Waste Flows Research Articles

Consideration of Complexity in the Management of Construction and Demolition Waste Flow in French Regions: An Agent-Based Computational Economics Approach

For each region of France, there is currently a program to implement a plan for regional prevention and management of construction and demolition waste (CDW) used in the buildings and public works (e.g., roads) sector, also called the BTP (from the French Bâtiment et Travaux Publics) sector. To implement such a plan, its complexity must be considered; i.e., account (a) for how different scales are endogenously connected and (b) for decision-making rules at each scale being introduced. However, this complexity has rarely been taken into account in the literature. Using the PACA region as a case-study, this paper presents the first results of modelling that determines a hypotheses for the geographic distribution of the road renovation rate in each municipality (microscale) and Department (mesoscale) in a region of France. Such a renovation requires recycled aggregates (gravel) and asphalt supplies simultaneously. To consider this endogenous connection between scales, the model at the micro-scale must also be calibrated so the simulated values emerging at a higher-scale approach a supply–demand balance. We also discuss the transposition of the model to another French region (Ile-de-France). The method we used is the Agent-based Computational Economics (ACE) modelling approach. In addition, the coherent interplay between scales is determined by an approach called pattern-oriented modelling (POM). Our research revealed, at a thematic level, that for a circular economy to develop, the network of facilities in the territory is very important, and effective commercialization of secondary resources is major in the areas that group together recycling platforms and nearby asphalt plants. At a methodological level, our research revealed that in any multi-level modelling exercise, POM can be seen as an essential approach to accompany the ACE approach, particularly for a macroeconomic (here macro = regional) looping of a model designed at a microscale. However, convincing the BTP sector to integrate ACE/POM as a full part of a methodological support for regional prevention and management of CDW remains a challenge

Using fuzzy cognitive maps to identify better policy strategies to valorize organic waste flows: An Italian case study

In Europe, there is a vast amount of municipal waste available. The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) represents a particularly valuable part of this waste, due to its potential to be employed to produce a range of value-added products. While several studies have addressed the utilization of the OFMSW in the Italian context, an overall picture of how the circular bioeconomy (CBE) model is being implemented in Italy is lacking. Accordingly, the present study investigated the status quo of the Italian bioeconomy sector, focusing on the use of the OFMSW as feedstock. The research aimed at increasing our understanding of barriers to the effective adoption of the CBE and identifying effective policy strategies. Specifically, a fuzzy cognitive mapping technique using an artificial neural network model was used to assess the impact of both single policy measures and policy mixes on a sample of selected outcomes, including human health, the environment, profitability and biorefinery approach. The results clearly showed that excessive bureaucracy, linear logic and technology-based solutions ignoring the complex characteristics of waste planning activities were the most important variables influencing the implementation of the CBE in Italy. Moreover, the results suggested that a policy mix combining economic and financial support policies for sustainable activities alongside improvements to waste collection systems could generate the highest positive effect on all considered outcomes.

Scenario assessment of neodymium recycling in Japan based on substance flow analysis and future demand forecast

With the increasing demand for energy-saving technologies, neodymium-iron-boron magnets have been widely utilized in high-efficiency motors. However, the reserves of neodymium, which is a rare earth element (REE), are limited; thus, a strategy for scaling up the REE supply is highly required. In this study, a scenario assessment was conducted to evaluate the effect of material recycling of neodymium from final product waste. Domestic substance flow analysis of neodymium was conducted by focusing on the waste flow of the final product. Moreover, the demand and waste of neodymium until 2050 were forecasted using various multivariate analysis methods. The results showed that the domestic waste of neodymium was forecasted to be 3866–4217 tons/year by 2050. However, material recycling of neodymium from final product waste may cause an additional increase in production by “circular economy rebound”. Considering that CO2 reduction has also been a global challenge to prevent global warming, the rebound effect was calculated. Therefore, a scenario assessment was conducted to evaluate the influence of this rebound effect by estimating the CO2 reduction. The results of this study are expected to make a significant contribution to the establishment of a new strategy for neodymium recycling.

