Waste Iron Research Articles

Experimental Behaviour of Concrete by Partial Replacement offline Aggregate Using Iron Powder

One of the main goals of the sustainable solid waste management is to maximize the ability of its recycling and reusing. Iron waste and steel are the most common of these materials. With increasing environment pressure to reduce waste pollution, the concrete industry has been adopting a number of methods to achieve these goals. Preserving natural aggregate is a matter of sustainable development to ensure sufficient resources for future generation. Reuse of iron powder waste as partial replacement of fine aggregate in construction activities results in reducing the demand for extraction of natural raw materials. The quality of aggregate is highly important since approximately three-quarters of concrete volume are occupied by aggregate which are greatly affects the strength, durability and the structural performance of concrete. Must research effort has focused on reusing waste material from iron and steel industries to partially replace the aggregate in concrete mixes.

Effect of Waste Iron Filings (IF) on Radiation Shielding Feature of Polyepoxide Composites

In the present work, photon and neutron attenuation properties of polyepoxide composites produced by doping waste iron filings (IF) at different percentages (0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% iron filing percentage) were obtained using theoretical and experimental techniques. The experimental technique was performed using an HPGe detector with four different gamma lines (0.0595, 0.6617, 1.173, and 1.333 MeV) emitted from three gamma-ray sources (241Am, 137Cs, and 60Co). The theoretical techniques for shielding parameters calculation are estimated with Phy-X software and the XCOM program as well. The experimental and theoretical values of the mass/linear attenuation coefficient (M/LAC), half/tenth value layer (H/TVL), mean free path (MFP), lead equivalent thickness (LEth), and radiation shielding efficiency (RSE) have been determined and compared. A good agreement was achieved during the comparison. The shielding performance of the prepared composites increased with increasing the iron filing rate, where we can arrange the performance of shielding according to EP–IF60 > EP–IF40 > EP–IF20 > EP–IF0 at all different experimental and theoretical energies. The effective and equivalent (Zeff, Zeq) atomic numbers as well as the exposure buildup factor (EBF) at different depletion distances or mean free paths (MFPs) have been calculated for all EP–IF composites. The lowest EBF was for EP–IF60 while the highest EBF was for EP–IF0 through the discussed energy from 0.015 to 15 MeV. Finally, the fast neutron removal cross-section (FRNC) has been calculated for the prepared composites and the results showed improvement in FNRC with increasing the iron filing rate.

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls using Mo–TiO2/GO/MS nanocomposite

Mill scale (MS), which refers to iron waste, was used to synthesize Mo–TiO2/GO/MS nanocomposite for the photodegradation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) via UV irradiation. By combining Mo–TiO2 as a semiconductor, graphene oxide as a supporter, and mill scale as magnetic material, we conceptually synthesized smart nanocomposite with visible light absorption and magnetic properties toward photocatalytic oxidation of POPs. Several analysis techniques such as TEM, XRD, XPS, and UV–vis were used to characterize the synthesized nanocomposite which exhibited a crystal size of 10 ± 2 nm, and optical absorption enhancement with calculated bandgap energy of 2.75eV. The photocatalytic degradation performance of 17 chlorinated pesticides was selected for testing through the synthesized nanocomposite. The photocatalytic performance using Mo–TiO2/GO/MS nanocomposite was more than 55%. The highest photocatalyst efficiency of 94.29% was achieved for the typical pesticide Endrine from water under UV illumination in less than 60 min. Additionally, polychlorinated biphenyls such as PCB 148 and PCB 15 have been effectively photocatalytic degraded with a removal efficiency of 83.42% and 67.82%, respectively. All degradation reactions of the tested persistent organic pollutants are pseudo-first-order. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was achieved by the Mo–TiO2/GO/MS catalyst relating to its good adsorption activity and efficient electron-hole charge separation.

