Waste Lubricating Oil Research Articles

Pengolahan Limbah Minyak Pelumas dengan Menggunakan Metode Elektrokoagulasi

Most of users of lubricants are motor vehicles plus lubricating oil used for factory machinery. The amount of lubricating oil used will produce waste. Waste generated by the lubricant is included in the B3 waste which needs special handling. In this study used electrocoagulation because this method is easy and not too dangerous because there is no addition of chemicals. The objective of this study was to study electrocoagulation method using aluminum and steinless steel electrodes and the effect of time to decrease of Fe metal content. This electrocoagulation treats lubricating oil waste electrically so that the ions present in the waste are absorbed by the binding coagulant that is released electrode so that there will be bonds between metal ions with coagulant. The first reactor penetration procedure is filled with a lubricating oil waste containing Fe up to 1000mL. The anode (aluminum) is connected to the positive pole, whereas the cathode (stainless steel) is connected to the negative pole of the current rectifier (adapter). Voltage variations used are 12 volts, 18 volts and 24 volts and 5A current strength with stirring duration of each variation for 2 hours, 2.5 hours and 3 hours. Electrocoagulation result with 24 volt voltage with time of 3 hours for big plate is 26,44 is decrease of Fe content of biggest metal.

Recycling of used engine oil by different solvent

The refining of lubricating oils from waste lubricating oil was examined utilizing a novel blend of solvent extraction and activated alumina adsorbent. The activity of these solvent extraction blends {toluene, butanol and methanol (A)}, {toluene, butanol and ethanol (B)} and {toluene, butanol and isopropanol (C)} was evaluated experimentally, oil to solvent proportions from 1:1 to 1:3 were analyzed for mixture blend (C). The results confirm solvent mixture (A) gave good efficiency with the highest percent sludge removal. The maximum percent of sludge removal improves with the increase of solvent to oil ratios. The physical properties of the recycle oil were measured. The results show the change in the properties of recycling oil and have good efficiency.

Using Vacuum Distillation Technique to Treat Waste Lubricating Oil and Evaluation its Efficiency by Chromatographic Methods

Using Vacuum Distillation Technique to Treat Waste Lubricating Oil and Evaluation its Efficiency by Chromatographic Methods

A data-driven approach for the study of coagulation phenomena in waste lubricant oils and its relevance in alkaline regeneration treatments

Coagulation phenomena can occur in certain types of waste lubricant oils (WLO) during regeneration processes involving alkaline treatments, causing plant shutdowns. In this context, this study addresses the nature of the compounds responsible for the coagulation phenomena after the alkaline treatment. For such, an empirical test was developed to assess the coagulation behaviour of WLO, consisting in the addition of KOH to the WLO followed by heating under stirring conditions. This test was performed on 133 samples and four coagulation classes were identified: A; B1; B2 and C. Moreover, a physicochemical characterization of WLO was carried out regarding viscosity at 40°C, saponification number (SN), total acid number (TAN), surface tension, water content, elemental analysis and functional groups (FTIR). 56 samples of fresh lubricant oils for different applications were also characterized and their properties assessed and compared. Multivariate methods were applied to WLO to discriminate among coagulation classes based on FTIR spectra. It was found that coagulation classes A and B1 exhibit statistically similar patterns for all properties determined. Spectral discriminating analysis did not reveal discriminant peaks for class B1 samples, and the presence of specific additives was pointed as the possible factor underlying the increase in viscosity in this oils. Class B2 presents the absence of additives and oxidation products as differentiating features. In addition, B2 samples showed lower TAN SN, and lower concentration of some elements. Lubricants from gear or hydraulic applications can give rise to this class of WLO. Oils of Class C are mainly composed by synthetic ester type base oils, which hamper regeneration processes using alkaline pretreatments. In future studies, WLO type A and B1 can be classified as a single class. The coagulation phenomena classification becomes A – negative, B – precipitate formation and C – positive.

