Waste Management In China Research Articles

中国餐厨垃圾处理的现状、问题和对策

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 中国餐厨垃圾处理的现状、问题和对策 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201106210914 作者: 作者单位: 中山大学生命科学学院昆虫学研究所,广东,中山大学生命科学学院昆虫学研究所,广东,中山大学生命科学学院昆虫学研究所,广东 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中山大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(3165004) Food waste management in China: status, problems and solutions Author: Affiliation: Institute of Entomology,School of Life Science,Sun Yat-sen University;China,Institute of Entomology,School of Life Science,Sun Yat-sen University;China,Institute of Entomology,School of Life Science,Sun Yat-sen University;China Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:餐厨垃圾具有高水分、高盐分、高有机质含量、组分时空差异明显、危害性与资源性并存的特点。目前国内外常用的餐厨垃圾处理技术如焚烧、卫生填埋、生态饲料、厌氧消化、好氧堆肥和蚯蚓堆肥等,通常存在着资源化利用效率低、经济效益不够理想的缺陷。总结相关文献及报道,中国在餐厨垃圾资源化处理上存在"行政瓶颈"和"技术瓶颈"两大方面的问题:"行政瓶颈"的解决之道在于完善管理及处理体系,各级政府部门切实重视、加大投入,强力推进垃圾分类投放;而对于"技术瓶颈",除综合运用多种现有处理技术外,开发新技术提高餐厨垃圾的资源化循环利用程度,是关键所在。 Abstract:The present paper reviewed the food waste management in China, specially analyzed the basic features of food waste, summarized the current disposal technologies, pointed out the present problems, and suggested countermeasures for future in the food waste management of China. Food waste is characterized by high moisture, salinity and organic matter content, which makes it possess duplicity with the perishable and smelly as a waste and the potential as a recycling biotic resource. There is significant spatial and temporal variations in components of food waste from different areas due to geographic differences, eating habits and cultural traditions. Thereby it is usually difficult to process various food waste with a unitary approach. At present, commonly used disposal technologies for food waste include incineration, sanitary landfill, ecofeed, anaerobic digestion, aerobic composting, and vermicomposting. However, incineration is featured with heavy energy consumption because of the high moisture character and sanitary landfill occupies a lot of places with the possibility of the secondary pollution. Other unconventional approaches (except for incineration and sanitary landfill) also have common limitations, such as a long processing period, complex operation, inefficient reclamation and low economic value, when referred to the principle of decrement, innoxiousness, and reclamation. In recent years, more and more attentions have been paid to the food waste reclamation in view of the gradually serious predicament of garbage siege. Nevertheless, the food waste reclamation is still in its infancy with many problems of management and disposal. Above all, it is reported that the amount of food waste generated in China is not less than 60 million tons per year, accounting for 40%-50% of the municipal solid wastes, but the reclamation ratio is extremely low. Moreover, an effective collection system and relevant laws/regulations have not been established. Guangzhou is the only city to issue the Interim Provisions of Garbage Classification Management till the present moment, where refuse sorting is made mandatory for citizens. There is no national law of food waste management in China, and only Xining issued a district law Regulations of Food Waste Management in Xining. Besides, the economic value of the current processing technologies is low at large, and local financial subsidy is requisite to the development of food waste processing technologies and companies which are responsible for food waste disposal. Ultimately, it is difficult to dispose food waste completely using existing technologies, and the liquid of food waste is usually discharged into sewage treatment system. High salinity in the liquid from food waste brings overburdens to the sewage treatment system, not only hindering the growth of microorganism in sewage treatment system, but also corroding relative equipments. All these problems can be broadly grouped into two areas, administrative bottleneck and technical bottleneck. The solution of administrative bottleneck lies in improving management and disposal systems, and all levels of government should pay more attentions and increase investment to the garbage sorting. Whereas the solution of technical bottleneck requires comprehensive use of multiple processing technologies, as well as research and development of new technologies to improve the degree of food waste recycling. And a creative and feasible technology was suggested in the end of this paper, which could be used to recycle food waste efficiently by flies naturrally occurred in organic wastes. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Analysis of Necessity of the Acceleration of Solid Waste Management in China in “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” Period and Suggestions

This paper presents the basic concept of waste and principal theory of hazardous waste management. While elaborating serious damages caused by solid waste, the paper also introduces relevant management policies of the US concerning hazardous waste. After the analysis of the current state of solid waste management in China, the paper proposes to accelerate the improvement of solid waste management system in our country. We are expecting a domestically effective solid waste management and an avoidance from similar pollution events overseas

Industrial solid waste flow analysis of eco-industrial parks: implications for sustainable waste management in China

