Waste Fluid Research Articles

Magnetic Separation of Nickel from Electroless Plating Waste Fluid using a HTS Bulk Magnet

A magnetic separation experiment to recycle nickel from the waste fluid of electroless plating processes was conducted using the open-gradient magnetic separation technique and a HTS bulk magnet system. A magnetic pole containing Gd123-based bulk superconductors was activated to 3.44 T at 34.9 K using a 5 T superconducting solenoid and the field cooling method. The coarse precipitates of nickel sulfate are composed of phosphite ions, which are yielded during the plating reaction by controlling the temperature and pH. Next, the open-gradient magnetic separation technique was employed, with use of water channels to separate the nickel-sulfate crystals from the mixture of the nickel sulfate and phosphite compounds based on the difference in magnetic properties. From the concentrations of each precipitate attracted to the magnetic pole, we succeeded in collecting nickel-sulfate crystals preferentially to the phosphite ions soon after crystal growth began.

S131024 電気防錆加工法の開発研究 : 加工水再生流量の増加について:その2(速報)([S13102]先進工作機械技術(2))

In the production site, the conventional machining fluid (cutting oil, grinding fluid) that is contained oil, extreme pressure agent, surface active agent, anti-rust agent etc. is used. It is caused huge disposal cost and large amount of greenhouse gas (CO_2) generating for waste fluid treatment (incineration and reclamation or coagulating sedimentation etc.). Then, the electric rust preventive machining method system that uses only water for machining is developed as substitute of conventional machining fluid. In addition, water recycling system that removes the impurities such as cutting chip, fallen abrasive and leached Fe ion from water which was used for machining once and re-use to machining again is developed as this part. In this investigation, improvement of water recycling system is conducted. The high pressure pump is installed and adjusts the pressure. Compared with previous investigation, as increasing the pressure on reverse osmosis membrane, purified recycled water flow quantity is increased and achieved about 7L/min (about 10 ℃). Moreover, this recycled water is almost pure water.

The defouling of membranes using polymer beads containing magnetic micro particles

Polymer membranes provide a good method of obtaining potable water but, as membranes always foul during water purification, the flux drops with time. Methods of physical cleaning of the polymer membranes, which do not require the plant to be shut down for lengthy periods, are very attractive and also do not generate any waste fluids. This paper reports on an investigation into the possibility of obtaining flux enhancement during the filtration process, as well as the cleaning of membranes, using magnetic polymer beads moving under the influence of an AC magnetic field. Methods, procedures and results for cleaning membranes using magnetic beads, at zero trans-membrane pressure, are described.Keywords: membrane cleaning, magnetic particles

A study of plane surface grinding under minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions

Abrasive material removal processes can be very challenging due to high power requirements and resulting high temperatures. Effective lubrication and cooling is necessary to ensure temperature levels do not become excessive. Current fluid delivery systems are frequently seen to increase production cost due to fluid purchase and disposal. Moreover, waste fluids have a negative environmental impact. One of the successful fluid reduction methods employed in machining is minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), where a small amount of fluid is directed into the machining area in the form of an aerosol. This study aims to improve understanding of the effectiveness of MQL in the fine grinding plane surface grinding regime. This paper presents a comparative study of three cooling methods: conventional flood cooling, dry grinding and grinding with MQL. Common steels EN8, M2 and EN31 were ground with a general purpose alumina wheel. Results obtained demonstrate that MQL can deliver a comparable performance to flood delivery under the conditions investigated. Performance indicators included: grind power, specific forces (tangential and normal), grind temperature and workpiece surface roughness.

Trial use of a polymethylmethacrylate membrane for the removal of free immunoglobulin light chains in dialysis patients.