An overview of waste lubricant oil management system: Physicochemical characterization contribution for its improvement

Waste lubricant oil (WLO) management systems across Europe can be very heterogeneous, with significant discrepancies in their performance. The objectives towards a circular economy represent a challenge to continuously maximize the collection and regeneration of this hazardous waste. The quality of WLO is a limiting factor towards its potential for regeneration, in which producers have a great responsibility on the handling phase. In this context, the main objectives of this work are the evaluation and improvement of a national management system, based on the physicochemical characteristics of WLO collected by different producers (garage, industry and others). Data of critical parameters (sediments, water, chlorine and PCB) of 30,242 samples collected from 2008 to 2015 were analyzed. About 4.8% of those samples exceeded the Portuguese regulatory limit regarding sediments (3 wt %) and 22.3% for water plus sediments (8 wt %). On the contrary, 0.73% of the samples did not comply with the limit of chlorine (2000 ppm) and only 0.08% for PCB (50 ppm). Chlorine nonconformities were mostly registered in industrial producers. In addition, 60 samples collected in 2015 were characterized regarding other important properties, namely density, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, total acid number, saponification number, elemental analysis and functional groups. These results gave important clues about the performance of the different producers. In particular, FTIR analysis revealed that about 60% of the samples may be contaminated with glycol compounds regardless the type of producer. The overall management system can be improved by preventing contamination with chlorine from industry WLO or glycol-containing compounds (such as brake fluid and antifreeze) for all producers.

Catalytic fast co-pyrolysis of bamboo residual and waste lubricating oil over an ex-situ dual catalytic beds of MgO and HZSM-5: Analytical PY-GC/MS study

Catalytic fast co-pyrolysis (co-CFP) of bamboo residual (BR) and waste lubricating oil (WLO) over dual catalytic beds of MgO and HZSM-5 were carried out in an analytical PY-GC/MS. The effects of pyrolysis temperature, catalyst types, HZSM-5/MgO mass ratio and WLO percentage on products distribution and selectivities of aromatics were investigated. Experimental results revealed that 600°C promoted the total peak area of volatile matters and accelerated the yields of furans and phenols. Compared to HZSM-5, MgO exhibited pronounced deacidification via ketonization and aldol condensation reactions as the minimum yield of acids (2.116%) and the maximum yield of ketones (28.805%) could be obtained. Furthermore, given the selectivity of phenols, MgO not only spurred the increase of overall phenols yield, but also facilitated the selectivity of light phenols like phenol and 4-methyl-phenol. With respect to the co-CFP of BR and WLO, a HZSM-5/MgO mass ratio of 3:2 largely accelerated the yield of aromatics via Diels-Alder reaction. Simultaneously, the WLO percentage played a vital role in the yield of hydrocarbons (i.e. aromatics+olefins & alkanes), and the maximum yield (70.305%) could be attained at the percentage of 60% as a function of significant activation of hydrocarbon pool.

Aspen Plus simulation of steam-gasification of different crude oils: A detailed comparison

ABSTRACTThe gasification process is being developed to obtain environmentally clean and efficient syngas from solid (coal, biomass, and municipal solid waste) or liquid (heavy oil and waste lubricant oil) fuels for power generation. An Aspen Plus model of crude oil gasification in presence of steam as a gasifying agent that can predict syngas yield, tar concentration, and performance parameters was developed. Effects of some critical parameters such as gasification temperature, steam-fuel-ratio on hydrogen yield, tar content, and char conversion of three different crude oils were explored. Results showed that the hydrogen yield increases by increasing steam/fuel ratio from 0.5 to 0.7 (wt/wt), and then reduces smoothly due to the endothermic behavior of methane reforming reaction, which releases three hydrogen moles. It also found that as the temperature increases within the range, hydrogen yield increases dramatically, which can be explained according to the Le Chatelier's principle on the endothermic reforming reactions of methane and tar cracking. Modeling results validated against the experimental measurements and found to be in a good agreement.

