City Waste Research Articles

Evaluation of energy sources from municipal solid waste of Gujranwala city in Pakistan

The worldwide atmosphere has been seriously deteriorating due to the poor handling of waste produced in order to get useful products for achieving the high living standards and technological development. Therefore, waste management is a serious concern to avoid ecological damage. Methane gas generated on waste landfill sites is the source of greenhouse gas that is prime contributors to environmental degradation. The main intention is to measure the amount of methane gas produced from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) at the site of Bakhrewali in the Cantonment (Rahwali), Gujranwala, Pakistan and to estimate the extent of energy that potentially could be retrieved from the MSW site. The waste samples were gathered to evaluate the energy content, composition, and methane concentration. The findings from the MSW characterization revealed that the primary constituent of Bahrewali site, Gujranwala MSW is organic waste. The concentration of methane from sites 1, 2 and 3 were analysed to be 118.45, 35.32, 48.26 ppm methane/g waste. The calorific value of samples 1, 2 and 3 were determined to be 13.45, 12.24, and 11.01 MJ/kg respectively. The outcomes confirm that there is production of methane at the waste sites and the municipal waste could be utilized for energy recovery. The analysis of samples collected from MSW sites shows that there is great potential in the waste to be combusted and used for electricity generation.

Phytotoxic Effect of Heavy Metals on Growth Parameters of Mung Bean Seeds (Vigna radiata)

In this investigation, effect of heavy metals present in city waste water on mung bean seeds was studied.The effluent significantly inhibited the germination, shoot and root length. The increase concentration of different heavy metals present in city waste water reduces the germination percentage, shoot length and root length of the seedlings. Reduction in all these parameters affects the other observed biochemical parameters i.e. chlorophyll content and nitrogen content.

Development of a spatial optimization model for MSW management by hydrothermal carbonization: A case study on Dhaka

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising solution to cope with the large amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) produced in densely populated metropolitan areas of developing countries. But technical and logistical limitations typically necessitate optimal plant locations and a strong supply chain for MSW-based HTC plants to be economically attractive. To that end, a novel linear programming (LP)-based spatial optimization model has been developed that takes multiple critical constraints (biomass availability, hydrochar yield, market demand, costs of transporting and handling biomass and hydrochar, and land cost) into account to maximize the net profit of HTC plants. Dhaka, being a mega city, is burdened with the issue regarding disposal of large quantity of MSW. A case study was conducted based on the MSW management system of Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) for two schemes, a single (79.26 MWthermal) plant and a double (39.63 MWthermal) plant, in Dhaka city and its surrounding area. The model showed that the single plant scheme generated a higher profit (~18.5 million USD) than the double plant scheme (~17.7 million USD). Locations within Dhaka city near the secondary transfer stations were found to be favorable for plant establishment in both schemes. Further analysis revealed that plants' net profit is highly dependent on their optimal locations, with total transportation cost being the most significant location-sensitive element. Standardized coefficients suggest that for a single plant scheme, total transportation cost will always have a more dominant effect than land cost. This model will be able to guide the policy makers to take necessary steps for proper management of ever-growing city waste by setting up HTC facilities at optimal locations.

Kajian Dampak Pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah (PLTSa) di Kota Surakarta

Power Plant is a tool to generate electricity by converting potential energy into mechanical energy which eventually turns into electrical power. The sources of power for electricity generation in Indonesia generally use hydro and wind power. The existence of excessive accumulation of waste in several cities or regencies has given rise to an idea/breakthrough for another use, namely the Garbage Power Plant (PLTSa). PLTSa is a Government program as an effort to utilize clean and renewable energy, and is one form of Indonesia's commitment that has agreed on a global methane pledge to reduce methane gas emissions by 30% by 2030.

Recognition of systemic differences in municipal waste management in selected cities in Poland and the United States

This study aims to demonstrate differences in the efficiency of municipal waste management from 2014 to 2017 between two selected cities with a comparable number of inhabitants: Radom in Poland and Spokane, WA, in the United States. The study considers the significance of these cities’ rates of waste accumulation and the application of the autoregressive integrated moving average model for forecasting. Within a 4-year period, Spokane recorded a higher total mass of waste collected (4175.4 Mg) than Radom, while Radom recorded a higher monthly average (exceeding 500 Mg) than Spokane. In these cities, nonselectively collected waste was predominant, with an average mass of 1340 Mg, and the highest accumulation rate per capita in the European Union was recorded in Radom (174.04 kg per year). An increase in the number of residents by 2000 people in Spokane fostered an increase in waste accumulation rates per capita by an average of more than 11 kg per year, with the highest value of selectively collected waste accumulation per capita reaching 102.18 kg per year. In comparison to Radom, the Spokane city waste management system is characterised by projected waste growth, greater efficiency, a higher accumulation of selective waste, and rational waste to energy processing. Generally, the results of this study indicate a need to develop rational waste management, while taking into account the principles of sustainable development and the requirements of the circular economy.

