Waste Management Rules Research Articles

REVIEWING CLINICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT UNDER THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK IN PAKISTAN: PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES

The waste generated at healthcare facilities has two distinct categories: hazardous and non-hazardous waste. 10- 15% of the total waste generated at hospitals is hazardous which is termed as clinical waste. This review article has reported and reviewed the practices of clinical waste management in Pakistan’s major cities. Researches demonstrated that about 1.35 Kg / bed waste has been produced by the tertiary health care facilities in Pakistan. Studies for review process are selected through an iterative process. More than 100 research articles, National legislations, international protocols and newspaper reports are consulted and reviewed to extract the data of interest. Clinical waste management in Pakistan is the responsibility of the individual health care facility producing it under Hospital Waste Management Rules, 2005. Due to lack of proper checks and weak implementation of legislations many gaps have been identified in this review article like lack of segregation, inappropriate vehicles for transportation, poor storage and no advanced pollution control treatment strategies. Most of the hospitals lack documented waste management plan. Staff was mostly untrained and under educated. International standards for safe hazardous waste disposal are not being followed resulting in spread of diseases like hepatitis and AIDS. Cases of poor recycling and reuse of used clinical instruments is also documented. However, the condition is much satisfactory in big cities. There is an understanding to focus on the proper implementation of clinical waste management rules with strict checks. Establishment of incineration facility at major hospitals with proper maintenance, safe transportation to secure landfills and utilization of proper SOPs are suggested improvements towards safe management of clinical waste.

A mini review on generation, handling, and initiatives to tackle construction and demolition waste in India

Increase in the construction and demolition (C&D) waste generation all over the globe is indeed troublesome as it pose threat to the economy and sustainability. Construction, India’s second largest sector, has undergone massive growth in recent decades. Quantifying the C&D waste generation and its handling is considered to be an important for an effective waste management. Various approaches have been used in the literature to measure C&D waste generation at both regional and project levels. This study represents the review on the current status of generation, handling and important steps undertaken to manage C&D waste in India. This study also aims to examine the reasons for the waste management problem in the construction sector. The study reveals that the contractor, manufacturer, supplier and designer are some of the major contributors of C&D waste generation. In order to ensure the coordinated collection, storage, transport, treatment/processing and disposal of C&D waste in India, the C&D Waste Management Rules were implemented in 2016. But in the four-year period there was little improvement in the widespread use of C&D waste. According to Central Pollution Control Board, India, Chennai and Mumbai each have generated 2500 tonnes per day C&D waste in the year 2017. Further, approaches to manage C&D waste proposed by various organizations promotes the use of “sustainable construction materials” and recycled C&D waste items, to construct affordable housing units by 2022 to tackle serious housing shortages. Regulations exist, but recycling is not gathering traction yet. The fact is due to inefficient capacity of the plants and lack of monitoring by government authorities. This research is relevant to policy makers, regulatory authorities, industry and academics who research or handle the waste and its recycling in construction and demolition. • Construction, India’s second largest industry has undergone massive growth. • Industry is generating 10–12 million tonnes of C&D waste annually. • Population migration is one of the reasons for higher waste generation rate. • Out of total waste generated, 30%–40% waste is concrete. • Swachh Bharat Mission is government of India’s flagship plan for increased waste and resource recovery.

The Study of Infectious Hospital Waste Management in Two Hospital of Pakistan

The Infectious hospital waste management practices in hospital PNS Hafeez Hospital and PAF Hospital Islamabad, Pakistan in the light of environmental laws and hospital waste management rules. Data were collected using various methods such as survey questionnaires, interviews, group discussions informal, site observation, photographic documentation to study the current Infectious hospital waste management system and practices. Studies revealed many discrepancies and weaknesses in the hospital waste management system. The survey results showed that segregation of all wastes was not conducted according to standards rules and regulations. waste management team was not effective even the team member was not aware about environmental laws and standard waste management practices. Waste handling was also not according to the guideline provided by environmental laws. No protective clothing, gloves, masks were provided to waste management workers. Waste management team, doctors, nurses; sanitary staffs were not trained in dealing with hospital waste. It was concluded that the unsatisfactory current hospital waste management practices in both hospitals were mainly due to the lack of training, lack of awareness, and lack of knowledge of hospital waste management rules and laws.

