1.30 g/L was obtained in 6 h treatment under 60W as power and 70% duty cycle, which was higher and much faster as compared to the conventional method where the sugar concentration was 0.814 g/L in 24 h. Studies involving advanced oxidation pretreatment based on hydrogen peroxide, Fenton, and ozone performed under ambient temperature demonstrated that the optimum conditions for best pretreatment efficacy are 3% H2O2 loading, 0.5g as FeSO4 loading and 2 L/min as the ozone flow rate as applicable, yielding a sugar concentration of 1.528 g/L, 2.069 g/L and 0.472 g/L respectively. Overall, the work has established that application of ultrasound and advanced oxidation pretreatment benefits the delignification and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of orange peel waste.

Use of different kinds of wastes for lipase production: Inductive effect of waste cooking oil on activity

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of by-product molasses and waste orange peels (WOP) as the nutrient medium on lipase production with Rhizopus arrhizus NRRL 2286 and investigate the inductive effect of waste cooking oil (WCO) on activity. The results showed that the highest specific growth rate and the maximum biomass concentration were obtained 0.424 h-1 and 3.83g dry weight/L for 70g/L WOP, respectively. Additionally, the highest intracellular and extracellular lipase activities were attained in 50g/L WOP as 400 U/g and 13.2 U/mL, correspondingly. Next, the inductive effects of WCO and olive oil were tested in lipase production. Intracellular lipase activity enhanced and reached a maximum of 520 U/g in the presence of 10g/L WCO with an increase of 30% compared to the one without WCO. However, both inducers caused a diminish in extracellular lipase hydrolysis activity. Overall, this study reveals that the lipase production of R.arrhizus can be accomplished using WOP and WCO with the optimum conditions.

Co-anaerobic digestion of chicken manure with the addition of Cymbopogan citratus, Mentha piperita and Citrus sinensis as fly deterrent agents: Biogas production and Kinetic study

This paper describes the co-AD of chicken manure (CM) and the effect of additives such as serai wangi (SW), peppermint (PPM) and orange peel waste (OPW) on biogas production, kinetic study, and fly alleviation potential on the digestate. The results revealed that co-digestion of CM alone produced the highest biogas (62.43 mL/gvs) and methane yield (31.12 mL/gvs). OPW and PPM inhibit the AD process as they contain limonene, while high lignin content in SW slows down the overall AD process. Modified Gompertz and Cone model were applied to predict methane yield showed less than 10% error between measured and predicted methane yield. Modified Gompertz model is preferred as it shows a higher R2 value (0.962–0.999) and lower overall root mean square error (52.6%) compared to Cone model (0.953–0.999,63.27%). AD process alone could alleviate the fly issues as elimination of flies is shown towards the digestate due to low nitrogen content.

Valorization and optimization of agro-industrial orange waste for the production of enzyme by halophilic Streptomyces sp.

This study underlines the biotechnical valorization of the accumulated and unusable remains of agro-industrial orange fruit peel waste to produce α-amylase under submerged conditions by Streptomyces sp. KP314280 (20r). The response surface methodology based on central composite design (RSM-CCD) and artificial neural network coupled with a genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) were used to model and optimize the conditions for the α-amylase production. Four independent variables were evaluated for α-amylase activity including substrate concentration, inoculum size, sodium chloride powder (NaCl), and pH. A ten-fold cross-validation indicated that the ANN has a greater ability than the RSM to predict the α-amylase activity (R2ANN = 0.884 and R2RSM = 0.725). The analysis of variance indicated that the aforementioned four factors significantly affected the α-amylase activity. Additionally, the α-amylase production experiments were conducted according to the optimal conditions generated by the GA. The results indicated that the amylase yield increased by 4-fold. Moreover, the α-amylase production (12.19 U/mL) in the optimized medium was compatible with the predicted conditions outlined by the ANN-GA model (12.62 U/mL). As such, the ANN and GA combination is optimizable for α-amylase production and exhibits an accurate prediction which provides an alternative to other biological applications.