China’s Battle against Marine Plastic Pollution at the Local Level: A Case Study of Sanya City, Hainan Province

Abstract In the face of a rapidly unfolding marine plastic pollution crisis, China, the world’s largest plastic producer and consumer, has been thrust to the fore-front to regulate the growing plastic problem in stewardship of ecosystems. While a growing body of literature discusses China’s central-level efforts in addressing marine plastic pollution, a thorough overview of actions at the local level remains scant. This article uses Sanya City in Hainan Province as a case study to assess the local government’s capacity to formulate and implement environmental policies in achieving nationally set environmen-tal goals. Designated as a pilot for a ‘Zero Waste City’ and a ‘Model City’ for ecological civilization, Sanya has crafted regulatory approaches and en-forcement mechanisms to strengthen the governance of marine plastic pol-lution. A critique of the effectiveness and weaknesses of Sanya’s regulatory regime holds important implications for local-level environmental govern-ance of marine plastic pollution in China and many other parts of the world.

A comparative analysis and multi-objective optimization of replacing syngas from a downdraft gasifier in an ordinary 300 MW power plant to lessen the environmental effect

Due to environmental issues, disposing of household garbage is a significant obstacle for life on Earth. Due to this, several sorts of research on biomass conversion into useable fuel technologies are carried out. Among the most popular and effective technologies is the gasification process, which transforms trash into a synthetic gas that can be used in industry. Several mathematical models have been put out to mimic gasification; however, they often fall short of accurately investigating and fixing flaws in the model's waste gasification. The current study used EES software to estimate the equilibrium of Tabriz City's waste gasification using corrective coefficients. The output of this model demonstrates that raising the temperature of the gasifier outlet, waste moisture, and equivalence ratio decreases the calorific value of the synthesis gas generated. Moreover, when using the current model at 800 °C, the synthesis gas has a calorific value of 1.9 MJm3. By comparing these findings to those of previous studies, it was shown that the biomass's chemical composition and moisture content, numerical or experimental methods, gasification temperature, and preheating of the gas input air all had a major influence on process outcomes. The Cp of the system and the ηII are equivalent to 28.31 $/GJ and 17.98%, respectively, according to the integration and multi-objective findings.

Pengelolaan Sampah Perkotaan dengan Metode Dinamis di Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Bestari Probolinggo

Increased waste generation is directly related to the increase in the number of population. Increasing waste generation make this issue needs serious attention from government so that garbage does not piled high in landfill. This study’s purpose to estimate the reduction of waste generation and the City Probolinggo sourced from city waste for 10 years based on simulation results. Data was analyzed using software stella 9.0. The results that waste was entered to Landfill Bestari Probolinggo is of 0,20 kg/people/day. Waste was dominated by organic waste with a proportion of 73,83%, while the inorganic was amounted to 26,17%. The Recycling Scenario has the largest waste reduction. Waste reduction of Recycling scenario in Probolinggo City in 2032 was increased to 244,09 ton/year (220,09 ton reduction in composting house and 23,17 ton reduction in solid waste banks). The realistic improvement of recycling scenario involved with improvement scenario to added composter and waste banks facilities with comparison 70%:30%. Improvement for the scenario was selected by added composter and costumer of solid waste bank. Individual composter needed as much as 84 units and 570 customers of solid waste bank. In 2032, the addition of these facilities increased the reduction with 475,67 tons/year or 2,19 greater than existing conditions.

Pertangungjawaban Pidana Tim Anggaran Pemerintah Daerah Dalam Penetapan RKA-SKPD Yang Menimbulkan Kerugian Negara