Challenges in implementation of biomedical waste management among the dental practitioners in a tier 2 town in India - A cross-sectional study.

This study is proposed to assess the knowledge and practices among dental practitioners in the implementation of biomedical waste (BMW) management rules (2016) in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu; to assess the effective usage of the four colour-coded bins, those are used to handle the BMW; and to assess the service of the BMW collecting and disposing agents. A questionnaire comprising of 12 closed-ended and 1 open-ended question regarding the dental practitioner's management of BMW in their daily clinical practice was developed. After validation, the questionnaire was sent as Google forms to 54 dental practitioners who are practicing at Kumbakonam, and responses were received from all. The collected data was entered in an Excel sheet, and then percentages were obtained for each response from the participants. The most common challenges were, space-occupying BMW disposal bins as well as the lack of regular collection of BMW, this may be because the disposal agent's services cover a larger geographical area with lesser wastage collecting manpower. Though most of the study participants were well aware and practiced the management, still a small percentage of practitioners were lacking in this. The responses on storage and handling the BMW management reflect the knowledge gap in more than half of them. These challenges indicate the need for a well-established network of BMW collecting agencies and cost-effective, tailor-made colour-coded bins for suitable and continuous usage in dentistry.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ КВАЛІФІКАЦІЇ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНИХ ПРАВОПОРУШЕНЬ У СФЕРІ ПОВОДЖЕННЯ З ВІДХОДАМИ В УКРАЇНІ

The scientific article examines the content and essence of the legal qualification of administrative offenses, considers their features, for which there is responsibility in the field of waste management in Ukraine. The issue of qualification, in particular of certain types of offenses, issues of qualification of misdemeanors for which liability is provided in the field of waste management in Ukraine is studied. The aim of the work was to determine the features of qualification and study the practice of registration of materials in bringing to administrative responsibility in the field of waste management in Ukraine. In order to obtain the most reliable scientific results in the writing of the work used a number of general and special legal, theoretical and empirical methods of cognition, supplemented by the principles of dialectics. The use of these methods was mostly complex. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive approach to the analysis of the qualifications of administrative offenses in the field of waste management in Ukraine, which consists in the use of general and special scientific methods due to the specifics of the scientific article. The systematic method was used in the study of conceptual and methodological problems of defining the concepts: "qualification of an administrative offense" and "administrative offense". The formal-legal method was used to clarify the content of certain legal concepts. With regard to the results of the study, the article, based on the analysis of scientific views, considers the concepts and features of the qualification of administrative offenses in the field of waste management in Ukraine. It is determined that the qualification of acts as an administrative offense in the field of waste management in Ukraine is a comprehensive analysis of the content of the General and Special Parts of the Code of Administrative Offenses or other articles of administrative tort law thus correlate general and special offenses. Also, a study of administrative and legal qualifications in the field of liability for violations of waste management rules in Ukraine was conducted. Based on the analysis of current legislation and opinions of scientists, it is concluded that the key to the correct application of administrative law in the field of waste management in Ukraine is, first, to fulfill the purpose of administrative penalties in the context of the current Code. In particular, education of a person who has committed an administrative offense in the field of waste management in Ukraine, in the spirit of compliance with the laws of Ukraine, respect for the rules of coexistence and prevention of new offenses by the offender and others. Secondly, observance by bodies (officials) of the rights of persons involved in proceedings on administrative offenses in the field of waste management in Ukraine.