Sustainable waste management in the industrial ecology perspective brings enormous challenges to the existing methodology of waste analysis at the industrial park (IP) scale. In this study, a four-step method was proposed for industrial solid waste (ISW) flow analysis of eco-industrial parks (EIPs) and applied to two IPs in eastern China. According to a park-wide census of 619 industrial enterprises and 105 questionnaires by a survey from 2006 to 2008, the results indicated that: 1) at the enterprise scale, more than 60% of enterprises were small-ISW-generation enterprises which encountered great difficulties on effective waste management; 2) at the IP scale, though the two IPs have set up their own environmental management systems and passed the ISO 14001 certification, the efficiencies of the ISW management systems have yet to be improved in the industrial ecology perspective; and 3) at the regional scale, more than 97% of ISW flowed within the provincial region, indicating that the provincial governments prevented the wastes from flowing into their own “back yard”. Effective waste management should be placed in a broader perspective. Approaches to sustainable waste management may include wastes exchange, efficient waste and information flow, virtual EIP, waste minimization clubs and regionalization of waste management.

A study on legislative and policy tools for promoting the circular economic model for waste management in China

The circular economy has been developing rapidly in recent years in China. A legislative system has been created to provide legal protection for the development of a circular economy, including a series of price and tax measures in the waste management area. These measures form the basic foundation for promoting better waste management under the circular economic model. Many challenges, however, remain. For instance, the legal system needs to incorporate more sophisticated science, and China lacks key waste treatment technology that could support the further development of a circular economy. There is also a need to educate the public about the concept of the circular economy and its benefits. Specific suggestions are made for the development and implementation of the circular economic model.

Major obstacles to improving the performance of waste management in China's construction industry

PurposeThe generation of construction and demolition waste in China is a pressing need to be minimized in order to alleviate the environmental burden. The effectiveness of implementing construction and demolition waste management in this economy, however, is very limited due to various barriers. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the major obstacles to managing construction and demolition waste in China.Design/methodology/approachThe views from Chinese practitioners were collected via a questionnaire survey. The respondents were invited to rate a total of 16 obstacles that hinder the effective implementation of construction and demolition waste management as gleaned from previous literature and six semi‐structured interviews. The results of the questionnaire were analyzed by ranking analysis and factor analysis.FindingsThe findings show that “lack of a well‐developed waste recycling market”, “insufficient regulation support” and “waste reduction does not receive sufficient attention in construction design” are perceived as the three barriers of most importance. Furthermore, the 16 obstacles could be grouped into five underlying components including: component 1 – weak awareness and inadequate training, component 2 – insufficient support of the authority, component 3 – economic consideration, component 4 – immature market and component 5 – barriers related to site activity.Practical implicationsBased on the findings, industry practitioners' understandings about the barriers to better performing construction and demolition waste management in China can be deepened. Furthermore, the results also provide useful information for developing strategies to improve the performance of construction and demolition waste management in China.Originality/valueMajor obstacles to improving the performance of construction and demolition waste management in China are identified and analyzed in this study.

An empirical investigation of construction and demolition waste generation rates in Shenzhen city, South China

The construction and demolition waste generation rates (C&D WGRs) is an important factor in decision-making and management of material waste in any construction site. The present study investigated WGRs by conducting on-site waste sorting and weighing in four ongoing construction projects in Shenzhen city of South China. The results revealed that WGRs ranged from 3.275 to 8.791 kg/m 2 and miscellaneous waste, timber for formwork and falsework, and concrete were the three largest components amongst the generated waste. Based on the WGRs derived from the research, the paper also discussed the main causes of waste in the construction industry and attempted to connect waste generation with specific construction practices. It was recommended that measures mainly including performing waste sorting at source, employing skilful workers, uploading and storing materials properly, promoting waste management capacity, replacing current timber formwork with metal formwork and launching an incentive reward program to encourage waste reduction could be potential solutions to reducing current WGRs in Shenzhen. Although these results were derived from a relatively small sample and so cannot justifiably be generalized, they do however add to the body of knowledge that is currently available for understanding the status of the art of C&D waste management in China.

Reduction of CO2 Emission Using Bioreactor Technology for Waste Management in China

Abstract Landfill gas emission associated with waste management is becoming significant environmental and energy issues in China. Currently, China is the world's largest municipal solid waste generator and approximate 80% of the generated waste is disposed in landfills. Landfill gas is a byproduct of anaerobic decomposition of organic waste and is typically comprised of methane and carbon dioxide. Due to the high heat value of methane, landfill gas has emerged as an easily available energy source. However, landfill gas collection is not common in most conventional landfills in China. Bioreactor technology provides an environmentally friendly way to increase landfill gas generation in a shorter period of time, which makes landfill gas collection more efficiently and economically. Model simulations were conducted to compare landfill gas generation in both conventional and bioreactor landfills and to estimate CO2 emission reduction under various conditions in this study. The results indicate that bioreactor technology can provide a promising approach for waste management in China.

