Waste Land Research Articles

MOBY-DICK, MODERNISM AND THE “POST-DEATH” NARRATION

There is a peculiar tendency among many first-person Modernist narrators to simulate the narrative perspective of “posthumousness” (as if these accounts were somehow narrated by the dead). The procedure (that could be termed the “post-death narration”) seems to be present in various proto-modernist and Modernist works such as Conrad's Heart of Darkness, Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury and Absalom, Absalom!, T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land, etc. This narrative perspective is entwined with the trauma discourse, and the article argues that some of the best-known Modernist techniques (like the stream of consciousness) are based on the Gothic model of spectral narration. In the works of the genre, ghosts are often portrayed as traumatized, incommunicative, and disoriented “shattered selves” eternally entrapped in the closed space of a single, repetitive traumatic memory. This also seems to be the case with many Modernist narrators. The article shows various ways this genre convention of the Gothic has been (re)used in Modernist storytelling. Furthermore, the “post-death narration” could also be interpreted as a “symptom” of extreme subjectivity and epistemic frustration (which are typical features of Modernist narration in general). It is also claimed that the narrative perspective of “posthumousness” was first employed in Melville's Moby-Dick and that Ishmael, the narrator of the novel, could be seen as the “prototype” of this kind of Modernist “post-death” narration.

Homoeroticism and misogyny in T. S. Eliot’s Life and The Waste Land

There has been a renewed interest in reading the life story of T. S. Eliot by Gordon (2012) along with that of his first wife Vivienne Haigh Wood by Seymour-Jones (2009) with adjuvant scholarship on the poet’s ‘deviant sexuality’ and disavowed homoeroticism. The biographical approach took a new turn in Eliot’s case especially after the publication of Inventions of the March Hare (1996), which not only exposed or let’s say help ‘out’ the closeted poet. The paper uses Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s ‘Paradigm of the Closet,’ and Koestenbaum’s idea of ‘male literary collaboration’ to complicate the study of a celebrated author who enthralled a whole century of readers. While the author seems not to die despite Barthes dictum, the paper problematises the author/poet/character nexus in The Waste Land and suggests that the detestable portrayal of women and their sexuality in the poem reflects a conspicuous psychic manifestation of repressed homosexuality, which engenders serious anxiety of the feminine. The bleakness of his magnum opus The Waste Land, read in the failed sexual encounters, is forced onto the feminine. However, “outing Eliot” here should not be read as homophobic, and on the contrary the paper works its way down to demonstrate how psychological manifestations of a repressed homosexuality in the author enthralled a whole generation, till it turned out that societies of modern times can at times be tricked into celebrating misogyny.

Knowledge of Vegetable Growers on the Effects of Agricultural Chemicals

The present study was conducted in Kolar district of Karnataka state during 2018-19 to understand the knowledge level of vegetable growers on the effects of agricultural chemicals. The data was collected from 120 vegetable growing farmers in Kolar and Malur talukas by applying simple random sampling technique and pretested interview schedule. Results revealed that more than forty per cent of the vegetable growers (42.50 %) possessed medium level of knowledge on the effects of agricultural chemicals, more than three fourth of the vegetable growers. (77.50 %) knew that taking bath using soap immediately after application of agricultural chemicals was a must, only 53.33 per cent. of the vegetable growers knew that red colour on the agricultural chemical container indicated extremely toxic level, sixty per cent of the vegetable growers knew that usage of same fertilizer for a long time reduces soil fertility, nearly seventy per cent of the vegetable growers (69.17 %) knew about importance of puncturing the pesticide bottle to prevent its reuse and burying it in the waste land as a safe method of disposal. The results of the study implies that still majority of the farmers were largely unaware of ill-effects of agro-chemicals on various entities like soil, underground water, water bodies, soil micro-organisms, natural predators as well as their personal health. This necessitates the extension agencies to sensitize farmers on optimum use of agro-chemicals for a sustainable farming and livelihood. Other variables like age, family size, annual income, size of land holding hardly associated with their knowledge on the effects of agricultural chemicals.