Keeping in pace with new biomedical waste management rules: Assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practices of health-care workers of a tertiary care hospital in North India

Keeping in pace with new biomedical waste management rules: Assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practices of health-care workers of a tertiary care hospital in North India

Recent Amendments in Bio Medical Waste Management Rules

Recent Amendments in Bio Medical Waste Management Rules

Ганчір'я - непотріб або цінний ресурс? Утилізація відходів в Українській СРР у 1920-х - на початку 1930-х років

The article analyzes reuse of waste in the USSR in the 1920s - early 1930s taking the example of rags. The study is done due to the non-disclosure of this scientific problem in the Ukrainian and foreign research. Based on a comparative analysis of the disposal of rags in the Russian Empire and in the USSR (case of Ukraine), the absence of ruptures in the practice of its collection has been proved. This is argued by the recognition of the value of rags as a raw material for the development of a number of industries, for example paper. The conclusion is made about the reconceptualization of waste in the early USSR, which began to be considered as a valuable raw material resource for the needs of the Soviet economy and exports. It was found that the initial interest in collecting rags was due to the need to expand exports in order to obtain additional foreign exchange earnings and purchase deficit in the USSR equipment and goods. However, since the second half of the 1920s, rags were recognized as a valuable resource for the Soviet industry. It was found that with the development of the Soviet economy, the circle of customers of rags expanded and the chemical, haberdashery and construction industries joined the paper and light industry. The similarities and differences of the multilevel mechanism of collecting rags and its main actors in tsarist Russia and in the Soviet Union are revealed. Author analyzed the evolution of its forming and found that in the 1920s, the activity in the collecting rags was decentralized. It was carried out by a wide range of actors as one of the areas of procurement of various types of agricultural and industrial raw materials for the Soviet economy. Author put the question of the need to analyze the dilemma of collecting rags in the context of a total shortage of consumer goods and poverty of the population, which widely used the practice of clothing repair. As a result, garbage often transformed in almost unusable in recycling rags. The author did not identify the environmental motivation for the reuse of rags during this period, but concluded that these activities contributed to the creation of certain elements of waste sorting and storage infrastructure, development and improvement of waste management rules, which established a basis for more efficient and conscious waste management in the second half of the 20th century.

Using Fuzzy Based Multiple Criteria Decision Making for Selecting Private Firm for Waste Management PPP Contract Arrangement

In Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM), intervention and participation of private sector is increasing day by day and various Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangement is applied to enhance services across different parts of world. In Indian context new initiatives and policies like Swachh Bharat Mission(SBM), Smart City Mission (SCM) and Solid Waste Management(SWM) Rules, 2016 are launched recently to promote more integration of private actors in the MSWM system. Selecting a suitable private firm for PPP arrangement is crucial stage and needs careful assessment and feasibility study. The selection process is complex and decision making is often based on many conflicting attributes under uncertain environment. Therefore, selection of private firm for PPP contract arrangement is Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem. This paper with the aim of aid decision making presents a study of the selecting optimal company for the Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Transfer (DBFOT) contract model of MSWM operations by using Fuzzy based TOPSIS (The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) Method. The numerical example for the MSWM planning problem of 4 selectable alternatives based on 10 evaluating criteria is also provided to illustrate the approach. The result revealed that approached used in the study can easily applied to any practical case of selection of private firm for PPP arrangement required for SWM services by the cities.

Pre and post training study of awareness about biomedical waste management among health care personnel in medical college hospital in Western Rajasthan

The biomedical waste is any waste that is generated during diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals, or in the research activities of biological. The amount of biomedical waste being generated is increasing day by day which can pollute the environment and can spread many harmful diseases if not handled properly. Health care workers in our country are still not fully aware about proper disposal of BMW. The objective of the study was to access the effect of training on health care personnel about the biomedical waste management in our institution. : A pre designed questionnaire was used for data collection before and after hands on training. Total 250 health care personnel including doctors, nurses, lab technicians and class IV employees working in our institution participated in study. Data was analysed using SPSS software and results were interpreted into percentages. Doctors, nurses and lab technicians had good knowledge regarding biomedical waste management before but the knowledge of class IV employees (cleaners and maintenance personnel) was not good but all group showed good improvement in their Knowledge regarding biomedical waste management after training. There should be periodic trainings and workshops with special focus on proper use of personal protective measures for all health personnel having special focus on paramedical and cleaner staff about Biomedical waste management rules.

