Orange Peel Waste Research Articles

Green synthesized SiO2@OPW nanocomposites for enhanced Lead (II) removal from water

The orange peel waste (OPW) was chemically spiked with silica nanospheres, to develop a novel, nanocomposite (SiO2@OPW) with enhanced adsorption capacity for heavy metals. The dispersion of silica nanospheres into orange peel waste was confirmed by XRD, FTIR, TEM, SEM and EDX. Adsorption of Pb2+ ions onto SiO2@OPW was studied in batch mode under varying process conditions such as pH, metal concentration, contact time and adsorbent dosage. The maximum adsorption capacity for OPW and SiO2@OPW was 166.7 mg/g and 200.0 mg/g, respectively calculated employing the Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetic data followed pseudo second order and intraparticle diffusion models. The maximum removal of Pb2+ ions was at pH = 6.0, adsorbent dosage = 0.02 g/L and contact time 60 min. Regeneration and reusability of SiO2@OPW was studied for five cycles. Owing to reusability and high adsorption capacity, SiO2@OPW nanocomposites may be considered as a promising adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from water and wastewater.

Correlations between hydrochar properties and chemical constitution of orange peel waste during hydrothermal carbonization

For efficient hydrothermal treatment of biomass, this study aims to figure out the correlations between complex chemical constitution of orange peel (OraPeel) as typical bio-waste and the physicochemical structure of its derived hydrochar, which could be utilized to adjust hydrochar properties for specific applications (e.g., adsorbent, fuel) by regulating respective proportions of each component in bio-waste. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were used as the control variables of feedstocks composition in this work. After hydrothermal process, lignin added feedstock produced more hydrochar, which contained rougher surface with nearly doubled BET areas and more benzene rings. Hemicellulose-aided hydrochar possessed higher density of carbonaceous microspheres and richer hydroxyl. This char was simultaneously covered by more esters or lactones with more aromatic oxygen-containing groups inside. Similar to hemicellulose, cellulose improved the formation of diverse oxygenous groups but reduced the size of microspheres on hydrochar.

Synthesis of sulfonated carbon catalyst from waste orange peel for cost effective biodiesel production

The present research work deals with the bio-waste valorisation approach for the catalyst development and then its use in the low cost biodiesel production. The sulfonated carbon catalyst, a solid acid is prepared from waste orange peels (WOP) through carbonization followed by sulfonation treatment. WOP is one of the bio-wastes of food industries. The developed catalyst was characterized using elemental, spectral and thermal analysis. Surface area and pore volume is measured using Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The synthesized catalyst exhibits 44 m2/g surface area and 1.57 mmol/g acid density. To demonstrate the catalytic performance, the sulfonated carbon catalyst was used to esterify corn acid oil (CAO), a low cost feed stock containing 127.21 mg KOH/g acid value, to generate cost effective biodiesel. 91.68% biodiesel conversion is obtained under optimized conditions using Box-Behnken Design (BBD).

OPAC (orange peel activated carbon) derived from waste orange peel for the adsorption of chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides from water: Adsorption isotherm, kinetic modelling and thermodynamic studies

This study presents the orange peel activated carbon (OPAC), derived from biowaste precursor (orange peel) by single step pyrolysis method and its application for the adsorption of chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides from the water. The OPAC exhibited the surface area of 592.471 m2 g−1, pore volume and pore diameter of 0.242 cc g−1 and 1.301 nm respectively. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic equilibrium modelling for all chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides were investigated. The various parametric effects such as pH and temperature were evaluated. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model was well fitted for all the herbicides. The Langmuir isotherm was obeyed for all the herbicides and the maximum Langmuir capacity of 574.71 mg g−1 was achieved. The thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption increases with increase in temperature. The results shows that the orange peel derived carbon (OPAC) as effective and efficient adsorbent material for the removal of chlorophenoxyacid herbicides from the water.

