Waste Raw Materials Research Articles

A stochastic programming approach to the cutting stock problem with usable leftovers

In cutting processes, one of the strategies to reduce raw material waste is to generate leftovers that are large enough to return to stock for future use. The length of these leftovers is important since waste is expected to be minimal when cutting these objects in the future. However, in several situations, future demand is unknown and evaluating the best length for the leftovers is challenging. Furthermore, it may not be economically feasible to manage a stock of leftovers with multiple lengths that may not result in minimal waste when cut. In this paper, we approached the cutting stock problem with the possibility of generating leftovers as a two-stage stochastic program with recourse. We approximated the demand levels for the different items by employing a finite set of scenarios. Also, we modeled different decisions made before and after uncertainties were revealed. We proposed a mathematical model to represent this problem and developed a column generation approach to solve it. We ran computational experiments with randomly generated instances, considering a representative set of scenarios with a varying probability distribution. The results validated the efficiency of the proposed approach and allowed us to derive insights on the value of modeling and tackling uncertainty in this problem. Overall, the results showed that the cutting stock problem with usable leftovers benefits from a modeling approach based on sequential decision-making points and from explicitly considering uncertainty in the model and the solution method.

Constructing Biomass-Based Ultrahigh-Rate Performance SnOy @C/SiOx Anode for LIBs via Disproportionation Effect.

To break the stereotype that silica can only be reduced via a magnesiothermic and aluminothermic method at low-temperature condition, the novel strategy for converting silica to SiOx using disproportionation effect of SnO generated via low-temperature pyrolysis coreduction reaction between SnO2 and rice husk is proposed, without any raw materials waste and environmental hazards. After the low-temperature pyrolysis reaction, SnOy @C/SiOx composites with unique structure (Sn/SnO2 dispersed on the surface and within pores of biochar as well as SiOx residing in the interior) are obtained due to the exclusive biological properties of rice husk. Such unique structural features render SnOy @C/SiOx composites with an excellent talent for repairing the damaged structure and the highly electrochemical storage ability (530.8 mAh g-1 at 10 A g-1 after 7500 cycles). Furthermore, assembled LiFePO4 ||SnOy -50@C/SiOx full cell displays a high discharge capacity of 463.7 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g-1 . The Li+ transport mechanism is revealed by density functional theory calculations. This work provides references and ideas for green, efficient, and high-value to reduce SiO2 , especially in biomass, which also avoids the waste of raw materials in the production process, and becomes an essential step in sustainable development.

Encapsulation of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Pomace Polyphenols in Soybean Extract-Based Hydrogel Beads as Carriers of Polyphenols and pH-Monitoring Devices.

In this work, novel bio-based hydrogel beads were fabricated by using soybean extract as raw waste material loaded with Lambrusco extract, an Italian grape cultivar. The phenolic profile and the total amount of anthocyanins from the Lambrusco extract were evaluated before encapsulating it in soybean extract-based hydrogels produced through an ionotropic gelation technique. The physical properties of the produced hydrogel beads were then studied in terms of their morphological and spectroscopic properties. Swelling degree was evaluated in media with different pH levels. The release kinetics of Lambrusco extract were then studied over time as a function of pH of the release medium, corroborating that the acidity/basicity could affect the release rate of encapsulated molecules, as well as their counter-diffusion. The pH-sensitive properties of wine extract were studied through UV-Vis spectroscopy while the colorimetric responses of loaded hydrogel beads were investigated in acidic and basic solutions. Finally, in the framework of circular economy and sustainability, the obtained data open routes to the design and fabrication of active materials as pH-indicator devices from food industry by-products.

RETRACTED: Recent advances in lignocellulosic and algal biomass pretreatment and its biorefinery approaches for biochemicals and bioenergy conversion

As the global demand for sustainable energy increases, lignocellulosic (such as agricultural residues, forest biomass, municipal waste, and dedicated energy crops) and algal (including macroalgae and microalgae) biomass have attracted considerable attention, because of their high availability of carbohydrates. This is a potential feedstock to produce biochemical and bioenergy. Pretreatment of biomass can disrupt their complex structure, increasing conversion efficiency and product yield. Therefore, this review comprehensively discusses recent advances in different pretreatments (physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological pretreatments) for lignocellulosic and algal biomass and their biorefining methods. Life cycle assessment (LCA) which enables the quantification of the environmental impact assessment of a biorefinery also be introduced. Biorefinery processes such as raw material acquisition, extraction, production, waste accumulation, and waste conversion are all monitored under this concept. Nevertheless, there still exist some techno-economic barriers during biorefinery and extensive research is still needed to develop cost-effective processes.