Buckling performance of thin-walled filled steel columns

Concrete-filled composite elements have recently gained popularity as beams and columns all over the world. They have advantages similar to reinforced concrete elements, such as the moulding process and the lack of maintenance of the filled concrete, as well as advantages similar to hollow steel elements, such as enhancing compressive strength and bending capacity by using smaller sections. In this paper, the buckling behaviour of thin-walled steel columns with circular cross-section and different filling materials was investigated under uniaxial load. Six different materials (concrete produced using normal aggregate, concrete produced using waste aggregate, waste fine aggregate, waste coarse aggregate, waste iron dust and polyurethane) were used as filling. Filled columns were compared experimentally with hollow thin-walled steel columns that had the same height and diameter. All specimens had the same length (750 mm), same diameter (60.3mm) and the same wall thickness (3mm). Experimental results were compared with analytical results obtained from a calculation done using the national steel design code, Design, Calculation and Construction Principles of Steel Structures 2016. Additionally, columns specimens were modelled in Abaqus software. Conservative and consistent results were obtained from comparing experimental, analytical, and numerical results.

Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness and microwave absorption performance of plaster mortars containing metal waste chips in X-band frequency range

Exposure to electromagnetic radiation from digital devices, especially in the radio frequency range, affects human health in buildings. Furthermore, various electronic devices might be vulnerable to electromagnetic pollution in the same manner. Therefore, the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding technique is one of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) engineering phenomena that prevents the detrimental effects by means of electromagnetic pollution, especially in building areas. This work investigates the EMI shielding effectiveness and electromagnetic absorbing activities of plaster mortars containing various waste metals with different ratios. Measurements have been carried out in the frequency range of 8.2–12 GHz. Results concluded that the reference material shows the lowest total shielding effectiveness. The plaster mortar sample containing 20% iron, 3% steel, and 3% chromium showed the maximum EMI shielding effectiveness with a range of 20–24 dB. Measurement results indicated that the absorption capability is the dominant component of the total shielding effectiveness, except for the reference sample. Furthermore, the apparent porosity of each sample was analyzed. The maximum apparent porosity was obtained by chromium chips waste added sample. It was obtained that the iron waste chips increased the apparent porosity of samples.

Solar-light-sensitive applications of recycled iron oxyhydroxide as photoelectrolytic heterostructure by encapsulating in reduced graphene oxide and titanium oxide nanotube array (FeOxrGO/TiNTA)

FeOxrGO/Ti photoanodes by decorating TiO2 nanotube array (TiNTA) with waste iron oxide and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) were synthesized via wet impregnation and calcination. Photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of azo dye pollutants, accompanied by hydrogen gas evolution, was demonstrated in a dual-chamber divided cell. Characterization showed that the iron oxide recovered from the wastewater treatment plant were crystalline clusters consisting of mineral goethite nanoparticles (αFeOOH NPs) with a visible-light responsive bandgap. Furthermore, the incorporation of rGO led to an enhancement in the electrochemical surface area (ECSA, cm2) of the anode due to its larger capacitive current compared to TiNTA. This improvement facilitated the transport of charge carriers (e- and h+) within a type-II heterostructure of αFeOOH and TiO2. The applied bias photon-to-current conversion efficiency and transient photocurrent density, depending on the composition of iron oxide in FeOxrGO/Ti, substantially increased. 2%wt of iron oxide in FeO2.0rGO/Ti has been optimized in terms of azo dye decolorization, TOC removal, and H2 generation rates (on Pt/G cathode) in 0.1 M Na2SO4 at a working potential of +1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). This study explored the reusability and valorization of Fenton fluidized-bed waste iron oxide with TiO2 for PEC applications.

Novel photo-Fenton nanocomposite catalyst based on waste iron chips-Ti3C2T MXene for efficient water decontamination

Novel photo-Fenton nanocomposite catalyst based on waste iron chips-Ti3C2T MXene for efficient water decontamination

Integrated environmental assessment of iron ore tailings in floodplain soils and plants after the Fundão Dam disaster in Brazil.