Optimization of trommel screen performance in municipal solid waste landfill mining and legacy waste characterization

AbstractThe disposal of solid waste in dumpsites is getting increased in developing countries due to rapid urbanization. Biomining is an innovative idea to recover valuable resources from legacy waste and usable land from old dumpsites. Various mechanical equipments are employed in the biomining process, out of which the trommel screen plays a major role in sieving the legacy waste into different fractions. Optimization of trommel screen performance in the biomining process is carried out in this project. Feasible operating parameters such as the feed rate of the trommel screen 1 (100 mm) and trommel screen 2 (4 mm) and moisture content of legacy waste were optimized in the Rajapalayam biomining site, Tamil Nadu, India. The characteristics of legacy waste in three different biomining sites, namely, Rajapalayam, Srivilliputhur, and Sivakasi, were analyzed. Results indicate that 9 and 2 m3 h–1 feed rates show more separation efficiency for trommel 1 and 2, respectively. Changing the feed rates to the optimized values is also suggested to get better separating efficiency without compromising the purity and recovery of fractions. The recovery of the underflow fraction is maximum at a moisture content of 1.5% and 5.3% for trommel 1 and trommel 2, respectively. The trommel screen gets clogged for higher and lower values of moisture content so that the recovery of the underflow fraction gets affected. The refuse‐derived fuel (RDF) characteristics meet the standard for reuse in cement kilns, and the bioearth characteristics are not suitable to be used as a soil amendment in its original form due to the unavailability of nutrients such as NPK and elevated C/N ratio.

Population Growth, Urbanization and Landuse Pattern in Gondia District of Maharashtra State, India

Population is an important resource for development. Present work attempts to assess the correlation between population growth, urbanization and general landuse change over two decades (1990-91 to 2010-11) in Gondia district of Maharashtra state and suggest the possible ways and remedies to improve the future landuse of the study are. Gondia are the highly concentrated towns of the study area. It is has been observed that the growth of population increased 10.14 Times while urbanization increased 57.52 Per cent during 2001 to 2011. Increasing population, industrial development and trade is bringing about a great pressure on land. The environmental conditions are favorable for agriculture in the study region. Forest area has decreased while Cultivable waste land fallow land increased during 2000-01 to 2010-11. Land put non-agricultural use, barren and non cultivable land and net sown area has also subsequently declined during the span of two decades. Thus landuse is a dynamic phenomenon in the study area. While In Vidarbha region Gondia District is rich in forest resources. The largest land use category in the district is that of agriculre. Precarious forest constitutes 90% of total are under forest which is maximum in south east and central parts. The total area under forest in the district was 2833 sq. kms. out of 5641 sq. kms total geographical area in 2011. It has been observed that the district having 50.22 per cent area still remain under forest. Forest resources contribute significantly to the economy of the district. This district shows the better condition of forest Resources. In 1981 25.04% of the total geographical area was under forest. It has increased to 32.72% in 2011.The socio-economic characteristics of the study area population growth, industrialization, nearness to daily markets and developments of road network have caused the general landuse changes in the area.

Tristan Corbière and T. S. Eliot’s Salt-Encrusted Poetry

Abstract The name of Tristan Corbière (1847–1875) appears repeatedly in T. S. Eliot’s criticism, notably in his Clark and Turnbull lectures where Eliot characterized Corbière as a metaphysical poet and observed that he is a ‘finer poet, though a lesser intellect, than Laforgue’. Corbière’s influence on Eliot has long been recognized, but few critics acknowledge the particular resonance of his maritime poems. It is time to revisit Corbière’s crucial influence on Eliot, who drew on his writing for Poems (1920), and most significantly in the draft sea passages of The Waste Land. Identifying Corbière’s presence in the draft allows us to hear the French poet in the final version of ‘Death by Water’, and reveals that Eliot owes more to Corbière than has previously been acknowledged. I argue that Eliot was captivated by Corbière’s resolutely unsentimental depiction of maritime elements in Les Amours jaunes, and that this Breton poet offered Eliot a new voice.