Making of Compost Fertilizer through Waste Raw Materials for Water Spinach Plants in Polybag

The article aimed giving an assistance of making compost fertilizer through waste raw materials for water spinach Plants in Polybag. The researchers used Community Based Research (CBR). This service was in the form of material counseling and direct demonstrations in the field for three months starting from a preliminary survey, determining the schedule until conducting outreach counseling in composting from waste sources. The Extension was carried out in two stages, namely by providing materials related composting and followed by carried out a direct demonstration in the field on how to make compost it with children at Yayasan Kesejahteraan Anak (YKA) Jambi City. The article conducted at Yayasan Kesejahteraan Anak (YKA), with 50 students as participants. The results showed that this assistance giving significant results of children because they have skilled in making compost from waste and planting water spinach in polybags where the results gave nutrition of Yayasan Kesejahteraan Anak (YKA).
 Keywords: Making Compost Fertilizer, Compost Fertilizer, Assistance Students

Training and Development in Human Resources Management

Education as a general definition; in the behavior of the individual through his own life it is the process of bringing about desired changes. Teaching, planned and planned education carried out in a certain place and in a time period called the programmatic part. Based on these definitions, my concept of education is more we can say that it is comprehensive. Development, employment in the organization to increase the performance of the employee. Made by the management during the period from the start of the it includes all efforts related to activities. Training and development in organizations or businesses involving employees activities have a number of purposes. These; to achieve high efficiency at an affordable cost, to increase the quality of goods and services for production, to prevent waste of materials, raw materials and energy, to help the organization in effective time management, to increase the level of organizational commitment by providing motivation and job satisfaction of employees can be counted as increasing and strengthening the corporate culture. In this study, the training and development function in human resources management is mentioned. Key words: Human Resources Management, Training, Development, Training and Development Jel Code: M10, M11

Evaluation of the importance of additive manufacturing technology in terms of sustainable production with the DEMATEL method

It is possible to argue that Additive Manufacturing technology has positive environmental impacts when compared to traditional production. The Additive Manufacturing technology, which provides less waste of raw materials with the use of smart materials, allows the materials to be included in the production process layer by layer (i.e. in a stratified manner) and with very high precision. Based on this point of view, the importance of Additive Manufacturing technology emerges for a sustainable production approach minimizing negative environmental effects, protecting energy and natural resources, and aiming to produce products rationally. Additive Manufacturing, which focuses on innovation and creativity, should take its place in industries as part of a holistic sustainability plan. With this study, the purpose was to determine the importance of Additive Manufacturing technology for sustainable production. It is thought that the results to be reached by the study will constitute a guiding reference for the strategies that the enterprises will develop on the subject. In this context, important application areas of Additive Manufacturing technology that are considered to contribute to sustainable production were uncovered as a result of a wide literature review and expert opinions. Ten criteria, which were considered to contribute to the sustainable production of Additive Manufacturing technology, were identified and the effects and relations among these criteria were analyzed with the DEMATEL Method. Obtained results show that Additive Manufacturing technology has a very important effect on sustainable production, with its contributions such as developing sustainable solutions, enabling green production, encouraging the production of innovative products, and preventing excessive resource use.

Analysis of Seal Face Formation Parameters using Powder Metallurgy Technology with Taguchi Method and Gray Relational Analysis

The seal face is the main component of a mechanical seal to prevent leakage in a system with fluid flow. Seal face manufacture is generally produced by the material removal process, which causes some raw material waste. Powder metallurgy is the process of manufacturing products from metal powders with raw material efficiency of up to 97%. This study discusses the relationship between the manufacturing process parameters of seal face with SiC material through a powder metallurgy process as a substitute for manufacturing by material removal. The approach used in this research was the design of experiments with the Taguchi method and the technique of Gray Relational Analysis. Process parameters controlled were compaction pressure (CF), compaction time (CH), sintering temperature (ST), and sintering time (SH). Responses were measured in the form of surface hardness (HV) and density. The combination of process parameters that produces the optimum response is CF = 408 N/mm 2 (level 3), CH = 2 min (level 1) ST = 1050°C (level 3), SH = 120 min (level 2) with contribution of process parameters CF = 38.06%, CH = 2.53%, ST = 49.50%, and SH = 9.91%. The optimum surface hardness and density values were 513.03 HV and 3.04 gr/mm 3 .