Valorization of orange industry residues to form a natural coagulant and adsorbent

The availability of by-products released as a result of the fruit processing development is a potential study area highlighting the possibility of valorizing them. This study presents an investigation on the valorization of orange juice factory pith and peel waste in terms of the recovering pectin and an adsorbent WT (Waste Treated). The recovered pectin was used in the removal of turbidity and the formed adsorbent was used for the removal of methylene blue (MB) and indigo carmine (IC) dyes. The pectin yield obtained under extraction conditions (pH 1.5, temperature 80–82°C and extraction time 60min) was found to be 16.32% and presenting moisture contain 10%, an ash contains 2.28 and an esterification degree of 65.21. With a dose of 6mg/l, pectin used alone was able to reduce about 99% of initial turbidity at pH 3 after 30min of settling time. For the waste recovered after the extraction of the pectin, an absorbance of 70.5% of the MB is obtained compared to 16.34% for IC which shows that our support is perfect to eliminate the cationic dye. Hence, N’GAOUS factory orange waste can be valorized in water treatment as a natural coagulant and adsorbent for water treatment with low environmental risks.

Extraction of Valuable Compounds from Orange Peel Waste for Advanced Functionalization of Cellulosic Surfaces

The objective of this study is to explore, identify, and evaluate the bioactive compound extracted from orange peels (OP) via ultrasonic method as potential eco-friendly agent for multifunctional cellulosic fabrics/fibers. The innovative strategy involved two approaches. (1) A closely prepared surface modification procedure for the production of multifunctional viscose fibers was successfully developed by an eco-friendly in situ synthesis of Ag, ZnO, and ZnO/Ag nanoparticles (NPs) using phenolic compounds extracted from OP. The treated viscose fibers are endowed with remarkable antimicrobial, antioxidant, UV protection, as well as photo catalytic self-cleaning activity properties. (2) The microcapsulation and application of limonene extracts from OP as insect-repellent agent for application in textile field. On the basis of the resultant promoting data, the OP extract can be considered as a promising cheap source that can be employed to develop multifunctional finishing textiles. Therefore, this study int...

Novel and green processes for citrus peel extract: a natural solvent to source of carbon

Annual worldwide production of citrus fruits is estimated to be more than 120 MT, out of which nearly 50% is waste in terms of citrus peel. Although orange peel waste is further processed to yield valuable chemicals such as limonene and pectin, the processes involved are highly energy consuming and uneconomical and, therefore, have limited industrial acceptability. Here, we present cost-effective, low-energy, novel and green approaches to directly use the extract of citrus fruit’s peel as print transfer medium, solvent for recycling polystyrene waste and natural polymers. Furthermore, the fine solid suspended particles in the middle layer of the extract also find their use as a source of glassy carbon upon pyrolysis. This work may be an exemplary way of green engineering to use the waste as resource for environmental sustainability.

Orange processing waste valorisation for the production of bio-based pigments using the fungal strains Monascus purpureus and Penicillium purpurogenum

Abstract Orange processing wastes have been evaluated for the production of pigments by the fungal strains Monascus purpureus ATCC 16365 and Penicillium purpurogenum CBS 113139. Solid state fermentations were initially conducted on waste orange peels with the fungal strain M. purpureus aiming to assess various pigment extraction methods, the effect of particle size as well as the effect of nitrogen addition and incubation time. Under the optimum conditions, solid state fermentations were also performed with the strain P. purpuronegum to evaluate pigment production on waste orange peels. M. purpureus was more efficient than P. purpurogenum for the production of pigments during solid state fermentation, yielding 9 absorbance units (AU) per g of dry fermented substrate. Semi-solid state fermentations were subsequently conducted by suspending waste orange peels in liquid media leading to pigment production of up to 0.95 AU mL−1. Submerged fermentations were carried out with both fungal strains using aqueous extracts from either boiled or hydrodistilled orange peel residues as the sole fermentation medium showing that up to 0.58 AU mL−1 of pigment production could be achieved. Each fermentation feedstock and fermentation mode influenced significantly the production of pigments by each fungal strain used.