Spiritual Degeneration and Redemption: Exploring Indian Philosophy in T.S Eliot’s ‘The Waste Land’

This study analyzes T.S Eliot's epoch-making poem ''The Waste Land'' to deeply investigate the crises of post-war modern European society manifested in the poem as spiritual degeneration, skepticism, adultery, temptation, mechanism, hypocrisy, anxiety and unfaithfulness. Qualitative method has been applied in the study to collect data and analyze them.The paper also explores the ways of salvation of the crises that are mentioned by the poet as giving, sympathizing and controlling. Moral crises occupy a great position in human civilization in the modern period where man has forgotten all his ethics, spiritual rebirth and even religion. It also examines how modern men and women lead their lives in life-in-death, how they follow their traditional routine and how modernism captures them. Again, the study brings out the moral degradation and its various aspects and argues that T.S Eliot is heavily influenced by Hinduism to find out the way of regeneration that is terribly important for the entire human race.Keywords: Sterility, Anxiety, Frustration, Mechanical Life, Hypocrisy, Salvation

Of Wastelands and Ecopoetics: An Ecocritical Reading of T. S. Eliot’s Poetry.

This article is an ecocritical study of three of T. S. Eliot’s most notable works: “The Waste Land”, “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”, and “The Hollow Men”. The poems are analyzed in detail and in relation with one another to highlight Eliot’s understanding of man’s relationship with nature through an elemental, ecomythical, and ecoreligious study. The article pursues a pattern in Eliot’s writing of a Man-Nature relationship as it focuses on the ways in which nature interacts with and influences man’s life, emotions, and faith.

Eliot among the Rag-Pickers: Waste, Hope, and the Ecocritical Imagination in The Waste Land

Eliot among the Rag-Pickers: Waste, Hope, and the Ecocritical Imagination in <i>The Waste Land</i>

Teaching The Waste Land to Japanese Students

Teaching <i>The Waste Land</i> to Japanese Students

A “Companionable Guide” to T. S. Eliot: Review of Robert Crawford’s Eliot After The Waste Land

A “Companionable Guide” to T. S. Eliot: Review of Robert Crawford’s <i>Eliot After</i> The Waste Land

LULC dynamics and application of nature based solution in high erosion prone areas of Malappuram District

Kerala State is highly vulnerable to natural disasters, mainly soil erosion due to changing climatic dynamics in the steep slope. In 2018 and 2019 flood, some districts in Kerala State were affected by significant floods due to extreme and prolonged rainfall, leads to large and small landslides. Malappuram is one of the districts that got affected in 2018 and 2019 flood. Disaster risks are augmented by a critical factor that has been silently rising in the State now, which is change in the land use pattern and practices. Hence, the Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics study was conducted in the selected watersheds (Kakkarathode – Pulikkal and Palathingal) of Malappuram district, and spotted major landslides in the area. The LULC dynamics were carried out in the different time periods like 2013, 2018 and 2020. LISS IV (5.8 m resolution) satellite images were used for the analysis and field visit, to identify the related changes. Accuracy of the classification was evaluated using error matrices and kappa statistics. The overall accuracies for 2013, 2018 and 2020 were 84.93%, 86.21% and 87.5% respectively and the corresponding Kappa values were 0.82, 0.84 and 0.85 which indicates the high accuracy of the classification. The flood has mainly affected Plantation, Paddy and Mixed Plantation which had been decreased during 2018-20 and has resulted in the emergence of more Barren land and Waste Land. LULC helps in identifying the changes in the erosion prone areas. Moreover, erosion hazardous area and its prioritization in applying the soil management and conservation practices can be effectively done using LULC change assessment. Nature based solutions such as planting trees and grasses (like shrubs, vetiver grass etc.), construction of ponds, creation of green walls and assemblage of vegetations can be adopted in the region of high-risk hazardous area depending on the categorized zone.

Sustainability performance evaluation of renewable energy systems using a new multi-expert multi-criteria interval type-2 fuzzy distance to ideal solution approach

The transition from energy systems based on fossil fuels and toward those based on renewable resources is very necessary for sustainable development. Evaluation of the current sustainability level is known to be the first step toward sustainability improvements. With the use of multi-expert multi-criteria decision making and interval type-2 fuzzy sets, this research suggests a novel method for determining the current degree of sustainability through renewable energy systems based on distance to ideal solution concept. The presented approach draws attention to components that are underperforming, which assists decision-makers in recognizing the barriers to sustainable growth. A numerical example that illustrates the use of the proposed approach in renewable energy systems demonstrates the implementation methods and benefits of the strategy. The results of the sustainability performance evaluation indicate three individual dimensions of sustainability indicators for social, economic, and environmental aspects, as well as an overall sustainability indicator which is calculated as ((2.91, 4.70, 4.70, 6.47; 1.00, 1.00), (3.85, 4.70, 4.70, 5.60; 0.90, 0.90)) and according to its distance to ideal solution value 5.297 corresponds to “weakly sustainable” for the illustrative case. Also, the underperforming criteria can be determined, which for our case study are filling station availability, NOx emissions, need for waste disposal, land requirements, and social acceptability. The proposed methodology has the potential to facilitate the development of more effective policies and strategies for sustainable development on a global scale. This can be accomplished by enhancing the quality of linguistic judgments made by experts and by providing a comprehensive understanding of the sustainability of renewable energy systems worldwide.