Background. Free immunoglobulin light chains (FLCs) accumulate at high levels in the blood of dialysis patients and are likely to cause immunodeficiency during periods of dialysis. Our group examined the blood FLC concentration, κ/λ ratio and rates of FLC removal in different dialysis modes using different dialysis membranes.Methods. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) membrane (BG-PQ, Toray) under the haemodialysis (HD) condition was used for seven chronic maintenance dialysis patients who had been treated by hemodiafiltration (HDF) (five polyester-polymer alloy (PEPA) and two polysulphone) in a crossover fashion. FLCs in serum were measured with a FREELITE™ Human Kappa Free Kit and Lambda Free Kit prepared by Binding Site, UK (supplied by Medical & Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd, Japan). Each κ-type and λ-type FLC was quantitatively measured with a Dade Behring BNII™. Western blotting was conducted using a goat anti-human κFLC polyclonal antibody.Results. The κ and λ serum FLCs in HD patients (n = 7) were 157.4 ± 88.9 and 121.9 ± 56.3 mg/L, respectively, and were accumulated in concentrations 4- to 16-fold higher than the concentrations in healthy controls. The κ/λ ratio was included in the reference range (0.26–1.65). In the HD cases dialysed with PMMA membrane, the FLCs were removed mainly by adsorption, leaving only very small quantities in the whole dialysis waste fluid. The ratio between the total removed quantity and albumin leakage ((κ+λ)/Alb) was higher in the PMMA HD group than in the HDF group, and the rate of κFLC removal was higher than the rate of λFLC removal. The serum κFLC in dialysis patients had a multimer structure. In western blotting, the adsorbed κFLC (including multimer structure) detected in the PMMA membrane exceeded that detected in the dialysate with the polysulphone membrane.Conclusions. Although the FLCs were removed at high rates under the HDF condition, they were also effectively removed by adsorption with the PMMA membrane under the HD condition. It may be possible to effectively remove the FLC multimer with a PMMA membrane via adsorption. In future studies on FLC removal in patients with chronic renal failure, it will be necessary to assess not only the quantity of simple removal from the blood but also the qualitative properties, such as the degree to which accumulation and removal rates depend on the κ/λ ratio and multimer structures.

Contaminated Product Water as the Source ofPhialemonium curvatumBloodstream Infection among Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

We investigated a cluster of cases of bloodstream infection (BSI) due to the mold Phialemonium at a hemodialysis center in Illinois and conducted a cohort study to identify risk factors. Environmental assessment and cohort study. A hemodialysis center in a tertiary care hospital. A case patient was defined as a person who underwent dialysis at the center and had a blood sample that tested positive for Phialemonium curvatum on culture. We reviewed microbiology and medical records and tested water, surface, and dialysate samples by culture. Molds isolated from environmental and clinical specimens were identified by their morphological features and confirmed by sequencing DNA. We identified 2 case patients with BSI due to P. curvatum. Both became febrile and hypotensive while undergoing dialysis on the same machine at the same treatment station, although on different days. Dialysis machines were equipped with waste handling option ports that are used to discard dialyzer priming fluid. We isolated P. curvatum from the product water (ie, water used for dialysis purposes) at 2 of 19 treatment stations, one of which was the implicated station. The source of P. curvatum was likely the water distribution system. To our knowledge, this is the first report of patients acquiring a mold BSI from contaminated product water. The route of exposure in these cases of BSI due to P. curvatum may be related to the malfunction and improper maintenance of the waste handling option ports. Waste handling option ports have been previously implicated as the source of bacterial BSI due to the backflow of waste fluid into a patient's blood line. No additional cases of infection were noted after remediation of the water distribution system and after discontinuing use of waste handling option ports at the facility.

The Language of Coping: Understanding Filipino Geriatric Patients' Hemodialysis Lived Experiences

The majority of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are undergoing maintenance hemodialyisis. Hemodialysis is a process of removing metabolic waste, other poisons, and excess fluids from the blood and replacing essential blood constituents through a dialysis machine. With hemodialysis causing stress not only to physical status but also to psychological functioning and well-being, the individual will have to strive to cope with it. Coping involves cognitive and/or behavioral efforts exerted by the individual to be able to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands of a situation. Different coping strategies are being utilized by individuals such as thinking positively, having a positive outlook, and positively comparing self to others in similar situations. These techniques are what is referred to as optimistic coping. The study aims to capture the essences or languages of coping according to a select group of Filipino elderly patients with lived hemodialysis experiences. A total of 13 respondents, selected through purposive sampling, were provided with a two-part questionnaire. The first part is the robotfoto, which provides the cartographic sketch of the subjects. The second part is the semistructured interview, with an aide memoir. This is intended to surface the subjects' lived experience relative to hemodialysis experience coping mechanisms and the meaning of coping to them. Data gathered were transcribed and analyzed via cool and warm analyses. A repertory grid was constructed where significant statements were categorized and thematised revealing the languages of coping according to elderly patients with lived hemodialysis experience. Through interviews, the study yielded three themes that reveal the language of coping for Filipino geriatric patients undergoing hemodialyis. These themes consist of (a) coping as scaffolding: or the power to hold on, (b) coping as sailing: or the power to let go, and (c) coping as sanguinity: or the power to see the difference. Coping was defined as an ability (will power, acceptance, positive thinking) that people possess to keep up with certain stressful events, thereby making life more tolerable.

