Waste Management Regulations Research Articles

The Need for a Proper Waste Management Plan for the Construction Industry: A Case Study in Lebanon

The construction industry is known as one of the biggest generators of solid waste. Considering this, attention needs to be paid to construction and demolition (C&D) waste. Lebanon has experienced many situations that have increased the generation of C&D waste. Therefore, it is essential to manage C&D waste. This research aims to assess and analyse the importance of waste management plans and their impact on the generation of construction and demolition waste in Lebanon. For this purpose, an extensive literature review has been carried out, and a questionnaire survey consisting of five sections has been developed. Factors were ranked by using 5-point Likert scales. Additionally, four optional open-ended questions were also included in the survey for qualitative data collection. A survey questionnaire was sent to 80 Lebanese experts, and 50 questionnaires were returned. Most of the responses (i.e., consultants and academics) were from the private sector; results showed that respondents to this survey were biased for their expertise. Reliability and ranking analysis were performed on the collected data. It was found that “site management and supervision-related factors” are the main sources of C&D waste. The main barrier to implement 3R was the “lack of awareness and knowledge”, and the most critical success factor was “waste management regulations”. There is lack of data on construction waste in Lebanon. Therefore, there is a need to conduct research on construction waste management in Lebanon, which is the subject of the current investigation. This research is expected to generate benefits for the construction industry in Lebanon and the surrounding region.

Waste Management on Fishing Vessels and in Fishing Harbors in the Barents Sea: Gaps in Law, Implementation and Practice

This article aims to map and provide an overview of international, regional, and national law applicable to marine waste in the Barents Sea, and to analyze fishing industry actors’ practices and perceptions of marine waste. We identify gaps between the law and its implementation, enforcement, and practice. The legal framework for marine plastic pollution in the Barents Sea and the Arctic is fragmented and not harmonized. Insufficient waste management facilities and regulations are likely to hinder compliance with existing regulations. There is an urgent need to upgrade the waste management infrastructure for the fishing industry in Norway and in northwest Russia.

Green Campaign of Food Waste Handling: Communicating the Food Sustainability

Several cities in Southeast Asia are dealing with a variety of issues related to food waste management. The rapid growth of fast food retail in Jakarta, Manila, and Bangkok has resulted in a high level of food waste. This food waste, if not properly processed, will be harmful not only to individual health but also to the environment. Food waste management, which is primarily the responsibility of retail companies, requires the use of effective strategies and tactics. Some of the tactics that can be used include increasing consumer awareness, changing the behaviours of corporate agents, and adjusting stores and items. Another strategic approach is to lobby the government to enforce food waste management regulations. The purpose of this study is to determine which communication channels are effective in communicating the dangers and environmental awareness of the impact of food waste, based on public perception in the Southeast Asian community. How do Southeast Asians handle food waste, manage food waste, and become aware of the dangers of food waste? This study employs a quantitative approach, with questionnaires distributed at random via Google Form to 400 respondents, including 198 Indonesians, 105 Filipinos, 73 Thais, and 24 Singaporeans. According to the study’s findings, the majority of respondents were aware of the food waste problem and took measures to address it effectively. The remaining respondents were already aware of the dangers posed by food waste, but chose to disregard the gravity of the situation. Some respondents, however, are completely unaware of their food waste. Another finding is that Singaporeans have the highest level of awareness in Southeast Asia, with more than 65 percent of Singaporeans aware of the environmental dangers posed by food waste.

Approaches of European to the regulation of waste management (review)

Introduction. Waste management, including hazardous waste, is one of the issues that are regulated at the level of the European Union with the help of Directives that are binding on all EU member states. Various EU Waste Directives have been approved since 1975, and in 2008 the fundamental EU Waste Framework Directive (Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives) was adopted, which describes the waste management policy, defines the classification of waste and methods for their processing and disposal. Material and methods. When preparing the review, legal documents (in particular, Directives, EU Regulations in the field of waste management) and guidelines for practical waste management in the EU were used. Results and discussions. The review presents a methodology for classifying waste, dividing it into non-hazardous and hazardous. Hazard codes and classes, threshold values, i.e. criteria for classifying waste as hazardous. Conclusion. At the stage of analysis of European legislation concerning waste management, the EU pays special attention to the classification of waste as an important tool for differentiating their flow and planning the management of their individual types. The main principle of classification is the differentiation of waste according to the degree of danger to the environment and humans, which allows minimizing their negative impact.