Generation of Detailed Soil Information for the Virudhunagar Aspirational district of Tamil Nadu using Remote Sensing &amp; GIS Techniques for Developmental Planning

Detailed Soil Survey and Land use Planning for entire Virudhunagar aspirational district of Tamil Nadu consist of 11 Blocks such as Rajapalayam, Sirivilliputhur, Sivakasi, Sattur, Aruppukkottai, Virudhunagar, Thiruchuli, Kariyapatti, Watrap, Vembakkottai and Narikudi were completed on 1:10,000 scale using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques. The total area of the district is 4.24 Lakh ha. There are 44 soil series have been identified in the district. Out of which Virudhunagar series occupied 11.08% of the total geographical area. Granite Gneiss Geology and Pediplain (Upper and Lower) Physiography covered 65.54% and 71.37% respectively. Most of the soils are Very deep (41.91%) and Very gently sloping (61.34%) in nature affected by Moderate Erosion (66.43%). Soils series of the district are classified under soil orders Entisols, Inceptisols, Alfiisols and Vertisols. Among them Inceptisols and Vertisols dominated the area. Every Block village wise soil map, problematic area details and Land Capability Classes are generated. Majority of the soil series interpreted in Land Capability Classes II (33.66%) and III (39.64%). Cultivated Lands occupied 59.76% followed by culturable wastelands 16.1% (68,098 ha). These culturable waste lands area are occupied by vegetation i.e. Acacia species and scrublands leads to ground water depletion, soil erosion and land degradation. There is a tremendous scope to convert these lands for agriculture, horticulture and forestry activities.

11Poetics

Abstract This chapter begins with an overview of 2022’s monumental place in the study of poetics, as marked by the centenary anniversary of T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land and the publication of Dionne Brand’s Nomenclature: New and Collected Poems. From the retrospective celebration of literary modernism and the projective appraisal of new diasporic writing, this review then goes on to examine several new works in the field of poetics, including one journal article and five books. These works are investigated according to four major topics: 1. The Poetics of Inconvenience; 2. World-Building Poetics; 3. The Poetics of Articulation; and 4. Typewriter Poetics; before 5. Ending with a Joke. The case studies of the year’s work in poetics are wide in their array, such that they include modernist sound writing, suicidal ideations in film and literature, and digital trans of color bioart. Ultimately, however, these works are united by one tendency, which is to extend the field of poetics across populations, nations, and disciplines. What these works do is ‘loosen’ the concept of poetics: ‘to make it available to transition’ (Berlant, On the Inconvenience of Other People, p. 12), in order ‘to provide dimension, texture, and resonance for emergent and ongoing’ (p. 13) forms in the field.

The Modernity of T.S.Eliot's The Waste Land from the Perspective of Image

T.S. Eliot is an excellent symbolist poet whose poems are regarded as epoch-making landmark works in the history of modern Western literature. The long lyric poem "The Waste Land" is Eliot's representative work. It has a variety of styles, draws from a wide variety of sources, and combines some characteristics of symbolism, imagism, and metaphysics. The poet has created many rich images of "Waste Land", most of which are difficult to understand and have complex and profound symbolic meanings. Thus, the poetry reflects the absurdity of reality, reflects on the plight of human civilization, and pursues the road to the redemption of the "Waste Land". This paper first reviews the existing research results on Eliot in the world, briefly describes the theoretical basis of the project, and classifies the image in The Waste Land. Then, the typical artistic techniques in the process of image use are analyzed in detail. After all these, by researching the typical images, the article not merely reveals their symbolic meaning but explores the reflection and criticism of modernity in poetry. Finally, the article traces the source of the modernity criticism presented by the images from social and religious perspectives. The research results are summarized and evaluated in the last section of the article.