Epoxidation of natural limonene extracted from orange peels with hydrogen peroxide over Ti-MCM-41 catalyst

Abstract The paper presents the oxidation of natural limonene (extracted from waste orange peels) by 60 wt% hydrogen peroxide, in the presence of Ti-MCM-41 catalyst and in methanol as the solvent. The aim of the research was to develop the most favorable technological parameters for the process of limonene oxidation (temperature, molar ratio of limonene to hydrogen peroxide, methanol concentration, Ti-MCM-41 catalyst content and reaction time) by analyzing changes in the main functions describing this process: the conversion of limonene, selectivities of appropriate products, the conversion of hydrogen peroxide and the effective conversion of hydrogen peroxide. The process is environmentally friendly process and it uses renewable raw material - limonene and a safe oxidant -hydrogen peroxide. During the study, very valuable oxygenated derivatives of limonene were obtained: 1,2-epoxylimonene, its diol, carvone, carveol, and perillyl alcohol. These compounds are used in medicine, cosmetics, perfumery, food and polymers industries.

Strategies for the sustainable management of orange peel waste through anaerobic digestion

The processing of oranges is a major industry worldwide and leads to the production of large amounts of orange peel waste (OPW). Energy production through anaerobic digestion of OPW is a promising option; however, the high content of essential oil, mainly composed of d-limonene, a well-known antioxidant, can cause the inhibition of the biological activity. In this paper, different pretreatment methods were tested (e.g. ensiling, aeration, thermal and alkaline treatments) to optimize the anaerobic digestion of OPW focusing on d-limonene removal. The raw and pretreated substrates were characterized and their biochemical methane production was measured. The results demonstrated the ability of some of the treatments to reduce d-limonene content up to 80%. A relatively high biomethane potential production of OPW (up to about 500 NmL CH4 g−1VS) was measured. The importance of the acclimation of inoculum and the risk connected to the accumulation of inhibiting substances in the reactor is discussed.

Anaerobic digestion of ensiled orange peel waste: Preliminary batch results

According to the official data, oranges are one of the most cultivated fruit in the world and the major part of them are used in industrial processes to produce juices, jams and other products. From these processes, huge amounts of residues are produced and among them the most abundant is orange peel waste (OPW). One promising option in the management of OPW is represented by anaerobic digestion for methane production. The aim of this paper is to analyse the effects of ensiling (a form of storage used to overcome the problem of OPW seasonal production) on bio-methane production, also evaluating the influence of bacteria adaptation to the substrate at lab scale. Two sets of batch experiments were carried out, the first evaluated the methane potential of OPW ensiled up to 37 days. The highest production was registered for samples of OPW ensiled for 37 days, with a value of 365 Nml CH4/g VS. The second set of batch test was aimed at verifying the effect of the adaptation of the inoculum. OPW ensiled for 7 days inoculated with sludge already adapted to the substrate yielded 513.7 Nml CH4/g VS versus 187.2 Nml CH4/g VS of the corresponding test using non adapted inoculum.

Studies on corrosion inhibitory effect and adsorption behavior of waste materials on mild steel in acidic medium

ABSTRACTCorrosion inhibition behavior of orange peel waste extracts in 1 M hydrochloric acid medium on mild steel surface was studied using weight loss studies, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization and surface phenomena using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Better inhibition efficiency for orange extracts was achieved by weight loss measurements. The maximum inhibition efficiency of 99.19% was achieved for 0.25% of waste extract at room temperature. EIS analysis revealed that increase in concentration of orange peel extract (OPE) increases the charge transfer resistance with the continuous decrease in capacitance which confirms the development of dense protective layer on the metal surface at the electrolyte interface. Both the electrochemical investigation such as potentiodynamic polarization and impedance analysis confirmed the improved inhibitory efficiency of OPE by following Langmuir isotherm model. SEM analysis confirms that the corrosion inhibition of OPEs was proceeded by forming an organic protective layer over the mild steel surface by means of the adsorption process by physical contact. These results confirm that the ethanolic extract of orange waste can be used as a potential corrosion inhibitor in industrial applications.