Pathways of Aqueous Cr(VI) Attenuation in a Slightly Alkaline Oxic Subsurface

Column experiments combined with geochemical modeling, microscopic inspections, spectroscopic interrogations, and wet chemical extractions were used to study sediment-dependent Cr(VI) desorption, physical location, mineral association, and attenuation mechanism(s) in four freshly or naturally aged contaminated sediments exposed to concentrated Cr(VI) waste fluids. Results showed that majority of Cr(VI) mass was easily removed from the sediments (equilibrium site K(d) varied from 0 to 0.33 mL g(-1) and equilibrium site fraction was greater than 95%). Long tailings of time-dependent Cr(VI) concentrations above maximum contaminant level of 1.9 micromol L(-1) were also observed (kinetically controlled fraction K(d) and desorption reaction half-lives varied from 0 to 45 mL g(-1), and from 76.1 to 126 h, respectively). Microscopic and spectroscopic measurements confirmed that Cr was concentrated within fine-grained coatings in small areas mainly rich in phyllosilicates that contained both Cr(III) and Cr(VI). However, Cr(VI) reduction was neither significant nor complete. Under slightly alkaline and oxic conditions, contaminant Cr in the sediments occurred: (i) In the highly mobile pool (over 95% of total Cr); (ii) In the slow and time-dependent releasing pool, which served as long-term source of contamination; (iii) As reduced Cr(III) which most likely formed during Cr(VI) reaction with aqueous, sorbed, or structural Fe(II).

船倉タンク内で二酸化炭素中毒により溺死した作業者の剖検例

A 49-year-old male captain fell and unfortunately died in a hold tank where he had entered to rescue his fainting co-worker on the disposing waste fluid left there. An autopsy revealed that the captain died from drowning in the waste fluid. In order to clarify the cause of their falling in the tank, the gas in the hold tank was analyzed. The concentration of oxygen was 18.86 to 19.31%, carbon dioxide was 7.28 to 9.07% and the other gases, including hydrogen sulfide, were assessed to be under the normal level. It was concluded that the intoxication of carbon dioxide generated from the waste fluid fermentation was the cause of this fatal accident through loss of consciousness. It is necessary to recognize that carbon dioxide is a dangerous and deleterious gas in circumstances where the gas can be produced.

Decomposition and Treatment of Environmental Pollutants

The wastes, which have explosiveness, toxicity, infectious, and possibility to cause damage to other people's health and environments, are provided the special management municipal wastes or the special management industry wastes. All the treatment processes from collection to disposal is done under strict management. In this report, we focus on the inorganic and organic experimental waste fluid and the infectious waste among the special management municipal waste or industry waste, because of the similar toxic and chemical characteristics to that of biological and chemical weapons. Understanding how the decomposition and treatment of these wastes are actually done, we clarify the issues of the hazardous waste management and discuss on the possibility to develop the new degradation and treatment method for biological and chemical weapons.

J0801-3-1 バイオマス用次世代燃焼器の開発(次世代燃料と新しい燃焼技術,エンジン,動カシステム(3))

In general, biomass is a renewable energy source because the energy that it contains comes from the sun. One of sources of biomass is municipal solid waste. The final goal of the study is to develop the combustor for the micro gas-turbine using the biomass as a fuel. Here, it is very important to remove ashes (10μm or more in diameter) in the gas because its size affects the strength of the turbine blade. The aim of the present study is to observe the combustion phenomena relevant to a mixture of waste fluid and waste oil. Emphasis is placed on the ash size which is produced from the combustion chamber developed here.