British dairy farmers’ management attitudes towards agricultural plastic waste: reduce, reuse, recycle

AbstractAgricultural plastic waste from nonpackaging polymers, such as those used in silage production, constitutes the majority of the UK's agricultural plastic waste due to inadequate management. This study included online and telephone interviews with 12 British dairy farmers (nine from England, three from Wales) to understand the use of non‐packaging plastic in silage production on British dairy farms. It examined their current silage production techniques and agricultural plastic waste management behaviours and highlighted the challenges of reducing plastic waste on dairy farms through the lens of circular economy. The findings show that UK dairy farmers have adhered to the mantra of reduce, reuse and recycle. They use silage clamps for high volumes of silage production, try to reuse some used silage sheets and express a strong interest in having their waste plastic collected and recycled. However, the lack of effective agricultural plastic waste collection services, inequitable enforcement of plastic waste management regulations and rising costs of waste plastic collection in the UK make it difficult for them to recycle effectively. © 2022 The Author. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry.

Pathways for Sustainable Waste Management for Renewables

Waste management has been significantly difficult to address. In recent years, the national and local waste management law in Indonesia were stipulated not only to reduce volume of waste, but also to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and open pathways for renewable energy production. Addressing waste problems in Indonesia would also mean solving the pervasive marine debris issues, which is highly critical to do as the home to various marine biodiversity. However, the current state of Indonesia’s waste management law and regulations had not yet reached its best condition. Turning to Hawaii, a federal state in the United States that has similar geographical characteristics as Indonesia, the much smaller island yet densely populated also had been dealing with its own waste problems in a different take. The active participation of community and establishing ambitious goal of zero waste in Hawaii contrasted the more rigid, top-down approach that Indonesia implemented coupled with a lax enforcement. This paper would cover the regulatory framework of both states in regard to its respective waste management methods that may be of lessons learned to further the achievement of zero waste state.

Analisis Dampak Wacana Publik Di Media Massa Dan Media Sosial Terhadap Kebijakan Publik (Sulawesi Barat)

With the development of media technology in the era of globalization, public opinion that has accumulated into public discourse can be observed in various types of media, such as mass media or social media. This social discourse has the ability to influence the decision-making process at the elite level, especially in relation to public issues. A similar situation can be seen in the West Sulawesi region where some of the people have access to mass media and many of them have become active users of the internet and social media. The public discourse that is built up in the media is not impossible to have an impact on the public policy-making process in West Sulawesi. The results of the analysis show that during the 2015-2018 period, public discourse on social media did not have a significant impact on the formulation of the 2015 No-Smoking Regional Regulations and the Singing House Perda in Polewali Mandar in 2016, but had a positive impact on the formulation of the 2017 Mamuju Waste Management Regional Regulation and the cancellation of the 2017 Mamuju Waste Management Regulation. Miras Majene in 2018.

Medical waste management in today’s healthcare: issues and progress

Background. In every region of the Russian Federation, medical waste management importantly relies on both safe and cost-effective decontamination.Objectives. The study aims to highlight the hygienic aspects of medical waste management in healthcare facilities of Krasnodar Krai and county-wide, as well as to prove the cost effectiveness of the physical decentralised decontamination/neutralisation method in a multi-specialty healthcare facility.Methods. A retrospective analysis of medical waste management over Krasnodar Krai and at a multi-specialty hospital has been conducted for period 2016–2018; cost effectiveness was calculated for the decentralised (physical) method of medical waste decontamination. Statistical analyses were performed with Statistica 10.Results. A high proportion of medical waste has been established for both Krasnodar Krai and country-wide. The cost effectiveness of the physical decentralised waste decontamination method has been demonstrated. The estimates with Ochapovsky Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 Research Institute showed that a per-kilo deactivation cost for class B (epidemiological hazard) waste by a decentralised (physical) method is more effective amounting to average 38.42 ± 4.48 vs. 191.20 ± 20.46 (p < 0.01) for specialised commercial services of medical waste collection, transportation and neutralisation; the use of a reliable validated physical method warrants the staff epidemiological safety.Conclusion. The cost effectiveness of the physical decentralised method of medical waste decontamination/neutralisation has been demonstrated with a multi-specialty hospital. Better legal regulation and inter-department coordination of medical waste management will upgrade the disposal solutions to ensure compliance with epidemiological and environmental safety.