Characterization of Biochar from Green Coconut Shell and Orange Peel Wastes

Characterization of Biochar from Green Coconut Shell and Orange Peel Wastes

Adsorption of dyes from aqueous solution under batch mode using cellulosic orange peel waste

Adsorption of dyes from aqueous solution under batch mode using cellulosic orange peel waste

Economical DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) production from Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 using orange peel extract and low cost nitrogen sources

The commercial production of microalgae-derived docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been expanding due to several advantages of algal over fish oil produced DHA. While the DHA production technology from microalgae is already economically competitive, alternatives to pure glucose and yeast extract still need to be explored to reduce the costs and increase the profits further. In the present study, orange peel waste (OPW) and various nitrogen sources were investigated as alternative nutrient sources for the economic cultivation of Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101. The utilization of orange peel extract (OPE) supplemented with NaNO3 showed a higher DHA yield than that supplemented with NH4Cl or urea, and pH5.5 was found to be the optimum initial condition for Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101. OPE optimized with supplemental NaNO3 (1.2g/L) resulted in a DHA yield of 0.63g/L, which was 2.5 fold greater than the yield obtained using a conventional basal medium containing a similar amount of total nitrogen and 67% greater total carbon sources. This result implied not only that the conventional use of glucose and yeast extract have lower efficiency levels during nutrient metabolism but also that the types of carbon and nutrient sources have a significant effect on the DHA yield. The addition of supplemental glucose further enhanced the biomass, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), and DHA yields, which unveiled the high C:N ratio requirement of Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101. These results suggest that the development and optimization of microalgae fermentation using OPE and NaNO3 is a possible route for the economical production of DHA and for the additional utilization of food waste.

Optimization of extraction of microcrystalline cellulose from orange peel waste using response surface methodology

This study investigated the optimum processing conditions for obtaining the maximum yield of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) powder from orange peel waste (OPW) by use of response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design (CCD) was used to evaluate the optimum process conditions for producing MCC from alpha cellulose obtained from OPW. The factors investigated for getting the optimum conditions were temperature (90 – 110 o C) and hydrolysis time (10 - 25 min). Both factors were found to have significant effect on the yield of MCC and the model that described the process had coefficient of determination R 2 ) of 0.9808. The adjusted R 2 was checked to ensure model adequacy, which gave a value of 0.9695. Optimum process conditions o for hydrolysis as ascertained by RSM were 100.53 o C and 16.28 min. Characterization of the optimized MCC obtained showed that it had an angle of repose of 50.08 o , pH of 6.7, moisture content of 6% bulk and true density of 0.346 and 1.48 g/ml respectively indicating a similar degree of crystallinity as that of commercial grade microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH101). It was however found to be composed of aggregated fibres at magnifications of 1000 X using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as opposed to the non-aggregated fibres of Avicel PH101 at same magnification. Keywords : Microcrystalline cellulose, Orange peel waste, Alpha cellulose, Response surface methodology

Screening and Characterization of Polygalacturonase as Potential Enzyme for Keprok Garut Orange (Citrus nobilis var. chrysocarpa) Juice Clarification

Use of thermostable enzyme from bacilli for industrial application is significant. This research aimed to isolate thermophilic pectinolytic bacteria from orange peel and vegetable waste which produced thermostable polygalacturonase, to investigate the polygalacturonase ability in clarifying keprok Garut orange juice, and to characterize polygalacturonase based on pH optimum, temperature optimum, enzyme stability, enzyme kinetics KM, and Vmax. Obtained, 14 isolates that further selected to 4 best isolates based on highest polygalacturonase activity and keprok Garut orange juice clarification ability. Four selected enzyme isolates were AR 2, AR 4, KK 4, and KK 5 had ability to increase juice transmittance, decrease juice viscosity and also reduce total soluble solid. Furthermore 4 selected isolates were partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis method. Four partially purified enzymes were known that enzyme character of AR 2 optimum at pH 6; AR 4 optimum at pH 5.5; KK 4 optimum at pH 6; and KK 5 optimum at pH 4.5. Four enzymes were optimum at temperature 60°C thus stable at temperature 50-60°C, this characteristic indicate that enzymes were thermostable. AR 2 showed active activity stable at pH 4-7; AR 4 showed active activity stable at pH 6-7; KK 4 showed active activity stable at pH 4-6; however KK 5 stable at pH 4-5. Enzyme AR 2 and KK 4 was getting inactive at pH 11, thus AR 4 and KK 5 inactive at pH 12. KM value of AR 2, AR 4, KK 4, and KK 5 was 0.0959; 0.0974; 0.0966; and 0.178 mg/ml respectively. Vmax of AR 2, AR 4, KK 4, and KK 5 was 0.0203; 0.0202; 0.0185; and 0.0229 U/ml respectively. Enzyme AR 2 was the most compatible enzyme to be applied in keprok Garut orange juice clarification for it had the lowest KM value.