Open garbage dumps near protected areas in Uttarakhand: an emerging threat to Asian Elephants in the Shivalik Elephant Reserve

Waste dumping sites near protected areas are a growing issue, which may affect the activities and behaviour of wildlife, more than what we notice. Here, we present two of our case studies, where Asian Elephants were found feeding at garbage dumps in Haridwar and Ramnagar forest divisions in the Shivalik Elephant Reserve in Uttarakhand State. Since garbage dumps may spread bacterial infection and induce adverse changes in the health conditions of the elephant population, we draw the attention of planners to develop a plan of action for proper disposal of the garbage through these preliminary observations, without affecting protected areas and wildlife species, including elephants. Moreover, collection of data on the presence of garbage dumps across the reserve and a study on the behavioural responses of scavenging and non-scavenging animals visiting the dumps would give us a better understanding of the level of impact of garbage dumps for disposal planning. It is to emphasize that garbage does not constitute a part of natural food for elephants. There are restrictions and guidelines in the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 and Guidelines for Declaration of Eco-Sensitive Zones around National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.

Knowledge and Practice of Bio Medical Waste Management in a Mortuary and Casualty of Tertiary Care Hospital

Bio Medical Waste management has been receiving highest priority in hospitals after the act was introduced by the Ministry of Environment and Forest, titled Bio Medical Waste Management and Handling Rules 1998. About 0.33 million tons of waste is generate per annum in India. Hospital acquired infections are on the rise due to improper waste management practice. A cross sectional, longitudinal study on Bio Medical waste management practice in a mortuary and casualty was conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital from 1st July 2018 to 31st December 2018. The study focused on knowledge and practice of waste management in the casualty and mortuary. Interestingly, the practice of Bio Medical waste management was excellent in casualty and mortuary. Awareness of the hazards of improper waste management was poor among sanitary workers whereas doctors, nurses and other paramedical staff were well aware of the hazards.

A mini review of construction and demolition waste management in India.

The growth of the Indian construction sector is expected to result in a significant demand-supply gap with respect to construction materials such as sand, limestone, and aggregates. Additionally, the vast quantity of unprocessed Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste pose serious problems in some places, particularly in residential, institutional, industrial or commercial construction hotspots. While several waste quantification methodologies have been proposed in the literature, the quantification of waste generation in India is inadequate. This inadequacy can be attributed to the lack of appropriate hierarchical control mechanism, absence of a common C&D waste estimation method, and the lack of C&D waste processing knowledge among generators, collectors, operators, regulators, and the general public. The C&D Waste Management Rules 2016 were introduced to ensure organized collection, storage, transportation, treatment/processing, and disposal of C&D waste in India and fix responsibilities of all stakeholders for management of C&D waste. This comprehensive research attempts to analyze the existing legislation and challenges, and proposes an information framework for organized collection, storage, treatment/processing, and disposal of C&D waste. The C&D waste processing mechanism, potential application of recycled C&D waste products, its limitations, and the best practices of C&D waste management in India are important constituents of the proposed framework.

Monitoring of mine waste from copper ore flotation

The copper ore flotation conducted by PT XYZ produces copper, and other metal concentrates as tailings. The copper concentrate will then be processed as industrial raw material, while the tailing waste is dumping a waste dump. The copper ore flotation tailings must follow the tailings waste management rules. Monitoring tailings quality testing must be done, which includes physical and chemical parameters. The results of the analysis of copper ore flotation tailings are comparing with the provisions issued by the Ministry of Environment No. 92 of 2011. And 382 in 2016. Furthermore, to monitor the state of seawater around the mining site, water quality testing is divided into three zones, Zone A with into> 120 m, Zone B 0 - 120, and Zone C (tailings free). Seawater quality monitoring is carrying out in zone B. The quality test results tailing flotation Copper ores how physical and chemical parameters are below the threshold set by the Ministry of Environment. Whereas monitoring of seawater quality carried out in zone B, TDS exceeds the intensity at S15B, while dissolved metal concentrations are below the threshold at all stations.