An Overview on Recycling of Photovoltaic Modules at the End of Life (EoL)

Due to the current situation of fossil fuels eradication and over-exploitation across the world. The energy demands of the world are to be fulfilled by renewable energy sources. Among these Solar energy has the maximum potential to be exploited to the maximum level to full fill the energy demands of the world. Renewable energies contribute to the environmental, social, and economic development of countries [1]. There are various of clean and renewable energy sources such as Solar, biomass, wind, hydrogen, fuel cell, nanocomposite, and supercapacitor. Each of the energy sources are suitable for specific geographical locations and can suits from region to region [6]. Since ages Sun has been praised as a vitalizer of life. The total Solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 122 PW·year = 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. Most of the world's population live in areas with insolation levels of 150– 300 watts/m2, or 3.5–7.0 kWh/m2 per day [2 google- Solar Wikipedia]. Solar energy is the most secure and ubiquitous source of energy to meet the power needs after coal exploitation. In present time installation of photovoltaic (PV) Solar modules are growing extremely fast. As result of the increase, the volume of modules that reach the end of their life will grow at the same rate in the near future. Global installed PV capacity reached around 773 GW at the end of 2020 [3] and is expected to rise further to 2840 GW by 2030 and 4500 GW by 2050 [4, 5-Abstract ]. Considering an average module lifetime of 25 years, the worldwide Solar PV waste is anticipated to reach between 4%-14% of total generation capacity by 2030 and rise to over 80% (around 78 million tonnes) by 2050 [5-Abstract]. Therefore, the disposal of PV modules will become a pertinent environmental issue in the next decades. Eventually, there is plenty of room for progress in this area. This review present core reality of Photovoltaic Life Cycle, Photovoltaic Technology, Photovoltaic Recycling Process as well as global Waste Management Regulation in different countries and the Environmental & Economic Aspects of recycling. At present, PV recycling management in many countries envisages to extend the duties of the manufacturers of PV materials to encompass their eventual disposal or reuse. However, further improvements in the economic viability, practicality, high recovery rate and environmental performance of the PV industry with respect to recycling its products are indispensable. There is potential to develop new pathway for PV waste management industry development and offer employment and prospects for both public and private sector investors. Keywords: Recycling, End of life (EoL), Photovoltaic, Waste, Regulatory, c-Si, Thin film, Life cycle

PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE CANADIAN STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMS ON EMPTY PLASTIC BEVERAGE CONTAINERS IN SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA PROVINCES

Stewardship programs are gradually being phased out in favor of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes, which are used in various forms in different Canadian provinces. An example is the British Columbia province's EPR program on empty plastic beverage containers. Provinces like Saskatchewan and Alberta, on the other hand, continue to rely on stewardship programs and are in the process of incorporating the EPR policy as a program into their waste management regulations. Therefore, this study will discuss how stewardship program policies have helped to solve a portion of the plastic waste problem; however, negotiations to fully integrate the EPR program into Saskatchewan and Alberta waste management policies are still ongoing. The significance of this study has demonstrated how stewardship programs in Saskatchewan and Alberta have promoted the reuse and recycling economy of plastic management to a limited extent in these respective provinces. A case study method was used to analyze and investigate the stewardship program, with a focus on plastic bottle management. Field observations were conducted at selected recycling companies (Sarcan recycling and Alberta beverage container recycling corporation) in Saskatchewan and Alberta to correlate the data gathered during the investigation, as presented in this research outcome. Implementing the EPR program, according to the study's findings, may be the most effective way for Canada to achieve a circular economy of plastic waste management.