Exploring critical success factors for waste management in construction projects of China

The enormous amount of construction activity in China associated with its rapid economic development has produced a large amount of construction and demolition (C&D) waste over the past three decades. The majority of this waste has not been well processed, which has led to severe damage to the environment. Although there is clearly a need for better C&D waste management (WM) in China, the best ways to achieve this have yet to be fully explored. This paper is based on a study by the authors that aimed to identify the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for C&D WM in China. A questionnaire survey and 14 semi-structured interviews with practitioners, researchers and government officials were conducted in Shenzhen, a leading city in southern China for tackling C&D WM. Seven factors were identified as the CSFs for managing C&D waste: (1) WM regulations, (2) waste management system (WMS), (3) awareness of C&D WM, (4) low-waste building technologies, (5) fewer design changes, (6) research and development in WM, and (7) vocational training in WM. These CSFs can serve as valuable references for stakeholders to develop effective C&D WM strategies. The research also adds to the knowledge on how to reduce adverse environmental impacts caused by construction activities in rapidly developing economies.

An overview of municipal solid waste management in China

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in China warrants particular attention as China has become the largest MSW generator in the world and the total amount of MSW it produces continues to increase. In recent years, central and local governments have made great efforts to improve MSWM in China. New regulations and policies have been issued, urban infrastructure has been improved, and commercialization and international cooperation have been encouraged. Considering these developments, an overview is necessary to analyze the current state as well as new opportunities and challenges regarding MSWM in China. This paper shows that since the late 1990s, the amount of MSW collected has been largely decoupled from economic growth and incineration has become an increasingly widespread treatment method for MSW. We identify and discuss four major challenges and barriers related to China’s MSWM, and propose an integrated management framework to improve the overall eco-efficiency of MSWM.

Medical waste management in China: A case study of Nanjing

Medical waste management is of great importance due to its infectious and hazardous nature that can cause undesirable effects on humans and the environment. The objective of this study was to analyze and evaluate the present status of medical waste management in the light of medical waste control regulations in Nanjing. A comprehensive inspection survey was conducted for 15 hospitals, 3 disposal companies and 200 patients. Field visits and a questionnaire survey method were implemented to collect information regarding different medical waste management aspects, including medical waste generation, segregation and collection, storage, training and education, transportation, disposal, and public awareness. The results indicated that the medical waste generation rate ranges from 0.5 to 0.8 kg/bed day with a weighted average of 0.68 kg/bed day. The segregated collection of various types of medical waste has been conducted in 73% of the hospitals, but 20% of the hospitals still use unqualified staff for medical waste collection, and 93.3% of the hospitals have temporary storage areas. Additionally, 93.3% of the hospitals have provided training for staff; however, only 20% of the hospitals have ongoing training and education. It was found that the centralized disposal system has been constructed based on incineration technology, and the disposal cost of medical waste is about 580 US$/ton. The results also suggested that there is not sufficient public understanding of medical waste management, and 77% of respondents think medical waste management is an important factor in selecting hospital services. The problematic areas of medical waste management in Nanjing are addressed by proposing some recommendations that will ensure that potential health and environmental risks of medical waste are minimized.

Strategy for High Level Waste Management in China

Geological disposal after reprocessing, conditioning and long-term storage is the framework of high level waste(HLW)policy adopted in China. Uranium and plutonium extracted from the spent fuels could be recycled. The HLW shall be disposed of in a centralized national deep geological repository. R&D on HLW disposal started in 1985 and some progress has been made on site selection and site characterization, buffer/back-fill material study, radionuclide migration study and safety assessment, etc.

Development and prospects of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in China

With the lack of space for new landfills, municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration is playing an increasingly important role in municipal solid waste management in China. The literatures on certain aspects of incineration plants in China are reviewed in this paper, including the development and status of the application of MSW incineration technologies, the treatment of leachate from stored MSW, air pollution control technologies, and the status of the fly-ash control method. Energy policy and its promotion of MSW-to-energy conversion are also elucidated.