In Ukrainian

The paper considers an approach to the processing of waste of agro-industrial raw materials due to chemical activation. To obtain a sorption material, waste was used, which is the shell of Juglansregia walnuts. The aim of the work was to develop adsorbents from walnut shells with a large proportion of mesopores, to determine the parameters of the porous structure and to study their adsorption capability to absorb egg albumin as a marker of medium molecular toxins of a protein nature. Activated carbon samples with a high mesopore content (550 m2/g) were obtained by combined activation of the feedstock. The sorption of one of the obtained samples and, for comparison, the medical product SORBEX was studied by the spectrophotometric method, and its effectiveness was proved in the absorption of egg albumin from aqueous solutions. The significant capability of the obtained sample to sorb protein (35–38 mg/g) was shown, it has been assumed that in the process of sorption, macromolecules are concentrated near the inlets into the pores of the adsorbent. It can be stated that the adsorption of albumin increases in proportion to the increase in the specific surface area of the mesopore. Using the obtained sorption isotherms, the parameters of adsorption processes were calculated. Adsorption isotherms were calculated using the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. It is shown that the maximum adsorption values calculated using the Langmuir equation are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Co-pyrolysis of pig manure and magnesium-containing waste residue and phosphorus recovery for planting feed corn

South China region took the lead in revising the discharge limit of total phosphorus in livestock and poultry breeding wastewater, reducing the limit from 8 to 1 mg/L. Therefore, the advanced treatment of phosphorus in swine wastewater will become an increasingly important topic. In this paper, magnesium-modified biochar was prepared by co-pyrolysis using pig manure (PM) as raw material and magnesium-containing desulfurization waste residue (MDWR) from a power plant as magnesium salt, which was used to recover phosphorus from pig farm wastewater, and the phosphorus recovery product was used as phosphorus fertilizer in planting feed corn. When the mass ratio of MDWR to PM was 3:10, pyrolysis temperature was 800°C, B@Mg-16 dosage was 1 g/L and initial pH value was 9.0, the phosphorus adsorption capacity of magnesium-modified biochar B@Mg-16 reached 49.37 mg/g, which was 3.51 times that of biochar B-4, and achieved a maximum adsorption of 117.78 mg P/g. Besides, phosphorus-rich magnesium-modified biochar P-B@Mg-16 increased the feed maize crude protein content. The results were of great significance for promoting the integration of crop-livestock production systems and the development of ecological agriculture.

Batch adsorption of herbicides from aqueous solution onto diverse reusable materials and granulated activated carbon

This study reports the kinetics and isotherms of the adsorption of five herbicides, MCPA, mecoprop-P, 2,4-D, fluroxypyr and triclopyr, from aqueous solutions onto a range of raw and pyrolysed waste materials originating from an industrial setting. The raw waste materials investigated demonstrated little capability for any herbicide adsorption. Granulated activated carbon (GAC) was capable of the best removal of the herbicides, with >95% removal observed. A first order kinetic model fitted the data best for GAC adsorption of 2,4-D, while a pseudo-first order model fitted the data best for GAC adsorption of fluroxypyr and triclopyr, indicating that adsorption was via physisorption. A pseudo-second order kinetic model fitted the GAC adsorption of MCPA and mecoprop-P, which is indicative of chemisorption. The adsorption of the herbicides in all cases was best described by the Freundlich model, indicating that adsorption occurred onto heterogeneous surfaces.

Pemberdayaan masyarakat komoditi Bawang Merah dalam menghasilkan produk olahan unggulan Desa Polagan Kecamatan Galis Pamekasan

Horticultural commodities are potential commodities with high economic value and can continue to be developed and shallots are a source of livelihood for the agricultural community. The purpose of this PKM - PM is to provide solutions to maximize potential so that it becomes something of high economic value so as to improve a better standard of living. The partner is the “Sri Kuning” farmer group in the village of Polagan Galis Pamekasan. The PKM – PM method is community empowerment by providing assistance to produce processed products which are the village's superior products. The results of this PKM – PM include: 1. Creating processed products that become the village's superior products; 2. Understanding of digital marketing for marketing expansion; 3. Can determine a competitive selling price; and 4. Utilizing and maximizing the potential of the village so as to create zero waste of raw materials.

Fuzzy Based Tool Wear Monitoring of the CNC Milling Machine

In machining systems, cutting tool wear causes errors in precision manufacturing processes. It causes a waste of raw material processed in faulty production and a waste of time spent in vain. Continuous monitoring of tool wear and generating an automatic warning in case the wear value falls outside the tolerance value will resolve these issues. Vibration values and the powers drawn by the motors provide important clues in the non-contact monitoring of cutting tool wear during production. In this study, thanks to the use of low-cost sensors and the applied fuzzy decision mechanism , the cutting tool status could be detected online with an accuracy of 90.17 percent. The RMS value of the power drawn by the spindle motor, average value of fiber optic sensor output voltage, and the average values of selected fiber optic sensor output wavelet transformations are the inputs of the designed system. The output of the system is the cutting tool wear value estimated by the fuzzy decision mechanism.