Environmental sustainability through designing reverse logistical loops: case research of poultry supply chains using system dynamics

PurposePoultry production supply chains produce substantial wastes that are transformable into favorable environmental outcomes and profitable products. While overwhelming evidence supports this conclusion, scant literature is available on how such transformations are doable. Using systems dynamics, this study addresses this research gap in a national (Bangladesh) context. This study aims to contribute an integrated model for poultry supply chains that incorporate reverse flows of wastes using system dynamics (SD) engineering with empirical simulations.Design/methodology/approachThis study applies SD and simulations of alternative supply chains with versus without reverse loops that transform wastes into viable products in poultry production and downstream marketing operations. This research reports on an in-depth case study of systems thinking and use of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology systems dynamics software. Data for the study are longitudinal and come from written operation records and extensive, repeated, one-on-one Interview from a large poultry plant operation in Bangladesh.FindingsThis study finds that several current poultry waste production problems are solvable through an integrated approach that generates viable new marketable products with substantial profitable opportunities that also contributes to reductions in industrial pollution. This study confirms that forward, backward and reverse supply chains need to be under one umbrella system to achieve economic, social and environmental benefits.Research limitations/implicationsThis study’s SD model and outputs need additional applications in poultry supply chains in multiple countries. Applying the firm-level model that this study provides is a necessary but insufficient step toward empirical confirmation through replicating.

Aberrant Neurogliovascular Unit Dynamics in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Rheological Clue to Vascular Parkinsonism.

The distinctive anatomical assemble and functionally discrete multicellular cerebrovasculature dynamics confer varying rheological and blood–brain barrier permeabilities to preserve the integrity of cerebral white matter and its neural microenvironment. This homeostasis intricately involves the glymphatic system that manages the flow of interstitial solutes, metabolic waste, and clearance through the venous circulation. As a physiologically integrated neurogliovascular unit (NGVU) serving a particularly vulnerable cerebral white matter (from hypoxia, metabolic insults, infection, and inflammation), a likely insidious process over a lifetime could inflict microenvironment damages that may lead to pathological conditions. Two such conditions, cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) and vascular parkinsonism (VaP), with poorly understood pathomechanisms, are frequently linked to this brain-wide NGVU. VaP is widely regarded as an atypical parkinsonism, described by cardinal motor manifestations and the presence of cerebrovascular disease, particularly white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in the basal ganglia and subcortical region. WMHs, in turn, are a recognised imaging spectrum of CSVD manifestations, and in relation to disrupted NGVU, also include enlarged perivascular spaces. Here, in this narrative review, we present and discuss on recent findings that argue for plausible clues between CSVD and VaP by focusing on aberrant multicellular dynamics of a unique integrated NGVU—a crossroad of the immune–vascular–nervous system—which may also extend fresher insights into the elusive interplay between cerebral microvasculature and neurodegeneration, and the potential therapeutic targets.

Waste Flow, Recycling, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: a Case Study of the Comparative Environmental Impact of Recycling Approaches on a College Campus

Municipal solid waste flow was modeled and measured at the U.S. Naval Academy to understand not only the movement of waste, but also the policies and economic incentives that have led to the current waste management plan at the Academy. The study contains four primary thrusts: regulatory policies, waste production and recycling levels, collection and sorting processes, and disposal and material recovery. Waste hauling data for a one-year period in 2017-2018 showed that the institution generated approximately 300 tons of total waste each month and recycled approximately 11-15% of that waste. From directly measuring waste across campus, approximately 36% of the non-recyclable waste stream contains recyclable materials. Most recyclable materials that ended up in the non-recyclable waste stream were plastics and cans, and came from academic spaces. However, a test academic space that gave access to waste bins only conjoined with recycling bins showed a substantial reduction in recycling infiltrating the non-recyclable waste stream. The study also shows how the handling of waste has evolved over recent years. Since the mid-2000s, the Academy has shifted to relying on contractors to sort and transport waste. Currently, five private contracting agencies are utilized in the waste flow stream after materials leave the Academy. To assess environmental impact, a life cycle assessment model was constructed based on the movement of waste to estimate the possible effects of the current recycling program on carbon equivalent emissions. The results indicate that current practices result in over 500 metric tons of carbon equivalent savings over the long-term during the one-year measurement period. The model also shows that by reducing recycling infiltrates into the waste stream, an additional 1000 metric tons of carbon equivalent savings are possible. Economic incentives were evaluated at each of the four sections of the waste process model, and analysis suggests that focusing on behavioral change strategies at the waste generation and initial collection and sorting levels holds the best promise for increasing levels of recycling, reducing landfilled waste, and reducing net carbon emissions in accordance with DOD policy goals.