The roles of grassroots local government in sustainable waste management in China

Although half of the administrative units in China are said to have implemented their local Agenda 21, the promotion of sustainable communities is not pervasive. In this paper, we adopted a relatively untried mode of analysis and a socio-economic context to illustrate the potentials and failures of China's grassroots local government bodies in achieving sustainable waste management. Our study shows that, among the three main functions of sustainable waste management (ensuring environmental hygiene, provision of recycling logistics and changing the consumption pattern of the local community) for local governments, grassroots local government bodies in mainland China are only able to do the minimum, i.e. ensuring environmental hygiene and handling complaints. One of the reasons for the failure is that, despite the emphasis on capacity building in China's Agenda 21, the reality is that no action is taken to empower grassroots local government. Despite the high profile accorded by the Chinese central government to motivating local governments to formulate their own Agenda 21, local sustainability and waste management performance have little relevance to the appraisal systems of these government agents.

The current situation of solid waste management in China

With economic development, the quantity of solid waste is increasing rapidly in China; the total quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial solid waste (ISW), and hazardous waste (HW) in 2002 were 136.5 million tons, 945 million tons, and 10 million tons, respectively. In 2002, the quantity of MSW disposed of was 74.04 million tons, 89.30% of which was landfilled, 3.72% was incinerated, and 6.98% was composted. There are currently 651 disposal facilities for MSW in China. Mining gangue is the largest component of ISW, making up 27.5% of the total. In the Chinese industrial sector, the coal mining and processing industry contributed most to the total quantity of ISW, with 16.0% of the total quantity of ISW generated by this sector. In total, 44% of HW was recycled, 27% was stored, 13.5% was disposed of, and 15.4% was discharged. Of the total HW generated, 40% was produced by the chemical materials and chemical products industry. Five categories of HW, i.e., waste alkali, waste acid, inorganic fluoride waste, copper waste, and inorganic cyanide waste, made up 57.8% of the total HW generated. Solid waste pollution has become a huge challenge faced by those involved in Chinese environmental management, but this can be seen as an opportunity to improve environmental quality. This article introduces the strategies taken to improve solid waste management in China.

Electrical and electronic waste management in China: progress and the barriers to overcome

Serious adverse impacts on the environment and human health from e-waste recycling have occurred in the past and continue to occur in China today, due to a lack of national management strategies. China has made great efforts to face the challenges of the approaching peak increase in the domestic generation of e-waste and the illegal shipment of e-waste from other countries. This study examined recent progress and analysed the main problems associated with this issue in China. It was found that the material and the financial flows of e-waste in China had their own specific characteristics. Nearly 60% of the generated e-wastes were sold to private individual collectors and passed into informal recycling processes. More than 90% of Chinese citizens are reluctant to pay for the recycling of their e-waste. This is due to their traditional understanding that there remained value in these end-of-life products. Regulations concerning e-waste in China have been drafted but their deficiencies are obvious. The extended producer responsibilities (EPR) have been introduced but are not well defined. Eight formal facilities have been planned and are under construction or are in operation along the eastern coast of China but it will be difficult for them to compete with the informal processes for the reasons identified during the study.

Current status and future focus of hazardous waste management in China

Rapid social and economic development in China has caused the amount of hazardous wastes being generated to increase drastically. The necessary regulations and systems regarding the management of hazardous wastes are currently still not in place. Based on an analysis of the characteristics of hazardous waste pollution and pollution trends in China, this paper reports on China's current status regarding hazardous waste management, and introduces the main difficulties to be faced. The principles and objectives, and the action plan for hazardous waste pollution control in China are also explained in detail. These principles and objectives have been stipulated in the Technological Policies on Hazardous Waste Pollution Control, which is issued by China State EPA, State ETC, and the Science and Technology Ministry.

Municipal solid waste management in China: using commercial management to solve a growing problem

The municipal solid waste (MSW) problem in China is expanding rapidly, with annual waste production growing at close to 10% per year, but sanitary landfills are still rare. This paper discusses China’s MSW management problems, analyzes MSW production trends, and proposes countermeasures using commercial management to address China’s MSW problems. Various organizational and technical hurdles, including centralized planning and economic disincentives, stand in the way of the establishment of a vibrant commercial MSW management system. But commercialization of the MSW industry is the optimal and perhaps only route for effectively purging China of its MSW problem. The development of an ‘industry chain’ with upstream and downstream linkages is required.

Stagnation Without Equity: Patterns of Growth and Inequality in China's Rural Economy

When China's leaders launched rural reforms in the late 1970s, they acknowledged the nation's need to modify its commitment to egalitarianism.1 Slogans such as Tt is glorious to be rich!' and 'Some areas will lead; others will follow!' signalled this fundamental shift in ideology. Leaders backed up these exhortations with a series of concrete policy actions ? establishing the Special Economic Zones and implementing the East Coast-first policy, introducing financial reforms, and initiating the rural industrialization movement. In China's version of the 'trickle down' theory, certain core areas were to take the lead in the modernization process and provide models for other areas to later emulate. Adopting strategies that had been employed