尿素センサによる排液中溶質成分連続計測システムの開発

尿素センサによる排液中溶質成分連続計測システムの開発

An Assessment of Colorado Seismicity from a Statewide Temporary Seismic Station Network

Knowledge of the seismic hazard in Colorado is limited due to the short historical record of seismicity, the lack of permanent seismographic coverage, and the existence of human-induced earthquakes (Matthews 2003). The rate of seismicity in Colorado is characterized as low to moderate (Kirkham and Rogers 1981), yet the state has a history of occasional large-magnitude events (M > 5.5) (Talley and Cloud 1962; Kirkham and Rogers 2000), including an earthquake with estimated moment magnitude of 6.6 in north-central Colorado in 1882 (McGuire et al. 1982; Spence et al. 1996). Perhaps the best-known earthquakes in Colorado have been those induced by the disposal of waste fluids at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal near Denver (Evans 1966; Healy et al. 1968; Herrmann et al. 1981) and secondary oil recovery in western Colorado at the Rangely oil field (Gibbs et al. 1973). Earthquake swarms in Colorado are not uncommon: a swarm of earthquakes occurred in August and September 1986 near Crested Butte, with at least 200 events and a maximum magnitude ( ML ) of 3.5 (Bott and Wong 1995); another swarm of earthquakes occurred in the fall of 2001 near Trinidad, with a maximum magnitude of 4.6 (Meremonte et al. 2002). There is evidence of Quaternary tectonic activity of faults throughout Colorado ( e.g. , McCalpin 1986), with 14 faults with an assigned Maximum Credible Earthquake magnitude of M 6.25–7.5 (Widmann et al. 1998). These faults indicate potential for much larger earthquakes than those recorded to date (Matthews 2003). The occurrence of earthquakes has been documented in a variety of areas in Colorado, but in most cases the seismograph station coverage has been spatially limited to specific regions (see, e.g. , Goter and Presgrave 1986; Keller and Adams 1976; Bott and Wong 1995; Sheehan 2000; …

Why Home Hemodialysis?

Why Home Hemodialysis?

Toward the Promise of Renal Replacement Therapy

In this issue of JASN , Tumlin et al. [1][1] report results of a revolutionary phase 2 multicenter, randomized clinical trial comparing 72 h of continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) with and without a bioartificial kidney (referred to as a renal tubule assist device [RAD]) in the management of

Environmentally Safe Waste Disposal: Integration of Cuttings Collection, Transport, and Reinjection

This article, written by Assistant Technology Editor Karen Bybee, contains highlights of paper SPE 108912, "Environmentally Safe Waste Disposal: The Integration of Cuttings Collection, Transport, and Reinjection," by A. Alba, SPE, F. Fragachan, SPE, A. Ovalle, SPE, and T. Shokanov, SPE, M-I Swaco, prepared for the 2007 SPE International Oil Conference and Exhibition in Mexico, Veracruz, Mexico, 27-30 June. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Many regulatory agencies are demanding zero-discharge policies, requiring all generated wastes to be disposed of in a responsible manner. This requires adequate management of wastes generated during drilling operations, including cuttings, excess drilling fluid, contaminated rainwater, produced water, scale, produced sand, and production and cleanup waste. Old practices involve temporary box storage and hauling waste products to a final disposal site. Often, these sites are several kilometers away from the generation source, creating not only liabilities for the operating company but also environmental risks. Introduction The three main drivers for selection of a cuttings-collection and -transport system and reinjection package are regulations, logistics, and cost. Depending on the country, region, or marine area, the existing regulations may or may not allow discharge or transportation of waste. In some areas where regulations are less stringent, transportation of generated waste to satellite disposal sites (on land or offshore) is allowed. In highly sensitive areas where zero-discharge policies are enforced strictly, all generated waste must be stored, treated, and disposed of in situ. Because of such limitations, drilling operations often are limited by collection capacity and ability of the cuttings-reinjection (CRI) system to inject all waste concurrently. A new approach is to decouple the injection process from the drilling operation, providing a totally independent cost-effective process. For logistics, the main limitations are determined by rig configuration, space availability, material type, distance of material transportation, and safety, which ultimately translate into costs. Each operation should be analyzed individually to determine logistics, cost, and compliance with local regulations, so proper collection, transport, and reinjection packages are tailored to fit the specific needs of the project. CRI In general, CRI is a process wherein solids (cuttings) and liquids (waste fluids) are gathered and conveyed to a series of components that classify, degrade, mix, and condition them into a stable and pumpable slurry. This slurry then is injected into a subsurface formation that is receptive and permanently isolated at a safe depth beneath caprock to prevent migration to the surface.