Optimization and Analysis of Raw Material Supply Chain Based on Computational Intelligence

With the rapid economic growth and increasingly fierce market competition, the traditional manufacturing advantages have become a thing of the past. There are problems such as inaccurate procurement plans, large quantities of inventory sold out, chaotic procurement processes, and unclear inventory policies. Optimizing the procurement of basic raw materials will help reduce raw material costs. This paper analyzes some raw material supply chain processes through the Delphi method, Plato principle, and trend-adjusted exponential smoothing method and finds that the important factors for improving raw material supply include economic and technological environment, the realization of purchasing department functions, price stability, technical level, system management awareness, product qualification rate, quality inspection and testing, and problem handling timeliness. Financial situation, procurement efficiency, and cooperation compatibility are important factors for improving the supply of raw materials. By using key indicators to select strategic suppliers and computational intelligence to obtain the forecast value of raw material supply, the forecast error rate is within 9%, indicating that the forecast data are reliable and can be used as an auxiliary tool for raw material supply, thereby reducing risks. Under the corresponding conditions, the waste of raw materials can be reduced and the raw materials can be stored more reasonably. Using the Delphi method, Plato principle, and trend adjustment exponential smoothing method to analyze part of the raw material supply chain process brings benefits to the enterprise and finally achieves the standardization of the procurement process, the optimization of supplier groups, the sharing of procurement information, the supervision of procurement process, the reduction of purchasing costs, improvement of procurement intelligence, division of labor and performance assessment, and achievement of a win-win situation with suppliers.

Well-defined Co-N-C catalyst based on ZIF-67 in mixed solvents with low amount of ligands for efficient oxygen reduction reaction

Non-precious metal nitrogen-carbon composites (M-N-C) derived from ZIFs are an excellent non-precious metal catalyst for use in energy conversion and storage devices such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Herein ZIF-67 precursor with good dispersion, perfect crystal structure and size of below 270 nm was synthesized by consuming low amount of 2-methylimidazole ligand using a mixture of ethanol (EA) and methanol (MT) as the reaction medium. Compared with the traditional method of reducing the size of ZIF-67 by increasing the amount of ligands in methanol, this method avoids the waste of raw materials and saves the cost. The Co-N-C-MT/EA catalysts derived from ZIF-67 exhibits good ORR activity in alkaline media (0.1 M KOH) with a half-wave potential of 0.81 V vs RHE. After 5000 cycles, the initial potential and half-wave potential basically remain no change, showing excellent long-term stability. And remarkable methanol resistance is also displayed comparing with commercial Pt/C. The present experimental result shows that the improved synthesis method of ZIF-67 precursors has far-reaching implications for the field of catalyst research.

Study of NH3-SCR Catalyst Combinations Based on Diesel Engine Exhaust Emission Mechanisms

The overlap between the activity interval of a single catalyst and the exhaust gas temperature interval of several engines is small. In the industry, this problem is solved by increasing catalyst loadings. This has led to a certain amount of raw materials waste and increased catalyst production costs. In this study, Ce-W/Ti was introduced into Cu-SSZ-13 using solid phase grinding to change its activity range. Catalysts with different grinding ratios were subjected to small-sample performance experiments and characterization, and matching samples were selected by combining the results of the experiments with the emission characteristics of the MC07H diesel engine. World harmonized transient cycle (WHTC) and World harmonized steady-state cycle (WHSC) tests were conducted on the engine bench to investigate the causes of NO x concentration maxima during diesel engine operation using this catalyst combination strategy. The WHTC and WHSC emissions are 0.2464 and 0.1987 g/kWh. Based on the combined strategy, a performance match with diesel engines can be achieved while reducing the cost by $11/kg compared with the Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst, demonstrating the potential of the process for large-scale applications.