Preparation of Adsorbents Containing CdS Quantum Dots from the Orange Peel for the Sewage Treatment

Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants using the semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) can be applied to water treatment processes. In this paper, first, the orange peel (OP) and the activated carbon (AC) were prepared from the orange peel wastes. Second, CdS quantum dot loaded adsorbents were prepared from these adsorbents and they were labelled as CdS@OP and CdS@AC, respectively. This new photocatalyst was characterized by means of FT-IR, FESEM and UV-Vis. Then, the adsorption properties of these prepared adsorbents for the removal of alizarin, as an organic pollutant, were studied and AC was selected as a better adsorbent for this purpose. Afterward, the photocatalytic properties of these adsorbents were also studied for the degradation of alizarin, under the sunlight irradiation. A factorial design method was used to achieve the optimal condition and the best photocatalyst was selected. Finally, CdS@AC nanocomposite was selected as a more effective photocatalyst with the degradation efficiency of 82% of dye solution, under 2h sunlight irradiation.

Fe-modified activated carbon obtained from biomass as a catalyst for α-pinene autoxidation

Abstract The presented work describes the autoxidation of alpha-pinene for the first time using a catalyst based on activated carbon from biomass with introduced Fe. The raw material for the preparation of the carbon material was waste orange peel, which was activated with a KOH solution. The following instrumental methods characterized the obtained catalyst (Fe/O_AC):N2 adsorption at 77 K, XRD, UV, SEM, TEM, X-ray microanalysis, and catalytic studies. It was shown that the Fe/O_AC catalyst was very active in the autoxidation of alpha-pinene. The main reaction products were: alpha-pinene oxide, verbenone, verbenol, and campholenic aldehyde.

Hydrodistillation ultrasound‐assisted green extraction of essential oil from bitter orange peel wastes: Optimization for quantitative, phenolic, and antioxidant properties

In this research, hydrodistillation ultrasonic-assisted green technique was applied to extract the essential oils from bitter orange peel. The effects of independent factors (volume/mass ratio (X1), ultrasonic time (X2) and hydrodistillation extraction time (X3)) on the quantitative, phenolic and antioxidant properties of essential oils were investigated. Linear and quadratic polynomial models with suitable ANOVA results (model p-values <0.0003, R2 values of 0.84–0.95, adjusted R2 values of 0.82–0.90, predicted R2 values of 0.71–0.75, and lack of fit p-values >0.5) were used for fitting the responses. Two optimal extraction conditions for bitter orange peel essential oils were determined as follows: optimum responses (OR) with maximum essential oil volume (0.99 ml), maximum TPC (108.33 mg GAE/100 ml) and minimum IC50 (251.56 µl) could be achieved at X1: 6.00 ml/g, X2: 39.10 min and X3: 4.72 hr, and optimum phenolic compounds (OP) with maximum TPC of 190.75 mg GAE/100 ml could be obtained at X1: 13.89 ml/gr, X2: 3.75 min and X3: 4.92 hr. The most predicted values for optimum conditions were in good agreement with experimental data. The disk diffusion experiments showed high antimicrobial activities of the optimum essential oils against E. coli. The GC-MS results proved limonene was the main compound in both optimum essential oils. These bitter orange peel essential oils with suitable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and healthy compositions, could be considered as dietary and pharmaceutical supplements. Practical applications Peel wastes of bitter orange were used for green hydrodistillation ultrasonic-assisted extraction of essential oil. The optimum treatments indicated a good phenolic content with suitable antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Limonene, a pharmaceutical monoterpene hydrocarbon, was the main component of the optimum essential oils. Therefore, these environmentally friendly extracted essential oils could potentially be applied in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Co-anaerobic Digestion of Chicken Manure and Selected Additives for Biogas Production

Huge amount of chicken manure from poultry producers in Manjung, Perak has caused endemic flies problems across the region. The present study focused on co-anaerobic digestion of chicken manure (CM) with saw dust (SD) and local herbs such as serai wangi (SW), peppermint (PPM) and orange peel waste (OPW) as additives for potential biogas production. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of additives towards the biogas production and methane yield of co-anaerobic digestion of chicken manure with saw dust. The C/N ratio of chicken manure and saw dust is 30 and the ratio between feedstock to inoculum is 70:30. The concentration of additives were 10,20 and 30 part per hundred of feedstock (pph f). The operating temperature was 35°C and the experiment was conducted for 50 days. The results show that the co-anaerobic digestion of chicken manure and saw dust with the addition of 10pphf SW has the highest methane yield (59.30%) while the control produced the highest biogas yield (9734 mL). The presence of 10pphf SW for the co-anaerobic digestion of chicken manure and saw dust produced a better quality of biogas.