Effect of in-house training of health care personnel on biomedical waste management in a tertiary care hospital, Warangal, Telangana, India

Background: Every day, relatively large amount of potentially infectious and hazardous wastes is generated in the health-care hospitals and facilities around the world. Indiscriminate disposal and improper management of waste generated in health care facilities causes serious threat to environment and to human health that requires specific treatment and management prior to its final disposal.Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted among 241 health care personnel working at Mahatma Gandhi Memorial hospital, Warangal. Data was collected and pre and post analysis was done using a pre-validated self-administered questionnaire. Data was entered in MS Excel and analysed using SPSS 17 software.Results: Among 241 respondents, 33.2% were sanitary staff, 35.3% are nursing staff and 31.5% are nursing students. Only 35.7% of participants has knowledge regarding the colour of the bag into which expired antibiotics are discarded and 45.2% of participants were aware of the colour of the bag in which IV bottles, gloves were discarded. Scoring for 10 was done in both pre and post-test and post test scores were found to be higher and there is significant increase in level of knowledge of biomedical waste management rules in study population in post-test analysis (p<0.001).Conclusions: Training program on the waste management in the health sector has significant effect in increasing knowledge of the healthcare personnel.

Effectiveness of a training program about bio-medical waste management on the knowledge and practices of health-care professionals at a tertiary care teaching institute of North India.

BACKGROUND:Training of health-care providers about the various aspects of biomedical waste (BMW) management and handling (M and H) rules can improve the safe disposal of BMW and protect the patients and public from related hazards.OBJECTIVES:Our study objective was to evaluate the existing knowledge regarding BMW management rules among selected health-care professionals and to evaluate the impact of training program on BMW management on the knowledge and practices of health-care professionals.METHODOLOGY:The training program on BMW management rules was conducted in April 2018. A total of 250 participants were trained. A structured validated questionnaire was used. The data were analyzed, and the mean score of pre- and post-test was compared by the paired-t test.RESULTS:Majority of the participants were female (83%) aged 20–30 years (56%). The majority of the participants were married (74%) and were from urban areas (74%). The mean pretest and posttest score were 14.00 and 19.94 respectively (P < 0.000).CONCLUSION:The structured training on all aspects of BMW management led to statistically significant improvement in the knowledge among health-care professionals.RECOMMENDATIONS:Such training programs need to be regularly conducted.

Study of Residents’ Attitude and Knowledge on Management of Solid Waste in Eastleigh, Nairobi, Kenya

Solid waste management is no longer a non-priority issue anymore as improper waste disposal will lead to public and environmental health crisis as well as economic loss. Many nations that are developed have achieved considerable success in management of solid waste but the case is different for the developing countries as they are still grappling with issue of waste. Hence in order to bridge this gap this study calls for prioritizing and adoption of the right attitude towards proper solid waste management for the Nairobi City County. The study was conducted in order to assess residents’ knowledge and attitude on solid waste management in Eastleigh South Ward, Kamukunji Sub-county in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study evaluated and documented resident’s knowledge and attitude on the types of waste generated, pre-disposal storage, management needs and associated environmental problems. The assessment employed semi-structured questionnaires with open-ended and closed questions, interviews and observations to gather information on resident’s knowledge and attitude on solid waste management. The study findings indicated that residents had sufficient knowledge on solid waste management mainly on the type of waste generated at household level and environmental problems posed by poor waste management with the main source of information being from County workers. Despite the resident’s knowledge, their attitude was found to be poor, more so in taking up solid waste management as part of their responsibility. About 63.6% of the respondents indicated that waste was fairly well managed with 19.5% finding it poorly managed. The findings of the study concluded that the residents had a good knowledge but poor attitude towards solid waste management. The study recommends that the County Government should organise regular clean-up exercises involving the residents as well as enforcing existing waste management rules and regulations. A sustained campaign should be mounted on the need for a clean environment as this will help avert the feeling that waste management is a sole responsibility of the county government.