Designing the biomethane production chain from urban wastes at the regional level: An application to the Rome Metropolitan Area

This paper proposes a methodology to design the biomethane production chain from MSW at the regional level and to assess the environmental and economic performance of the chain. In the design phase, the following parameters are considered: number and production capacity of biomethane plants, localization of plants, waste flows among municipalities and plants. The model is adopted to design the biomethane chain in the Rome Metropolitan Area (Italy). Several structures of production chain are designed and their performances are assessed. The economic factors mostly able to affect the performance of the chain are waste disposal tariff, biomethane selling price, and the economic incentive provided to biomethane producers. Their impacts are discussed through sensitivity analyses.Results show that the structure maximizing the economic performance has the worst environmental performance and vice versa. Hence, a new structure of the economic incentive is proposed, aimed at re-aligning economic and environmental performance.

Myra J. Hird, Canada's Waste Flows

Myra J. Hird, Canada's Waste Flows

The Problem of DNA/RNA Contamination in the Laboratory during PCR Testing for COVID-19

Introduction. When conducting PCR (polymerase chain reaction) testing of biospecimens for SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the laboratory service in Russia and foreign countries encountered problems related to the accuracy of diagnostics and obtaining false negative, false positive, and dubious results. The objective of this work was to analyze current literature on the problem of false positive and dubious results of RT-PCR testing for COVID-19. Material and methods. We selected Russian and foreign English-language publications devoted to organization of laboratory diagnostics of the novel coronavirus disease, challenges of PCR testing for SARS and MERS, and general issues of DNA contamination in a PCR laboratory for 2012–2020. We also reviewed current regulations and guidelines for COVID-19 diagnostic testing. Results. The analysis of factors leading to contamination of specimens with nucleic acids in the laboratories performing massive COVID-19 PCR testing during the pandemic showed that the main reasons for contamination included a large number of tests, accumulation of samples in the laboratory, and the increased amount of wastes containing amplification products. Cross-contamination occurs due to technical errors in the course of laboratory manipulations at the stages of sample preparation and inactivation, RNA isolation, and addition of cDNA/RNA or positive control samples to the reaction mixture. Pollution of laboratory working areas with amplicons arising from the opening of tubes and plates containing PCR products is the main cause of total contamination in the laboratory. Signs of cross-contamination include the increase in the proportion of positive samples with low threshold cycle values and detection of a positive signal from negative control samples at RNA isolation and amplification stages. A positive result for all samples in a round, including negative control samples, is a marker of “total contamination” in the laboratory. In addition to contamination, formation of nonspecific PCR products at late reaction cycles and nonspecific fluorescence of the reaction mixture, which occurs when reagent storage temperatures are not observed, may also lead to false positive results. Conclusion. To prevent contamination in a PCR laboratory, strict control over the flow of test samples and medical wastes, regular analysis of the frequency of positive test results, and mandatory laboratory quality control of testing and DNA/RNA contamination are compulsory.

Prerequisites for formation and implementation of a municipal solid waste management plan in Odesa Region

The problem of efficient management of municipal solid waste (MSW) flows remains one of the most urgent environmental and socio-economic problems of the Ukrainian regions. Ineffective MSW management leads to a significant negative impact on the abiogenic and biogenic components of the environment, as well as on the Ukrainian regions' citizens' state of health. Each individual region has its specific situation that should be taken into consideration for the development and implementation of regional plans for MSW management. Usually most of these regional plans are limited by such factors as determination of the volume of generated MSW, inventory of landfills, calculation of the required number of containers and technical means, justified expediency of MSW sorting stations placement, new MSW landfills construction etc. However, little attention is paid to introduction of innovative approaches for development of an effective MSW management system. There is no systematic approach to solving the MSW-related problem and all efforts aim at eliminating the consequences, rather than changing the ultimate cause. The aim of the research is to assess the prerequisites for the formation and implementation of a MSW management plan in Odesa Region from a systematic approach perspective. The methodological basis of the research includes analysis of the existing regulatory and legislative framework in the area of regional MSW management. The work is based on the relevant published data, materials of the Draft Regional Waste Management Plan in Odesa Region by 2030, as well as the results of our own research activities. The regional MSW management plan can be implemented at the following main areas: introduction of a MSW management system in big cities (separation of easily-decomposed organic fraction and hazardous waste, creation of recycling centre and stations etc.); landfill activities (construction of waste sorting plant, construction of biochemical processing/composting facilities, biogas production); development of logistics services (transition to small garbage trucks: separate vehicles for individual MSW components or vehicles with separate sections without waste precompaction); training of qualified personnel, educational work with great masses of population. Consideration of these prerequisites during the formation and implementation of a MSW management plan in Odesa Region will help to increase the environmental safety of the population, reduce the negative impact on the environment through improvement and modernization of the existing MSW management system and achievement of the final "zero waste" condition after conversion of the maximum waste amount into liquid secondary raw materials, alternative energy source and environmentally friendly organic mineral fertilizer. The implementation of the conceptual and theoretical foundations for formation of an optimized MSW management system will contribute to the achievement of the goals of sustainable development set by Odesa Region.