Previous studies of the Doce River basin (Brazil) seem to be contradictory regarding the contamination of soils with potentially harmful elements (PHE). This research aimed to perform an integrated assessment of PHE in the soil-plant-tailing system from the area most affected by the iron waste after the Fundão Dam disaster in 2015. Different fractions of PHE (exchangeable, nonexchangeable, reducible, and pseudo-total) were determined on deposited iron waste (DIW), soil waste mixture (SWM), and control soil (CS) samples. Total contents of PHE in Poaceae were also determined, and Allium cepa bioassays were performed to determine DIW and CS cytotoxicity and/or genotoxicity to plants. The Fe and Mn contaminations were the only ones related to the deposition of DIW on floodplains, and other harmful element content (such as As, Hg, Ni, Cd, Cr, and Pb) was not found above baseline values for soils. In addition, a significant part of the Fe and Mn in DIW is readily available or subject to acidification and prolonged flood reduction processes. The high available content of Fe favored its excessive accumulation by Brachiaria. The DIW chemical conditions reduced biological functions of A. cepa under a controlled environment. However, more drastic effects, such as genetic damage, were not seen. The postdisaster action of covering DIW with CS resulted in undesirable enrichment of Pb on the floodplain soils. The integrated results allow the conclusion that the iron waste is not a time bomb for PHE contamination of soils between the Fundão and Risoleta Neves Hydroelectric Dam (~100 km away from Fundão). Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:117-132. © 2023 SETAC.

Laboratory investigation of solid wastes combined with tunnel slag in cement stabilized base of asphalt pavement

To coordinate the disposal and resource utilization of bulk solid waste iron ore tailings sand (IOTS) and hazardous solid waste phosphogypsum (PG), this paper has carried out the research of using the two and the tunnel slag in the pavement base, including unconfined compressive strength, splitting strength, compressive resilience modulus, frost resistance, temperature shrinkage, and dry shrinkage tests. According to the characteristics of phosphogypsum (PG), the water stability, delayed compaction, and leaching of toxic substances were studied, and the mechanism was analyzed by SEM and XRD. It is concluded that tunnel slag and IOTS are great filling materials; The inclusion of PG inhibited the hydration of cement, which results in the reduction of unconfined compressive strength and splitting strength in the early stage, and the higher mean coefficient of thermal contraction; When the content of PG did not exceed 6%, the frost resistance, water stability, and drying shrinkage coefficient performed well, and the delayed forming strength had almost no loss, providing support for the continuous construction technology of the road base and the inhibition of reflective cracks. Applying a large number of solid wastes to road engineering can not only efficiently handle various waste buildup problems but also produce a new form of road materials with important social, economic, and environmental benefits.

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized from Iron Waste as an Additive to Lubricants for Reducing Friction

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized from Iron Waste as an Additive to Lubricants for Reducing Friction

Effect of Waste Iron Powder on Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures: State of the Art

Effect of Waste Iron Powder on Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures: State of the Art

Expandable polystyrene waste modified iron sludge-based biochar activating multiple free radicals for deep wastewater treatment

Fe-containing sludge can be converted to functional biochar as a promising resource recycle pathway. However, activating properties of Fe sludge-based biochar are always limited by low specific surface area and weak carbon center for persistent free radical(PFRs). In the current study, waste expandable polystyrene particles were simultaneously used to improve the biochar catalytic performance. The co-prepared biochar achieved a high micromesoporous ratio(98.4%) with specific surface area (345.3 m²/g), improved by 20.1% and 105.2% than unimproved biochar. The improved micromesoporous properties performed better iron active sites and oxygen-containing functional groups for PFRs functioning in wastewater. The co-prepared biochar showed an efficient catalytic degradation through persulfate activating multiple free radicals of 1O2, O2˙ˉ, ˙OH and SO4˙ˉ, which removed 95.4% sulfamethoxazole with mineralizing ratio of 74% within 60 min. The recycling of waste iron sludge and waste polystyrene foam material can achieve functional biochar to apply in deep treatment of refractory organic wastewater.