English

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain KVD-HR42 exhibiting growth and biosurfactant production with 1% molasses as the sole carbon source was isolated from oil contaminated mangrove sediments. Optimization of media conditions involving variations in carbon, nitrogen sources, amino acids, pH, temperature, and NaCl% were evaluated with the aim of increasing biosurfactant productivity and surface tension reduction (STR). The highest biosurfactant production of 4.83 g/L was obtained when cells were grown in mineral salts media (MSM) supplemented with 1% (w/v) molasses, NaNO3, and leucine 0.1% (w/v) at 35±2°C at 150 rpm after 48 h. The results obtained from kinetics study indicated that biosurfactant production, E24%, and rhamnose concentration were growth associated. However, maximum biosurfactant production occurred in the exponential growth phase and detected an increase in E24% and rhamnose concentration. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra confirmed the rhamnolipid nature of the biosurfactant. Stability studies revealed the thermostable activity of biosurfactant (110°C for 15 min) and could also withstand wide pH and NaCl ranges. Maximum oil biodegradation of 68% was achieved with 1% waste lubricant oil (WLO). The biosurfactant emulsified various hydrocarbons with varied efficiencies. However maximum E24% and E48% activity was exhibited with n-hexadecane (69.5 and 40%). The results reveal the potential of strain KVD-HR42 biosurfactant for the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in mangrove sediments. Key words: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, surface tension, molasses, crude oil, emulsification activity, biodegradation.

Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with diesel-like fuel from waste lubrication oil

Waste lubricant oil (WLO) is one of the most important types of the energy sources. WLO cannot be burned directly in diesel engines, but can be processed to be used as diesel-like fuel (DLF) to minimize its harmful effect and maximize its useful values. Moreover, there are some differences in physicochemical properties between WLO and diesel fuel. In order to identify the differences in combustion and emission performance of diesel engine fueled with the two fuels, a bench test of a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine without any engine modification was investigated at four engine speeds and five engine loads. The effects of the fuels on fuel economic performance, combustion characteristics, and emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke were discussed. The DLF exhibits longer ignition delay period and shorter combustion duration than diesel fuel. The test results indicate that the higher distillation temperatures of the DLF attribute to the increase of combustion pressure, temperature and heat release rate. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of the DLF compared to diesel is reduced by about 3% at 3000rpm under light and medium loads. The DLF produces slightly higher NOx emissions at middle and heavy loads, somewhat more smoke emissions at middle loads, and notably higher HC and CO emissions at most measured points than diesel fuel. It is concluded that the DLF can be used as potential available fuel in high-speed diesel engines without any problems.

A kinetic model for gasification of heavy oil with in situ CO2 capture

ABSTRACTGasification process is being developed to obtain environmentally clean and efficient syngas from solid (coal, biomass, and municipal solid waste) or liquid (heavy oil and waste lubricant oil) fuels for power generation. A gasification kinetic model of heavy oil in the presence of CaO that can predict syngas yield, tar concentration, and performance parameters has been developed. Results showed that the CaO plays a major role for a significant reduction in carbon dioxide during the process. Based on the operating conditions, it was also found that there is an optimum condition for tar yield. Modeling results were validated against experimental data and found to be in good agreement.

Thermo-catalytic decomposition of waste lubricating oil over carbon catalyst

The thermo-catalytic decomposition of waste lubricating oil over a carbon catalyst was investigated in an I.D. of 14.5mm and length of 640mm quartz tube reactor. The carbon catalysts were activated carbon and rubber grade carbon blacks. The decomposition products of waste lubricating oil were hydrogen, methane, and ethylene in a gas phase, carbon in a solid phase and naphthalene in a liquid phase occurring within the temperature ranges of 700 °C-850 °C. The thermo-catalytic decomposition showed higher hydrogen yield and lower methane yield than that of a non-catalytic decomposition. The carbon black catalyst showed higher hydrogen yield than the activated carbon catalyst and maintained constant catalytic activity for hydrogen production, while activated carbon catalyst showed a deactivation in catalytic activity for hydrogen production. As the operating temperature increased from 700 °C to 800 °C, the hydrogen yield increased and was particularly higher with carbon black catalyst than activated carbon. As a result, carbon black catalyst was found to be an effective catalyst for the decomposition of waste lubricating oil into valuable chemicals such as hydrogen and methane.