Degradation of Plastics Waste and Its Effects on Biological Ecosystems: A Scientific Analysis and Comprehensive Review

Ever since previously several decades, there has been a severe problem with plastic waste disposal and contamination due to the improper use of plastics for a variety of applications, including packaging, transportation, manufacturing, and agriculture in rural as well as urban regions. It takes about 100 years for plastic bags to decompose in an effective manner. Plastic contributes to environmental degradation and exacerbates the issue of climate change not only because it exacerbates the waste management problem and land filling but also because its combustion releases carbon dioxide and dioxins into the atmosphere. It has been shown that the techniques currently used for the disposal of plastic are insufficient for the efficient management of plastic waste; as a result, there is a rising worry about the utilization of effective microorganisms that are intended for the biodegradation of synthetic polymers that are not biodegradable. Microbes have the capacity to degrade the majority of inorganic and organic materials, including lignin, starch, cellulose and hemicelluloses. Biodegradable polymers are engineered to breakdown quickly in the presence of microbes because of this ability. Within the scope of this review, topics covered include the current state of affairs, processes of degradation of plastics, methodologies for characterizing deteriorated polymers, and variables that impact the biodegradation of plastics.

TURNING WASTE INTO WEALTH: A POST COVID-19 PANDEMIC STRATEGY OF SUSTAINBILITY

Nigeria is part of the countries and regions impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic, which is a brand-new viralillness. Virtually every area of the business has been significantly impacted and influenced by the epidemic.Waste generation and management are among the 21st century's most urgent environmental issues.Worldwide garbage quantities are continually rising despite legislative measures. It would be feasible tosave tremendous quantities of materials by enhancing reuse and recycling alternatives, in addition to thesignificant environmental effects of the large amounts of waste land occupied. The Covid-19 epidemic hada substantial influence on garbage recycling as well, which increased non-recyclable consumption inresponse to hygienic requirements as well as new consumption habits. The research was planned as adescriptive survey. This research focuses on sustainable post-Covid-19 pandemic methods for generatingmoney out of garbage. The study's conclusions showed that plastic, nylon, metal, organic fraction, nasalmasks, and other waste products may be recycled into riches both during and after the epidemic. Therefore,the study advised that in order to avoid relying on "emergency approaches," based on having to resort torises in non-recyclable consumption types, it is essential to boost level of readiness for an anticipatedincidence of any disease outbreak in the future. It will also be stated how and where to turn waste into usefulassets.

Waste lands: the lost infrastructure of Jean Rhys’s “Temps Perdi”

ABSTRACT This essay argues that Rhys’s “Temps Perdi” (1967) evokes modernist temporality – Proustian “lost time” – to connect the twentieth-century World Wars to the infrastructure of European imperialism. Set in England during World War II, Austria after World War I, and the “Carib Quarter” in Dominica in the 1930s, the story links the violence of the European wars to the violence of imperialism, and the “losses” of the twentieth century to the decayed Caribbean plantation, “Temps Perdi.” In the local patois, the phrase means not “lost time” but “wasted time, lost labor,” and recalls three hundred years of waste and ruin: the genocide of the indigenous “Caribs”; the devastation of African peoples enslaved in the Caribbean; and the “waste” of Europe itself – in the era of imperial collapse – in the destruction of the World Wars. All three of these historical realities are embedded in the story’s title, and though that title evokes the tradition of European modernism, it also marks a departure from it. Though structured, in its temporal shifting, by allusion to Proust’s À la recherche du temps perdu, “Temps Perdi” also undertakes an excavation of the material structures of modernity: the infrastructure – variously concealed, ruined, lost, or missing – that marks the spot of European devastation in the Caribbean.

Martin Rowson’s Waste Land: From Parody to Pastiche

This article places Martin Rowson’s graphic novel parody of T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land within the context of changing views of modernism, postmodernism, popular culture, and the graphic novel. Taking the same title as Eliot’s poem, Rowson’s parody, ostensibly intended to attack Eliot’s elitist allusive literary practice, develops its own hyper-distracting visual allusive density. The result is a graphic virtuosity that, perhaps surprisingly, returns to the lyrical and existential grounds of Eliot’s original poem.