Pelaksanaan Peraturan Menteri ESDM No21 Tahun 2017

This study discusses the implementation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 21 of 2017 Article 3 Paragraph (1) concerning the Management of Drill Mud and Drill Cutting Waste in Geothermal Drilling by the Mandailing Natal Regency Environmental Service. This research was motivated by complaints from residents of the village of Sibanggor Tonga, Puncak Sorik Marapi District, Mandailing Natal Regency about the waste flowing into the residents' agricultural land which resulted in the residents' rice plants not developing as usual, causing implementation that was not in accordance with existing regulations. This type of research is afield researchusing a qualitative descriptive analysis method. The method of collecting data for this research is by means of interviews and documentation in accordance with the provisions contained in the Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 21 of 2017. The results of the study state that the implementation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation Number 21 of 2017 Article 3 Paragraph (1) concerning the Management of Drill Mud and Drill Cutting Waste in Geothermal Drilling by the Mandailing Natal Regency Environmental Service has been implemented, this can be seen from the form of implementation that has been implemented by The Environment Agency is to carry out direct supervision of the location of the flow of waste, give warnings to geothermal energy companies if they have violated the provisions in the regulations and impose sanctions on the agency or company if they have violated applicable regulations or are not in accordance with the company's way of working.

The impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the household waste flow during the containment period.

The first COVID-19 case in Algeria, was registered on February 25, 2020, it concerns an Italian national. On November 5, 2020, the total number of infected persons reached 60169 cases and keeps on rising to the point that the curve does not follow the normal law. The present work tries to illustrate another implication caused by the coronavirus pandemic. We focus on the amount of waste produced during the containment caused by the coronavirus epidemic. Targeting three engineered landfill centers (ELCs) located in northeastern Algeria occupying three important wilayas (states) that are Guelma, Eltaref and Annaba, in different population densities. A variable trend increase in household waste quantity is determined during this study. Guelma shows an increase of about 20%, however, Eltaref shows an increase of 11%, while Annaba shows an increase of about 14%. An increase of the quantities of waste entering the landfills during the pandemic, which will have enormous impacts on technical management, on the leachate flow with its heavy environmental impacts and which will cause an early saturation of the cells, especially with the stopping of the recycling process due to security measures. This study highlights the need to re-examine the current management system in order to better manager similar crises in the future.

Biomass from Winery Waste: Evaluation of Dust Explosion Hazards

Food and drink supply chains have significant environmental impacts due to their use of resources, emissions, and waste production. An efficient method to reduce this impact is the valorisation of biomass waste through energy recovery by using it as a source of heat. The European energy system faces several fundamental challenges being currently the largest emitter of greenhouse gases due to its large dependence on fossil fuels (mostly natural gas). Therefore, the energy sector's decarbonization will play a central role in achieving a climate-neutral economy in Europe. Identifying the suitable material for biofuel is basically focused on the amount of energy that the material stores, availability, and logistic considerations. Sawdust and wood chips have been extensively used as biofuel in recent years, but other promising raw and waste materials could be adopted (with the positive effect of reducing the impact on forestry soil and the food chain). Novel materials bring consequently novel challenges, also regarding their safe use. As an example, a relevant waste flow is produced from wine manufacturing. A solid with high moisture content is obtained from grapes pressing, and it could be reused to produce distillates. The obtained exhausted pomace could be considered among the materials potentially involved in energy recovery. It is also carrying dust explosion hazard, as solid residues could be present in the form of coarse and fine powders.In this work, grape pomace is examined: its explosion safety-related properties are evaluated to define the severity of events in which this material could be ignited. Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE), explosion pressure peak (Pmax), deflagration severity index (KSt), autoignition temperature (MIT), and Volatile Point (VP) are measured according to standard procedures. This material's thermal susceptibility and ignition sensitivity are studied and compared with biomasses from different sources (ligneo-cellulosic and herbaceous).