1445 紙,セラミックス及びポリエチレンテレフタラート複合材料によるガス及び液体の吸着特性(S07-2 セラミックスおよびセラミックス系複合材料II,21世紀地球環境革命の機械工学:人・マイクロナノ・エネルギー・環境)

In this research, effective use of the waste of paper was examined. Composite material made with waste paper, raw material of brake pad, and Porietirenteretarart (PET bottle) was developed. And, this product was applied as an adsorption material of the waste gas and the waste fluid. In this report, adsorption characteristic was described.

Natural and Induced Seismicity in the Lake Erie-Lake Ontario Region: Reactivation of Ancient Faults with Little Neotectonic Displacement

The two most prominent seismic zones in the Lake Erie-Lake Ontario region are associated with the Akron magnetic lineament and with the Clarendon-Linden fault. Both these features are recognized from geophysical data as regional basement structures related to the Grenville collisional orogen. Neotectonic displacement is not geologically evident, although Paleozoic reactivation is manifested by the Clarendon-Linden fault. We have sharpened the definition of seismic zones in the region by introducing newly discovered events, improving constraints on locations and size for many others, and omitting unreliable ones. This seismicity tends to occur on old faults with minor neotectonic displacements. Related conclusions are: 1) neotectonic surface displacement is not necessary for fault capability, 2) seismogenic faults may have geological and/or geophysical expressions, and 3) a stationary moment release at the historic level requires more capable faults than the ones active during the historic period. Waste fluid injection, oil recovery, and salt-brine recovery have been implicated in cases of induced seismicity in the study area and might have contributed a significant portion of the known earthquakes. Fluid is being injected into the basal platform formation at a depth of 1.8 km near Ashtabula, Ohio. In July 1987, about a year after the onset of injection, a mbLg=3.8 main shock occurred within a 60 km wide area with no known prior seismicity. Aftershocks detected by a short-term local seismic network define a vertical left-lateral fault in the basement just below the platform rocks as close as 700 m from the injection well, probably a reactivated pre-existing fault. Subsequent seismicity suggests a westward migration by 5-10 km, possibly along the same fault.

Blood Gas Analyzer Recalled; Waste Fluid May Escape

Blood Gas Analyzer Recalled; Waste Fluid May Escape

Isotopic Studies of Contaminant Transport at the Hanford Site, Washington

Processes of fluid flow and chemical transport through the vadose zone can be characterized through the isotopic systematics of natural soils, minerals, pore fluids, and groundwater. In this contribution, we first review our research using measured isotopic variations, due both to natural and site‐related processes, of the elements H, O, N, Sr, and U, to study the interconnection between vadose zone and groundwater contamination at the Hanford Site in south‐central Washington State. We follow this brief review with a presentation of new data pertaining to vadose zone and groundwater contamination in the Waste Management Area (WMA) T‐TX‐TY vicinity. Uranium isotopic data for the C3832 core (WMA TX) indicate the involvement of processed natural U fuel and link the observed U contamination to releases near single‐shelled tank TX‐104. The data also preclude contamination from an early 1970s TX‐107 leak. In the case of the C4104 core (WMA T), the U isotopic data indicate a mixture of processed natural and enriched U fuels consistent with the major leak from T‐106 in 1973. Uranium and strontium isotopic data for the cores also provide direct evidence for chemical interaction between high‐pH waste fluid and sediment. Isotopic data (δ15N and δ18O) for groundwater nitrate contamination in multidepth samples just to the northeast of WMA T are distinct from that seen in surrounding wells and suggest tank waste (possibly from the 1973 T‐106 event) as a source of very high 99Tc concentrations recently observed at the northeast corner of WMA T.