Health Workers' Knowledge and Attitude Towards Healthcare Waste (HCW) Management in the Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia

Purpose: To enhance the management of healthcare waste and prevent injuries and the spread of diseases, healthcare workers must have appropriate knowledge of sustainable Health Care Waste Management (HCWM) techniques. This study assessed the knowledge and the attitude of health professionals in the Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, towards Health Care Waste Management (HCWM).
 Methodology: A structured questionnaire was used to conduct a cross-sectional survey of 319 participants, yielding 313 responses. 
 Findings: From the result, it was deduced that the health workers’ knowledge of HCWM was satisfactory; 82.7% had knowledge of the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended standards on HCWM. However, the result also showed that 59.40% of the respondents had not received any training on HCWM in recent years. In terms of their attitude, their responses to questions suggest they have a positive mindset towards their role in HCWM. 85.90% of the health workers practised waste collection by utilizing colour-coded containers and plastic bags. The utilization of other segregation methods was measured, recording mean exceeding the acceptable mean score of 2.5 except for coloured-coded containers (2.08) and plastic bags (2.05). The practice of self-protection from risk was evaluated by determining respondents’ use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during waste handling. The recommended PPEs were always in use, excluding the safety goggles.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study calls for continuous supportive supervision and capacity building (training) among the health workers to ensure effective HCW practice and sustainability. The hospital administration needs to enforce strict biomedical waste management regulations.

Managing e-waste from off-grid solar systems in Kenya: Do investors have a role to play?

Over the past decade, the market for off-grid solar (OGS) systems providing affordable sources of energy has seen a remarkable expansion in many developing countries where coverage by the electricity grid is limited. The observed market growth has been fuelled by the provision of finance by a variety of foreign investors to private suppliers of such systems. The development of the OGS market plays an important part in meeting the development imperative of ensuring access to sustainable and affordable sources of energy for all. However, increasing awareness and criticism have emerged about the generation of electronic waste (e-waste) from solar products as an unintended negative side effect of their diffusion. In this paper, we explore whether and how investors of dominant OGS system providers in Kenya, a country that has experienced rapid growth in its OGS market, have reacted to concerns about solar e-waste by changing their funding modalities and practices. Our analysis is based on in-depth interviews carried out with a diverse sample of international investors and industry experts. We find that most investors have not incorporated requirements for managing e-waste beyond a mere box-ticking exercise in their due diligence and monitoring and compliance mechanisms. Hence, e-waste is currently not seen as a priority for investors, which raises questions about the overall environmental sustainability of such investments. To the extent that some investors have devoted attention to improving e-waste management, such efforts appear to have been motivated by the potential risks to their reputations. We also find that the Global Off-Grid Lighting Association – a global industry association for the off-grid solar sector – plays an important role in making investors aware of the link between their investments and the adverse environmental impacts of e-waste. Since most of the solar supplier firms are start-ups that are concerned with developing viable businesses, we find that investors do not want to impose another cost burden on them by requiring the introduction of elaborate e-waste management as part of their investment criteria. Furthermore, our interviews highlight the lack of adequate waste transport and recycling infrastructures and the lack of pressures from waste management regulation as key barriers to the management of e-waste. We discuss the relevance of these findings for strategies on how best to tackle the emerging problem of e-waste from OGS devices.

Case Study of Solid Waste Management in Indian Urban Areas Examination of Law Practice

Abstract: The case study examine different Indian solid waste management laws and practise in several urban centres of . The main focus of this study is that most of the urban areas in India appear to be heavily affected by poor solid waste , due to lack of proper government effort to tackle the solid waste problem. The most of urban centres of India like Karnataka and Gujarat west Bengal and many more. have abysmal facility of solid waste management facility. As we all know Karnataka is our IT capital and Gujarat is also called the diamond capital of India despite of this achievement, solid waste management is a big issue. Now we have to study exactly how the study is mounted on various lenses. We need to revaluate about the laws, if they can be same as the need of urban communities and also other organization who are involved in waste management or special regulations are needed to reduce the solid waste management problem. For municipal solid waste management, what will be its legal framework? Finally, it is the responsibility of community members and stakeholder to manage solid waste properly several recommendation are drawn from conclusion ,some are the establishment of an independent body to address solid waste management, formalization of this sector is important. Keywords: Waste Management, legal framework, formalization