Introduction: The corruption case at the Ambon City Environmental and Solid Waste Service (DLHP) is getting hotly discussed by the Ambon city public. DLHP Ambon City, where one of the points that became the focus of the prosecution's indictment was the discrepancy in the standard analysis of spending on the fuel oil procurement project for the waste fleet belonging to the Ambon city government.Purposes of the Research: To know the form of abuse of authority by officials that result in state losses. And knowing that the Investigator Formulated the Elements of Abuse of Authority for the Crime of Corruption, the Ambon City Environment and Waste Office. Methods of the Research: The research method used in analyzing and discussing is normative juridical, a normative study must of course use a statutory approach because it is careful that various legal rules are the focus of a research. The legal materials used are primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials.Results of the Research: The results of the study point to the decision Number 32/Pid.Sus-TPK/2021/P stating that the defendant has been indicted by the public prosecutor and has been legally and convincingly proven guilty of committing a criminal act of corruption, as regulated and subject to criminal penalties in Article 3 in conjunction with Article 18 of the Republic of Indonesia Law. Number 31 of 1999 concerning Eradication of Criminal Acts of Corruption as amended by Law Number R.I. 20 of 2001 concerning Amendments to Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Corruption in conjunction with Article 55 paragraph (1) to 1 of the Criminal Code in the SUBSIDAIR ACCOUNT.

Assessment of landfill gases by LandGEM and energy recovery potential from municipal solid waste of Kanpur city, India

The world due to increased urbanization and globalization is facing major environmental challenges. Anthropogenic emissions of Greenhouse gases (GHG) like carbon dioxide and methane are on the rise and unsustainable which needs to be regulated. Open dumping of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) contributes to generation of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane. This is because large fractions of the waste open dumped are organic in nature which undergoes anaerobic decomposition leading to generation of GHGs. In particular, methane has a high potential for energy generation and if utilized could be highly beneficial. The present study assesses the generation of landfill gases, primarily methane generation potential from MSW generated in Kanpur city using LandGEM 3.02 version model developed by USEPA for the period 2015–2030. It was observed from the study that the cumulative LFGs generation, methane emission and energy recovery potential estimated as 233.44 × 106 m3, 116 × 106 m3 and 858.14 × 106 MJ respectively. Uncertainty analysis carried out showed that variation in methane emissions maybe attributed to input parameters of k and Lo of the LandGEM model. The study shows that there exists high potential to control the greenhouse gas emissions by utilizing the methane generated for energy production.

INOVASI BANK SAMPAH PERAMPUAN HEBAT DENGAN PENDEKATAN EKONOMI SIRKULAR KELOLA ORGANIC WASTE MENJADI PRODUK EKONOMI KREATIF

Several issues that are interesting and integrated with courses and the industrial world are related to the environment and waste with a circular economy approach. The results of the 2021 campus and city waste research show that the type of food and drink most often consumed on campus and in households in the form of packaged rice dominates 65.8% and plastic packaging 49.4% (Nurjannah S, 2021). The high percentage of these types of food and beverages has an impact on the generated waste. The waste generated by the campus is a scourge in health and environmental aspects. Efforts to encourage a circular economy transition in Indonesia to achieve sustainable development or Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The circular economy will take on a bigger role, especially in relation to the increasing commitment to zero waste within the Muhammadiyah University of Mataram campus environment, and in the future it can realize zero waste West Nusa Tenggara. Therefore, circular economy is the most appropriate model in waste management. In 2022, we are likely to see a stronger push for the transition to a circular economy in anticipation of the climate crisis.

Testing Food Waste Reduction Targets: Integrating Transition Scenarios with Macro-Valuation in an Urban Living Lab

Bristol, one of the United Kingdom’s (UK) nine Core Cities, is seeking to achieve Zero Waste City status by 2049. This study combines macro-economic valuation with transition pathway mapping and adapted participatory scenario planning to stress test the city’s ambitious food waste targets. The primary aim is to enable better understanding of who might be affected by achieving these targets, both locally and nationally, the potential scale of impacts, and therefore the potential barriers and policy opportunities. The valuation focuses on household and commercial food waste, combining available site and city data with national level proxies. Impact areas include changes in sectoral income, employee income, capital owner income, tax revenue, and carbon emissions. Four scenarios, based on two extreme cases, are modelled to consider food waste reduction and potential shifts in consumption patterns. Results indicate that current market and governance failures incentivise waste, and suggest potential routes to transition, including trade-offs and resource reallocation, alongside the need to acknowledge and respond to these profound structural barriers. With further development and testing, the approach may contribute to a better understanding of how to achieve city socioenvironmental targets.