Batch and fixed-bed column studies for the biosorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) by raw and treated date palm leaves and orange peel

Herein, we describe the batch and fixed-bed column adsorption of Cu2+ and Pb2+ by raw and treated date palm leaves (DP) and orange peel (OP) waste biomass. Contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, and particle size were optimized in batch adsorption experiments, while breakthrough curves obtained in fixed-bed adsorption experiments were used to determine the effects of bed height, initial metal concentration, particle size, and flow rate. The use of treated DP and/or OP in batch adsorption mode increased the removal efficiency of metal ions by 20–30% compared to that observed for raw adsorbents. The equilibration time was estimated as 0.5 h, with rapid metal removal observed during the first 15 min at an optimum pH value of ~5. Increasing the adsorbent dose from 0.5 to 6–7 g enhanced the metal removal efficiency by ~60%, whereas a particle size increase from 50 to 300 µm decreased this value by about 30% for both Cu2+ and Pb2+ and both raw and treated DP/OP. Both breakthrough and exhaust times increased with increasing bed height of the fixed-bed column, and the effect observed for treated DP exceeded that observed for raw DP by a factor of two. Conversely, both breakthrough and exhaust times decreased with increasing initial metal concentration, particle size, and flow rate. Increasing the particle size from 100–150 to 300 µm changed the exhaust time by 8 h when treated DP was used for Pb2+ adsorption. The obtained linear regression coefficients (R2 = 0.9–0.99) suggest that both Thomas and Yoon–Nelson models are well-suited for predicting the adsorption performance of the present system.

Novel Dendrimerlike Magnetic Biosorbent Based on Modified Orange Peel Waste: Adsorption–Reduction Behavior of Arsenic

In this work, a novel porous biosorbent (HF-D) based on orange peel (OP) was prepared by an efficient and simple method. The prepared HF-D showed well-ordered dendrimerlike structures and remarkable adsorption performance for the removal of arsenic. Particularly, morphology and structure details proved that the dendrimerlike structure was formed by surrounding the crystal iron nanoparticles with amorphous carbon. Furthermore, the influence of various environmental factors (initial pH, coexisting inorganic ions, humic substances, etc.) on the adsorption of As(V) was investigated. An extraordinary As(V) adsorption capacity (81.3 mg/g) has been observed when the Fe/biomass ratio was 10 wt %. Adsorption and characterization data proved that the behavior of As(V) on HF-D was an adsorption–reduction process, including complex adsorption and inner reduction. In addition, the adsorption kinetics and isotherms were analyzed. The regeneration and application in groundwater solution of the prepared HF-D were discuss...

Facile synthesis of novel calcined magnetic orange peel composites for efficient removal of arsenite through simultaneous oxidation and adsorption

Increasing exposure to arsenic (As) contaminated ground water has become a global health hazard to humanity. Suitable adsorbent for As removal from water, especially for As(III) than As(V), is an urgent but still a challenging task. In this study, waste orange peel (OP) was modified with magnetic nanoparticles followed by calcination as a novel adsorbent and investigated for instantaneous oxidation and adsorption of As(III) from aqueous solutions. The batch adsorption experimental results showed that calcined magnetic orange peel composites (CMOPC) exhibited superior As(III) adsorption capacity (10.3mg/g) as compared to similar cost effective adsorbents due to its high surface area, large pore size and greater numbers of active sites on its surface. The adsorption equilibrium data obeyed Langmuir model, and kinetic data was well described by the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption mechanisms for As(III) might be involved ligand exchange of the hydroxyl in CMOPC to form Fe-O-As(III), and partial As(III) oxidation to As(V) followed by instantaneous adsorption on surface of CMOPC. The developed adsorbent has also demonstrated good anti-interference ability to co-existing ions, admirable regeneration ability and pronounced capacity in treating simulated real As(III) contaminated water. This study revealed that waste orange peel, after simple treatment could be used as a potential adsorbent for As(III) from aqueous solutions.