Recovery of lubricant base oils using ionic liquid processes

Two novel low-temperature ionic liquid processes are developed for the recovery of base oils from waste lubricant oils. One uses 3-(triethoxysilyl)-propylammonium-3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl carbamate (TESAC), in which the waste lubricant base oil is insoluble, and the other uses trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (P6,6,6,14Cl) in which the base oil is soluble. In the 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (TESA)/TESAC process, waste oil components, including the base oil, are dissolved in the solvent TESA which is converted, in situ, with carbon dioxide to TESAC, recovering the base oil as an insoluble layer. In the P6,6,6,14Cl process, the base oil is separated from most additives as a solution in the ionic liquid from which it can be extracted with methanol. The recovered oils from both processes have properties consistent with lubricant oils in commercial use and the ionic liquids can be recovered for recycle minimising reagent use and providing a route to closed-loop base oil recovery and recycle.

膜分離溶媒抽出を用いた廃潤滑油再生手法の開発

膜分離溶媒抽出を用いた廃潤滑油再生手法の開発

Equilibrium Solubilities of Diisooctyl Sebacate in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The extraction of base oil from waste lubricating oil is becoming the preferred way of handling used oil to protect the environment and conserve petroleum resources. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction has become a potential technology for the regeneration of waste lubricant oil because carbon dioxide has high dissolving power, is nontoxic, nonflammable, and inexpensive. Since the equilibrium solubility data are important for supercritical extraction processes, in this study the equilibrium solubilities for one of the synthetic ester lubricant oils, diisooctyl sebacate [bis (2-ethylhexyl) sebacate], in supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) were obtained at 313.2 K, 328.2 K, 343.2 K, 358.2 K and in a pressure range from 7.24 MPa up to 15.96 MPa. Oil solubility increased with pressure but decreased with temperature, providing sc-CO2 with the highest oil solubility (82.1959 g/L) at 313.2 K and 13.96 MPa, which showed that the solubility is strongly dependent on the density of CO2. The experimental solubi...

Waste lubricating oil removal in a batch reactor by mixed bacterial consortium: a kinetic study.

The growth kinetics and biodegradation of two waste lubricating oil samples including waste engine oil (WEO) and waste transformer oil (WTO) were studied using pure isolates and mixed culture of Ochrobactrum sp. C1 and Bacillus sp. K1. The mixed culture significantly influenced degradation efficiency of the pure isolates through bioaugmentation process. In particular, the mixed culture was capable of growing on various n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and was able to tolerate unusually high concentrations of waste lubricants (WEO-86.0g/L and WTO-81.5g/L). The initial concentration of waste lubricating oils has been varied in the range of 1-10% (v/v). Under this experimental range, the bacterial growth has been observed to follow Haldane-type kinetics characterizing the presence of substrate inhibition. Haldane model was used to fit the exponential growth data and the following kinetic parameters were obtained: μ max=0.078h(-1), K S=23.101g/L, K i=43.844g/L for WEO; and μ max=0.044h(-1), K S=10.662g/L, K i=58.310g/L for WTO. The values of intrinsic kinetic parameters, like specific growth rate μ max, half saturation constant, K S, inhibition constant, K i and the maximum substrate concentration, S max and growth yield coefficient Y x/s , have been determined using each model hydrocarbon and their mixture as limiting substrate. Relative changes in the values of the kinetic parameters have been correlated to the number of carbon atoms present in n-alkanes. The metabolites from degradation of model hydrocarbon compounds have been identified by GC-MS to elucidate the possible pathway of waste lubricating oil degradation process.