Polyanilines from spent battery powder and activated carbon: Electrodes for asymmetric supercapacitor cell

AbstractThis work aims to use the electro‐active materials for energy storage application from the waste raw material source, readily and indigenously available materials. Nowadays, the use of waste sources to prepare electro‐active materials for energy storage applications is trending due to their low‐cost, high availability, reduced environmental problems, and so forth. In this direction, Polyaniline (PANI) is prepared using a MnO2 oxidant collected from waste Zn‐C cells. PANI displayed a compact and interconnected granular morphology with a surface area (39 m2 g−1), pore volume (0.19 cm3 g−1), and pore diameter (2.2 nm). Activated carbon (AC) has a surface area (860 m2 g−1), pore volume (199 cm3 g−1), and pore diameter (1.2 nm) is purchased locally. FT‐IR, XRD, and EDAX spectra support the formation of polyaniline salt with a small amount of Mn and Zn. The asymmetric cell is constructed using a PANI as a positive electrode and carbon as negative electrode material. The cell (PANI//AC) shows a high specific capacitance of 157 F g−1 at a current density of 5 mA cm−2. The cell offers a cycle life stability of 5000 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of 93% at a current density of 10 mA cm−2.

PENGEMBANGAN BIOGAS SAMPAH PASAR

The traditional market has degradable waste, especially from the types of vegetables and left over food, the waste is not managed properly will potentially cause disease and poor aesthetics. There are various kinds of recycling and waste utilization efforts to reduce the potential negative impacts and produce a product that is more economically valuable so that the volume of waste does not continue to increase. Based on this consideration, it is necessary to study the generation and composition of waste as well as the potential for biogas from waste in Pasar Pagi Samarinda. The organic material of Pasar Pagi waste which is used as energy through the anaerobic digestion process can be considered from the quality of the biogas and the volume of biogas produced. The determination of waste generation and volume of waste is calculated based on the number of traders in the Pasar Pagi. The biogas production in the digester uses organic waste raw materials from Pasar Pagi and rumen liquid in a ratio of 1:1. The Calculation of gas formed was carried out using a U manometer, temperature measurements using a thermometer, pH measurements using a pH meter were carried out every day and VS measurements were carried out every seven days. The mass of Pasar Pagi waste was 1.81 kg/trader/day and for the volume unit is 4.90 L/trader/day. The total composition of organic waste for vegetables, fruit, and food waste was 85.5%, organic waste in the form of cardboard or paper waste was 2.9%, the composition of plastic waste was 10.7% and metal was 0.9%. The pH of the digester during the formation of biogas shows an acidic condition, and the increase in pH that occurs is only able to reach pH 6 or close to neutral. The temperature in the digester at the beginning of the process tends to increase, then decreases and increases again at the end of the process, but does not affect the biogas production that is still ongoing. The addition of cow rumen contents was able to increase the volume of biogas formed in organic matter and the VS value decreased every week accompanied by the increase in biogas production. This shows that the organic waste in Pasar Pagi has the potential for biogas production.

Complex processing of wood debarking waste as a factor of environmental safety

In recent decades, the development of a modern industrial enterprise is impossible without considering the issue of complex processing or disposal of waste of the main production. This issue is very acute for the enterprises of the wood processing industry. The processing of wood waste should be considered not only as a factor of rational and environmentally safe use of forests, but also as a factor providing comprehensive processing of wood without increasing the amount of its harvesting and allowing production of new environmentally safe materials in constructing or other purposes. The paper presents the technological aspects of the production of innovative board composite materials made without binders based on debarking waste of coniferous wood raw materials and the studies` results of its operational properties. The produced composite is completely eco-friendly and biodegradable. The manufacturing technology consists of the mechanical activation of the tree bark in a hydrodynamic dispersant. Thanks to this treatment, the bark particles change their microstructure, acquire a large number of active centers and autocoherent properties, which make it possible to create slab materials based on it without introducing binding components and various types of additives into the composition.

Application of cellulose of Boehmeria nivea as natural flocculants in direct flocculation

The use of cellulose which is a natural polymer as a flocculant has been widely used, however, the extraction of cellulose from plants has not been widely studied, particularly extracted from Boehmeria nivea (ramie). In this research, the stem of ramie came from the waste of textile raw material. The isolation of α-cellulose is done through pre-hydrolysis, delignification, and bleaching processes. In this research, there are 6 types of α-cellulose that are isolated from the stem of ramie, depending on the sodium hydroxide concentration in the delignification process. The isolated α-cellulose is characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and tested its flocculation ability through jar-test apparatus with 5 gr/L kaolin suspension as synthetic water samples and turbidity as the test parameter. The coagulation-flocculation experiments were carried out without the addition of a coagulant, which is called the direct flocculation method. Data analysis was performed by One-Way ANOVA statistical analysis, with Duncan’s multiple range test as the post-hoc analysis. It is concluded that cellulose is a good candidate biomaterial for natural flocculants in removing turbidity and further modification of α-cellulose with cationic grafts will be carried out for the next stage of research.