Application of Smart Waste Management Strategies for Sustainable Waste Management

India is moving towards development of smart cities which requires a marked improvement in Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) to provide a clean and aesthetically appealing environment specifically in urban agglomerations. Presently India is producing around 65 million tones of municipal solid waste annually and 80% of which is dumped simply on the open ground. Even after the Solid waste management rules 2016 comes into effect there is no marked improvement in the waste management. The use of technologies like Internet of Things (IoT) and adopting a policy of smart waste – smart resources it is possible to create more robust Sustainable solid waste management systems. IoT is a concept that connects numerous and various physical objects to the internet with the help of sensors and other wireless technologies, conceptually the process of connecting different types of devices extracting the data from them to perform an action in the context of data read. With Swatch Bharath, Clean India mission and the development of Smart cities projects the government of India is offering and encouraging a phenomenal change in waste management policies and action plans with an objective to make the waste management technically feasible, environmentally and financially sustainable. In the present study an assessment of existing waste management scenario was carried out for the semi urban location, Annamalai Nagar Special town Panchayat of Cuddalore District in Tamilnadu state. IoT based waste management has been proposed, the ill effects of the present waste management practices and likely benefits of the application of technology enhanced IoT based waste management have been compared for the real time waste management system.

Mainstreaming Informal sector in Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ludhiana, Punjab

Municipal Solid Waste Management has become a critical challenge in urban India. Increasing per-capita income and disproportionate population increase has strained the carrying capacity of land and infrastructure. Municipal Corporations continue to be incapacitated due to administrative, financial and human resource constraints. Mainstreaming informal waste collectors/ waste pickers into the formal chain of collection, transportation, treatment, recovery and disposal of the Municipal Solid Waste can help to institutionalize a sustainable model of Municipal Solid Waste Management and inclusive urban growth. Such policy will also be constructive in environmental conservation through effective implementation of the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 with respect to at source waste segregation and decentralized waste disposal.

A Study on Small Clinics Waste Management Practice, Rules, Staff Knowledge, and Motivating Factor in a Rapidly Urbanizing Area.

Thousands of small clinics in Pakistan are generating dispersed medical waste, unlike large hospitals, small clinic waste management is often ignored. This study was conducted on 135 small clinics in Hyderabad, Pakistan, with the aim to determine small clinics’ waste management practices in contrast to rules, level of knowledge, the environmental impact of disposal methods, and motivating factor analysis to understand the current situation from multiple perspectives. Overall, the waste generation rate was calculated to be 2.01 kg/clinic/day and the hazardous waste generation rate was 0.89 kg/clinic/day, whereas the general waste generation rate was 1.12 kg/clinic/day. The hazardous waste generation rate percentage is found to be higher than those found in large hospitals by 20%. The waste management practice among surveyed clinics was deplorable; none of the clinics were completely following hospital waste management rules of 2005 and thus the absence of proper segregation, storage, transportation, and disposal was commonly encountered during the study. Clinic staff possessed low level of knowledge and awareness, and acquired no training about waste management practice and rules, moreover, frequent employee turnover was noticed too. Additionally, two hypotheses were checked for creditability of motivating factors with an exploratory factor analysis to check their contribution to motivating clinic staff to practice sound healthcare waste management. Out of 10 indicators, nine were found in support of the hypotheses. Hence, it was discovered that active government involvement and financial support in providing training and inspecting small clinics could help in improving the condition. The findings of the present study can play a vital role in documenting evidence, and for policymakers and governments to plan solid waste management of small clinics and other healthcare facilities.