EFEKTIVITAS INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH (IPAL) RUMAH SAKIT UMUM ROEMANI MUHAMMADIYAH SEMARANG

The waste management at the Roemani Muhammadiyah General Hospital Semarang uses anaerobic technology with the DEWATS (Decentralized Wastewater Treatment System) system whose outlet test results for COD, BOD and Coliform bacteria are still above the specified quality standards. This study aimed to evaluate aspects of fluid waste management and management, whether it follows existing liquid waste management regulations, and determine the effectiveness of wastewater treatment at Roemani Muhammadiyah General Hospital Semarang. This type of research was a mixed-method with a concurrent triangulation strategy; the research was supported by quantitative data carried out descriptively. The results of the management aspect of the Roemani Muhammadiyah Hospital Semarang is following the regulation of the Minister of Health No. 7 of 2019 concerning Hospital Environmental Health. While liquid waste management is still not following existing laws. Roemani Muhammadiyah Hospital Semarang has been efficient in reducing TSS, BOD, COD and NH3 while for the parameters of Colifom bacteria, WWTP Roemani Muhammadiyah Hospital Semarang is still not efficient in reducing the parameters of Colifom bacteria. Therefore, it is hoped that the hospital will pay more attention to waste water quality, especially that produced by each health service agency.

Practical Challenges and Opportunities for Marine Plastic Litter Reduction in Manila: A Structural Equation Modeling

Land-based plastic pollution has increased to the level of an epidemic due to improper plastic waste management, attributed to plastic waste flux into the marine environment. The extant marine plastic litter (MPL) literature focuses primarily on the monitoring and assessment of the problem, but it fails to acknowledge the link between the challenges and opportunities for MPL reduction. The study aimed to examine the practical challenges and opportunities influencing the reduction of marine plastic litter in Manila in the Philippines. Data collected through an online survey from 426 barangays were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) and were then validated using interviews and focused group discussions. Good internal consistency (0.917) and convergent and discriminant validity were achieved. The empirical study has established structural model fit measures of RMSEA (0.021), SRMR (0.015), CFI (0.999), and TLI (0.994), with a good parsimonious fit of the chi-square/degrees of freedom ratio of 1.190. The findings revealed that environmental governance regarding waste management policies and guidelines, COVID-19 regulations for waste management, community participation, and socio-economic activities have positively affected marine plastic litter leakage and solution measures. Environmental governance significantly and partially mediates the effects of, e.g., COVID-19-related waste and socio-economic activities on MPL leakage. However, there is no relationship between the waste management infrastructure and environmental governance. The findings shed light on how to enhance environmental governance to reduce marine plastic litter and address Manila’s practical challenges.

Solid Waste Assessment and Management Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS Tools: A Case Study of Najran City, KSA

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is a major socio-economic issue in all emerging countries. Cities have their solid waste management regulations, approach, and procedures. They believe that wastelands outside of cities are the greatest places to dispose of solid waste. Such inappropriate location will lead to morphologic changes in the urban region and its surrounding, creating health hazards. The acquisition of data about an object(s) without establishing contact with it is known as remote sensing. The geographic information system (GIS) is a spatial system that creates, maintains, analyses, and maps various kinds of data. GIS software and remote sensing data are extremely valuable for assessing and managing solid wastage. Sentinel-2 satellite images were used to obtain land cover data. Digital elevation model (DEM) from ALOS-PALSAR free data used to describe surface information. Some thematic layers, such as soil, surface slope, drainage density, airport distance, road distance, and land-use, were used as principal input data for Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to choose the best solid waste locations in Najran city. According to the appropriateness degree of the landfill, locations acquired, 31% and 10.9 percent of the total area were classed as very low and low, respectively, while 25.3 % and 11.9 % were classified as high and very high suitable areas.