Analysis Of Production and Potential Utilization as Electricity Methane Gas Air Dingin Landfill

This study intends to analyze methane gas emissions resulting in landfill procedures. The magnitude of the impact of methane gas emissions on global warming from the waste sector, it is necessary to calculate the potential amount of methane gas emissions of Padang city waste in the Air Dingin Landfill so that it can be used for new energy potential as an alternative energy to replace fossil fuels no longer as a contributor to global warming. In this study, the methodology contains systematic steps in researching to achieve research objectives, namely conducting preliminary studies and literature studies, formulating problems, and setting research objectives as well as how to collect and obtain research data. The result of this study is that the Air DIngin Landfill in Padang City is still processing open dumping, with land that has been operated around 50% of the existing land area. The high operational costs are one of the reasons the sanitary landfill system cannot be done by the Padang City Government. Methane gas produced from 2020 - 2031 in the Air Dingin Landfill is produced from scenario 1 (waste directly landfilled) which is 43,289 gigagrams of CH4 or 43,289 tons of CH4 emissions. CH4 emission scenario 2 (waste reduction by waste pickers in landfill) produced 43,267 gigagrams or 43,267 tons of CH4. CH4 emission scenario 3 (Reduction of waste at source, in the region, and in landfill) produced 40,944 gigagrams CH 4 or 40,944 tons of CH4. After converting methane gas into electrical energy, the potential electricity in scenario 1 is 84.15 megawatts, scenario 2 is 84.10 megawatts and scenario 3 is 79.59 megawatts in 2031.

Integrated Water Resources Management in Cities in the World: Global Challenges

Water scarcity and accessibility remain persistently amongst the most prominent global challenges. Although there is a wide agreement among international organizations that Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and water governance are key to overcome water-related challenges, global assessments of the progress made by cities is lacking. This paper for the first time analyses the challenges of water, wastewater, municipal solid waste and climate change in cities. We used empirical studies (125 cities) based on the City Blueprint Approach and developed a statistical estimation model to estimate IWRM performances of another 75 cities. These 200 cities in total represent more than 95% of the global urban population. This comprehensive global picture enables us to evaluate the existing gaps in achieving water-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), in particular SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation) and SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities). The best performing cities were Amsterdam and Singapore. Unfortunately, most cities do not yet manage their water resources wisely and are far from achieving the SDGs. For instance, targets regarding drinking water supply are still a challenge for many cities in Africa and Asia and challenges regarding sanitation are high in cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The same holds for solid waste management, climate adaptation, and people living in informal settlements. In another paper we will address the solution pathways to these global challenges.

SMART WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

In this paper, a system is introduced to manage waste in big cities effectively without having to monitor the parts 24x7 manually. Here the problem of unorganized and non- systematic waste collection is solved by designing an embedded IoT system which will monitor each dumpster individually for waste deposited. Here an automated system is provided for segregating wet and dry waste. A mechanical setup can be used for separating wet and dry waste into separate containers here sensors can be used for separating wet and dry. For detecting the presence of any waste wetor dry can be detected using an IR sensor in the next step for detecting wet waste a moister sensor can be used. In this process, if only IR is detected motor will rotate in the direction of the dry waste container if both the sensor detects the waste then it will go to the wet container. Both these containers are embedded with ultrasonic sensors at the top, the ultrasonic sensor is used for measuring distance. This makes it possible to measure the amount of waste in the containers if one of the containers is full then alert message will be sent to the corresponding personal.

Swarm Intelligence Internet of Vehicles Approaches for Opportunistic Data Collection and Traffic Engineering in Smart City Waste Management

Recent studies have shown the efficacy of mobile elements in optimizing the energy consumption of sensor nodes. Current data collection approaches for waste management applications focus on exploiting IoT-enabled technologies. However, these techniques are no longer sustainable in the context of smart city (SC) waste management applications due to the emergence of large-scale wireless sensor networks (LS-WSNs) in smart cities with sensor-based big data architectures. This paper proposes an energy-efficient swarm intelligence (SI) Internet of Vehicles (IoV)-based technique for opportunistic data collection and traffic engineering for SC waste management strategies. This is a novel IoV-based architecture exploiting the potential of vehicular networks for SC waste management strategies. The proposed technique involves deploying multiple data collector vehicles (DCVs) traversing the entire network for data gathering via a single-hop transmission. However, employing multiple DCVs comes with additional challenges including costs and network complexity. Thus, this paper proposes analytical-based methods to investigate critical tradeoffs in optimizing energy consumption for big data collection and transmission in an LS-WSN such as (1) finding the optimal number of data collector vehicles (DCVs) required in the network and (2) determining the optimal number of data collection points (DCPs) for the DCVs. These critical issues affect efficient SC waste management and have been overlooked by previous studies exploring waste management strategies. Simulation-based experiments using SI-based routing protocols validate the efficacy of the proposed method in terms of the evaluation metrics.