Waste iron as a robust and ecological catalyst for decomposition industrial dyes under UV irradiation

In an era of increasing environmental awareness, it is very important to work towards eliminating or at least reducing as many harmful industrial substances as possible. However, the implementation of green chemistry methods for wastewater treatment can be difficult especially due to complexity, the high cost of reagents, and the required long process time. This paper focuses on using waste iron (WI) to remove two kinds of amaranth dye commonly used in industry. To enhance the process, UV irradiation and hydrogen peroxide were used. The novelty of the research was the use of efficient and reusable WI as a heterogeneous catalyst in the process. WI material characteristics was done before and after the process using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Zeta potential, size characterization, circularity, and direct band gap were also determined. As a result of treatment complete decolorization of both dyes was achieved, as well as 99% absorbance removal after 15-min process time. The total organic carbon (TOC) decrease after 60-min process time was in the range from 86.6 to 89.8%. Modified pseudo-second-order reaction reflects obtained results of treatment efficiency. Treatment results, confirmed by WI material characterization, indicate satisfactory stability of the catalyst and good oxidation capacity.

Evaluation of X-3B Dye Removal and COD Reduction from Dyeing Wastewater Using Iron Wastes and Coagulation Process

Evaluation of X-3B Dye Removal and COD Reduction from Dyeing Wastewater Using Iron Wastes and Coagulation Process

Microwave-Reactor-Based Preparation of Red Iron Oxide Pigment from Waste Iron Sulfate.

This article presents a two-step method of iron red synthesis based on waste long-term deposited iron(II) sulfate. The first step is the purification of waste iron sulfate, and then the pigment is synthesized by precipitation using a microwave reactor. The newly developed method of purification allows for quick and thorough purification of iron salt. The use of a microwave reactor in the synthesis of iron red makes it possible to reduce the temperature of the goethite-hematite phase transition from 500 °C to 170 °C and skip the calcination process. A temperature reduction in the synthesis decreases the formation of agglomerates of synthesized materials compared to commercial ones. The results of the research showed a change in the physicochemical properties of the obtained pigments depending on the conditions of synthesis. Waste iron(II) sulfate is a promising raw material for the synthesis of iron red pigments. Laboratory pigments are found to be differ from commercial pigments. The difference in properties speaks in favor of synthesized materials.

Design and synthesis of γ‐Fe2O3@Ag‐S‐CH2‐COOH nanocatalyst for one‐pot synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones and their anti‐skin cancer activity

The ongoing work describes the catalytic evaluation of γ‐Fe2O3@Ag‐S‐CH2‐COOH magnetic nanoparticles utilizing γ‐Fe2O3 obtained from waste iron rust for one‐pot synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones. As‐prepared γ‐Fe2O3@Ag‐S‐CH2‐COOH nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique. The catalytic performance of greener γ‐Fe2O3@Ag‐S‐CH2‐COOH nanoparticles was utilized in the synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones. The excellent catalytic performance was shown by magnetic nanoparticles in addition to its ease of separation by an external magnet and can be recycled for five consecutive turns without significant loss of catalytic activity. Furthermore, the synthesized 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones were confirmed by FT‐IR, 1H, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry. Moreover, the synthesized 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones were evaluated for their anticancer efficiency against the human skin cancer cell line B16F10 along with molecular docking investigation.

Filtration columns containing waste iron shavings, loofah, and plastic shavings for further removal of nitrate and phosphate from wastewater effluent

A novel pilot-scale advanced treatment system combining waste products as fillers is proposed and established to enhance the removal of nitrate (NO3−-N) and phosphate (PO43−-P) from secondary treated effluent. The system consists of four modular filter columns, one containing iron shavings (R1), two containing loofahs (R2 and R3), and one containing plastic shavings (R4). The monthly average concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) decreased from 8.87 to 2.52 mg/L and 0.607 to 0.299 mg/L, respectively. Micro-electrolysis of iron shavings produces Fe2+ and Fe3+ to remove PO43−-P, while oxygen (O2) consumption creates anoxic conditions for subsequent denitrification. Gallionellaceae, iron-autotrophic Microorganisms, enriched the surface of iron shavings. The loofah served as a carbon source to remove NO3−-N, and its porous mesh structure facilitated the attachment of biofilm. The plastic shavings intercepted suspended solids and degraded excess carbon sources. This system can be scaled up and installed at wastewater plants to improve the water quality of effluent cost-effectively.