Obligations to Manage the Hazardous Waste of Enterprises through Practical Application in Binh Duong Province

The topic focuses on analyzing the current legal provisions in the regulation of hazardous waste management of enterprises as well as the role of legal adjustments towards hazardous waste management of enterprises. industry and sanctions for fine acts at both administrative, civil and criminal levels; At the same time, it points out the factors that directly affect the legal regulations on hazardous waste management of enterprises. The basis of the collected data, clearly reflects the practice of implementing the provisions of Vietnam's law on hazardous waste management, the shortcomings and problems in legal regulations, and limiting the hazardous waste management activities of enterprises in Binh Duong Province. From the study of those limitations, the topic has come up with a system of solutions to legal and policy issues, thereby improving the efficiency of waste management activities of enterprises in Vietnam in general and Binh Duong province in particular.

First detection of vanA positive Enterococcus faecium clonal complex 17 in hospital wastewater in Algeria: an epidemiological report

Enterococcus spp. are Gram-positive cocci that are recognised as critical opportunistic pathogens, especially in immunocompromised patients. Vancomycin is considered as the drug of last resort for the treatment of infections caused by Enterococcus species, making vancomycin resistance a serious public health concern. In this article, we report the first environmental vanA positive Enterococcus faecium isolates in Algeria. The strains were selectively isolated from hospital wastewater and then identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method. Vancomycin resistance genes were searched for by standard PCR and the clonal relatedness of our isolates was investigated by multilocus sequence typing. A total of five highly vancomycin-resistant Gram-positive bacteria were isolated and identified as Enterococcus faecium. The isolates harboured the vanA gene and were assigned to the clonal complex 17. Our findings confirm the great potential of hospital wastewater as a reservoir and dissemination pathway of multidrug resistant organisms, and alert to the need for better regulation of hospital waste management in order to reduce their impact on the environment.

Towards a Circular Economy: A Review on Asbestos Waste Management Regulations in Kenya

Kenya banned the use of asbestos in 2006, given its carcinogenic effects. Consequently, regulatory and institutional guidelines have been established to ensure the safe disposal of hazardous material. Yet, Kenya still uses 10% of its national health allocations to treat asbestos-related infirmities. The goal of this article is to review the policy guidelines for disposal of asbestos and assess its robustness as a measure of socio-environmental risk reduction. The study utilises a systematic review of policy guidelines on asbestos, air, and water quality regulations against their implementation reviewed in Environmental Impact Assessment reports from 2013 to 2021. Studies assessing thermal and chemical treatment processes for asbestos are reviewed to assess the processes involved and acquire information based on efficiency in terms of cost, technological applicability, and minimal environmental effects. The review shows that more risks are inherent from landfilling, which is considered safe in the regulations. Examples include compromised standards of disposal and unforeseen risks arising from geologic activity that may create channels for leaching and other exposure pathways. This review proposes that the policy guidelines should ‘rethink’ and adopt conversion of the substance through processes such as dissolution in acids (and) or thermal conversion processes. The processes guarantee the elimination of the fibres and yield by-products that can be further processed, namely, glass and fertilisers. Additionally, they reduce waste and relieve landfills while optimising land use. Despite the high initial costs, the merits of the process offer significant trade-offs. There is a need for comprehensive data collection, especially on volume, detailed geophysical information, type of Asbestos Containing Material and coherence of policy guidelines. This sets precedence for the adoption of a circular economy which Kenya is determined to embrace. Also, it will present an opportunity for research and innovation that will contribute to a global knowledge base.

Food waste management regulation in Indonesia to achieve sustainable development goals

This article discussed various regulation of food waste management in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to find out the regulations governing food waste management in Indonesia. By using a normative research method that makes laws and regulations the main study material in this article. Population growth and changes in consumption patterns result in an increase of the volume, type, and characteristics of waste in Indonesia. Food waste was the biggest contributor to the waste production in Indonesia. Food waste occupied the first position in the composition of waste in Indonesia amount 40.3%. Article 28 H paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia had mentioned that a good and healthy environment was the right of every citizen. The right to a good and healthy environment was aligned with other human rights so that their position was equal. By implementing food waste management from production to after consumption through the right strategy, it will be able to reduce the environmental impact of food waste and contribute to sustainable development goals. The results found by the authors that there were no specific rules governing food waste management in Indonesia. There were regulations governing both organic and non-organic waste in the laws that owned by Indonesia, but none had specifically discussed about food waste.