Re-refining of used lubricating oil

Small amount pure lubricating oil can pollute major amounts of water eg: groundwater as well as the land on which it is spilled. Used engine oil itself contains a number of additives and is contaminated by impurities and residues resulting from the combustion process. Some of them are poisonous and carcinogenic like lead and PAH (poly-aromatic hydrocarbons). Also the oils used in transformers contains PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), which are highly carcinogenic as well. From various sources such kind of used lubricating oils are generated and are disposed improperly. The burning of used oil in kilns and incinerators produces lots of ash and carcinogens causing environmental pollution. Waste lubricating oil is a resource that cannot be disposed of randomly due to the presence of pollutants. In response to economic problems and environmental protection, there is a growing trend to regenerate and reuse waste lubricants. By proper recovery and refinement of it, a lot of valuable product can be obtained. The objective of re-refining is to remove the degraded additives and contaminants and to restore the properties of the oil identical to the standards provided by SAE (Society of Automobile Engineers).

Equilibrium Solubilities of Iso-eicosane in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

To develop the separation process using supercritical (sc) CO2 regeneration of waste lubricating oil, the equilibrium solubilities of iso-eicosane in the binary iso-eicosane–supercritical CO2 system were obtained at 313.2 K, 328.2 K, 343.2 K, and 358.2 K under pressures ranging from 7.24 MPa to 14.68 MPa. The solubilities of this component increased with a pressure increase, whereas they decreased with temperature increase. The Chrastil equation and Adachi and Lu equation were used correlate the solubility behavior of iso-eicosane in supercritical CO2, which revealed that both equations are in good agreement with the experimental data. Since the AARD values of the Chrastil equation range from 0.42 % to 4.99 % and the AARD values of Adachi and Lu equation range from 0.16 % to 1.70 %, it was shown that the Adachi and Lu models better agreement with the experimental data.

Diesel Fuel From Waste Lubricating Oil by Pyrolitic Distillation

Recycling and rerefining are the applicable processes for upgrading of petroleum-based wastes by converting them into reusable products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and heavy oil. Possible acceptable processes are cracking and pyrolysis. The aim of the study was to obtain diesel fuel from waste lubricating oil by pyrolitic distillation method, which can be used in diesel engines. If the purpose were to maximize the yield of distillate products resulting from crude oil pyrolysis, a low temperature, high heating rate, and short gas residence time process would be required. The effect of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as an additive on density, viscosity, flash point, sulfur content, higher heating value, and pyrolytic distillation yields was investigated. The purified oil samples are blended separately with additives having mass basis of 2%, 6%, and 10%. The mixed samples were exposed to pyrolytic distillation process to produce fuels to be used in engines.

The Pyrolizing of Waste Lubricating Oil (WLO) Into Diesel Fuel Over a Supported Calcium Oxide Additive

Most the lubricant oils are generally obtained from petroleum resources. Waste lubricating oil can be converted into valuable fuel products by refining and treating processes. Recycling is the applicable process for upgrading of petroleum-based wastes by converting them into reusable products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and heavy oil. Possible acceptable processes are cracking and pyrolysis. A pyrolytic distillation process is often employed in oil refinery operations to produce lower molecular weight hydrocarbon fuels from waste feedstocks. If the purpose is to maximize the yield of distillate products resulting from lubricant oil pyrolysis, a low temperature, high heating rate, and short gas residence time process would be required. The effect of calcium oxide (CaO) as additive on density, viscosity, flash point, sulfur content, higher heating value, and pyrolytic distillation yields was investigated. The purified oil samples are blended separately with additives having mass bases of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%.

A Comprehensive Study on Gasification of Petroleum Wastes Based on a Mathematical Model

Gasification is a thermochemical process that produces useful and environmentally friendly by-products. Here the effects of various parameters such as equivalence ratio, pressure, and steam gasifying on the gasification process of waste lubricant oil are investigated based on Gibbs free energy minimization approach. The model is validated by reported data and found to be in good agreement. Various gasification performance parameters such as cold gas efficiency, carbon conversion efficiency, gasification temperature, pressure, and heating value of produced gas were determined based on a parametric study. The use of CaO catalyst has also been investigated for the production of hydrogen-rich gas with in situ CO2 capture in steam gasification of waste oil. The results indicate that an appropriate steam/fuel ratio and more catalyst are favorable for getting a higher H2 ratio and a lower CO2 output.