Waste Iron Filings to Improve the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy (GFRE) Composites

Several studies have been conducted to improve the mechanical and other value-added properties of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy (GFRE) composites by the addition of different fillers. In this work, waste iron filings (WIFs) obtained from the steel industry were incorporated into GFRE composite samples in varying amounts of up to 50% (%w) to improve their mechanical and electrical properties. The results showed that, with increasing WIF loading from 0 w% to 50 w%, the resultant composite density gradually increased from 1.4 to 2.1 g/cm3. Surface hardness, Young’s modulus, and tensile strength also increased significantly with the addition of up to 9 w% of WIF followed by a significant drop with more WIF addition due to agglomeration. Overall, Young’s modulus of the GFRE samples with any WIF content was higher than that of the GFRE composite with no WIF. The elongation at break results showed that the GFRE samples were less ductile upon WIF addition, which decreased from 2% to 0.6% upon loading the composite with 50% WIF. In terms of electrical conductivity, the GFRE samples with WIF content of 15% or more were electrically conductive and their electrical conductivity increased with WIF content. It was clear that more WIF was needed to establish a percolated network in the GFRE composites to render them conductive. The electrical conductivity of the GFRE samples containing 15% WIFs was around 2.9 kS/m and increased to 35 kS/m upon the addition of 50% WIFs. These novel electrically conductive GFRE composites could be promising for structural dynamic monitoring systems in the construction industry. They also support the efforts for the utilization of waste materials towards a circular economy.

A study of the influence of synthesis parameters on the physicochemical properties of iron pigments produced from waste iron sulfate

A study of the influence of synthesis parameters on the physicochemical properties of iron pigments produced from waste iron sulfate

Production of Hybrid Nanocomposites Based on Iron Waste Reinforced with Niobium Carbide/Granite Nanoparticles with Outstanding Strength and Wear Resistance for Use in Industrial Applications.

The main objective of this work is to recycle unwanted industrial waste in order to produce innovative nanocomposites with improved mechanical, tribological, and thermal properties for use in various industrial purposes. In this context, powder metallurgy (PM) technique was used to fabricate iron (Fe)/copper (Cu)/niobium carbide (NbC)/granite nanocomposites having outstanding mechanical, wear and thermal properties. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) examinations were used to investigate the particle size, crystal size, and phase composition of the milled samples. Additionally, it was investigated how different volume percentages of the NbC and granite affected the sintered specimens in terms of density, microstructure, mechanical and wear properties, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). According to the findings, the milled powders included particles that were around 55 nm in size and clearly contained agglomerates. The results showed that the addition of 4 vol.% NbC and 8 vol.% granite nanoparticles caused a reduction in the Fe-Cu alloy matrix particle sizes up to 47.8 nm and served as a barrier to the migration of dislocations. In addition, the successive increase in the hybrid concentrations led to a significant decrease in the crystal size of the samples prepared as follows: 29.73, 27.58, 22.69, 19.95 and 15.8 nm. Furthermore, compared with the base Fe-Cu alloy, the nanocomposite having 12 vol.% of hybrid reinforcement demonstrated a significant improvement in the microhardness, ultimate strength, Young's modulus, longitudinal modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, CTE and wear rate by 94.3, 96.4, 61.1, 78.2, 57.1, 73.6, 25.6 and 61.9%, respectively. This indicates that both NbC and granite can actually act as excellent reinforcements in the Fe alloy.