Fresh Kills: A History of Consuming and Discarding in New York City

Fresh Kills is far more than a history of America's largest landfill, located on the western shore of Staten Island. It is also a detailed investigation of New York City's waste policies and politics over the last century and a half, a chronicle of the island's development, and a meticulous dissection of urban politics. By tracing the evolution of the city's disposal practices, Martin V. Melosi provides useful insights into national developments. New York helped shape national trends. It pioneered the use of trash as fill to increase its land area, a strategy imitated by other cities. Its longtime practice of dumping waste at sea antagonized New Jersey and led to a Supreme Court ruling banning the practice in 1934. Much of the book focuses on the balance between incinerators and landfilling. Almost from the landfill's inception, sanitation commissioners and mayors promised to build more incinerators to curb the volume of waste deposited at Fresh Kills. But rhetoric did not match reality. Instead of building more incinerators, the city closed existing ones, sending more waste to Fresh Kills.

Calculation of Waste Generation and Composition in Tegal City as an Effort to Increase Waste Reduction

The generation of waste will increase along with the increase in population. Meanwhile, the composition of waste will change every year due to changes in the lifestyle and economic level of the community. Tegal is a densely populated city, and the accumulation of garbage in the city of Tegal in the last two years has increased by 38.9%. The existing waste management paradigm is still conventional so the amount of generation that enters the Final Disposal Site is still quite large. The purpose of this study is 1) to determine the generation and composition of waste in the Educational Area, offices, markets, and other public facilities. 2) find out the percentage of managed waste. The study began with surveys and interviews regarding the sources of waste and the existing conditions of waste management in the city of Tegal. The survey was conducted by reviewing the facilities of garbage bins, temporary shelters, and sources of waste. This research is quantitative in nature and becomes the basis for the proposed solid waste management design. Waste generation and composition were calculated using the SNI 19-3964-1995 method. The results showed that the waste generated was around 261.93 kg/day. Meanwhile, the composition of waste in Tegal City is dominated by organic waste by 66%. The rest is in the form of waste such as; plastic (15%), paper (13%), cloth & leather (4%) the rest is glass and metal, and others. The percentage of Tegal city waste that is managed is 88.8%, which is divided into two, namely: the first is waste handling with a percentage of 77.61% and the second is a waste reduction with a percentage of 11.19%. While the remaining 11.2% is still unmanaged waste.

A sustainable approach to the collection and transportation of solid waste of Dibrugarh city, Assam

AbstractApproaches for solid waste management (SWM) differ based on the local economy, living conditions, government systems, etc. Collect and transportation components are fundamental criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of various SWM methods and technologies. This approach consists of collection from sources and transportation to the disposal facility while stopping wherever necessary. It is important to develop a solution that would help in the effective transportation and collection of waste. The major concern is finding an alternative to the commonly practiced SWM system. In this paper, an improved framework of transportation routes for SWM of Dibrugarh city, Assam, has been attained. Three scenarios were designed; C0: the original route, C1: the exact work method used as in the original case with a change of sequencing of stopping points, C2: optimized route with a change of vehicles, and C3: change of vehicle and reallocation of stops. The efficiency of the collection and transportation route has been compared in terms of traveled distance, time allotment, human resources use, and fuel consumption. C3 is the best methodology with a change of vehicle, and reallocation with about 42.86%, 61.86%, 64.10%, and 50.65% reduction in various aspects such as workers, working time, travelled distance, and fuel consumption, respectively. These scenarios not only help in choosing the best routes for successful transportation but are also economical due to the reduced need for fuel and labor and environmentally friendly due to lower carbon dioxide emissions.

Status of solid waste generation in municipal corporation cities of Maharashtra in India: a review

Generation of municipal solid waste to manage is a major environmental issue in Maharashtra. Due to rapid increase in industrialization, urbanization and population growth, the generation rate of municipal solid waste in Maharashtrian cities and towns also increased. Mishandling of municipal solid waste can cause adverse environmental impacts, public health risks and other socio-economic problems. Present investigation has been carried out to study the altering tendencies of quantity and features of municipal solid waste. The changing pattern of waste composition highlights the importance of isolation for effective process of waste management amenities. Municipal experts should maintain the storing facilities in such a way that they do not generate unhygienic and contaminated situations. A fresh survey would be carried out on the generation and characterization of municipal solid waste in Maharashtra. Subsequently, the municipal solid waste is varied in nature, many samples must be collected and examined to obtain statistically reliable consequences. This overview on status of solid waste management in Maharashtrian cities in India will be beneficial for the competent authorities responsible for municipal solid waste management and researchers to prepare more resourceful strategies.