AGV Scheduling Optimization for Medical Waste Sorting System

The dramatic increase in medical waste has put a severe strain on sorting operations. Traditional manual order picking is extremely susceptible to infection spread among workers and picking errors, while automated medical waste sorting systems can handle large volumes of medical waste efficiently and reliably. This paper investigates the optimization problem in the automated medical waste sorting system by considering the operational flow of medical waste. For this purpose, a mixed-integer programming model is developed to optimize the assignment among medical waste, presorting stations, and AGVs. An effective variable neighborhood search based on dynamic programming algorithm is proposed, and extensive numerical experiments are conducted. It is found that the proposed algorithm can efficiently solve the optimization problem, and the sensitivity analysis gives recommendations for the speed setting of the conveyor.

Effectiveness of integrated management of secondary resource flows in the construction industry

Problem statement.The solution to the problem of the integrated use of secondary construction resources should be considered in the context of the spread of the world practice of using, processing and reclaiming all valuable waste as secondary resources. This is due to profound changes in the world economy associated with limited natural resources, threats to environmental and social security, an increase in the amount of waste and man-made landfills.The process of managing the flows of secondary resources should be aimed at achieving economic and environmental effects, the definition of which has certain characteristics for various stakeholders in this process: (producers of building materials (waste recyclers), developers (construction companies and organizations), the construction industry (at the regional level, countries).The application of world experience in the use of secondary resources in the construction industry can become the basis for the development of infrastructure for obtaining secondary raw materials from construction waste and attracting them into re-circulation, which will make it possible to more effectively implement the National Waste Management Strategy until 2030, adopted by the Government of Ukraine.The goal of the strategy is to introduce a systematic approach to waste management at the state and regional levels, to reduce the volume of waste generation by increasing the volume of their processing and reuse. Purpose of the article: substantiate the effectiveness of the use of tools for integrated management of secondary resource flows in the construction industry and propose an economic and mathematical model for optimal management of construction waste flows at the level of individual enterprises of the industry in the region. Conclusion. The toolkit for managing waste streams in the construction industry includes information (including statistical, monitoring), analytical, predictive tools for managing the flows of secondary resources. We consider the creation of a unified system of integrated management of the flows of secondary resources (materials) as a condition for decision-making and the effectiveness of the overall management of waste streams in the construction industry, the main goal of which is to achieve a cumulative economic effect from attracting construction waste to a repeated production cycle.The effectiveness of the use of tools for complex management of the flows of secondary resources in the construction industry has been substantiated and a method is proposed for its determination, on the basis of a mathematical model for solving the problem of optimal management of flows of construction waste at the level of enterprises are waste producers, enterprises-processors (producers of building materials from secondary raw materials), the construction industry of the region. Keywords: building sector; integrated management; secondary resource streams; economic efficiency;performance criteria; management tools

What Solutions for Waste Management? Issues of Flows and Governance Exemplified by the Łódź Agglomeration (Poland)

This article seeks to propose a waste-management model based on qualitative and quantitative research. Specifically, an analysis of the flow of municipal waste was carried out, with the case involved being that of the biodegradable waste generated in households of Poland’s Łódź Metropolitan Area, which is heterogeneous from the points of view of both settlement structure and land use. The analysis of flows of waste then served an evaluation of the system of waste management in the study area, while also representing an important input into a process of identification of problems and possible solutions via so-called PULL (“Peri-Urban Living Lab”) workshop methodology. Indeed, the research detailed here was participatory throughout (from the stages of problem identification through to conclusion-drawing). All of these stages to the work were kept cohesive through the use of an advanced tool allowing for both analysis of the given area and the devising of strategies by which circular economy could be developed. Specifically, GDSE (GeoDesign Decision Support Environment) programming—devised within the framework of the REPAiR Project—offered opportunities for flows of different kinds of materials and raw materials across space to be identified. It also served in the implementation of Eco-innovative solutions (EIS), as were developed jointly in cooperation with participants of the PULL workshops. The article offers a synthetic presentation of the results of different stages to the research, along with a synthesis relating to the waste-management context, with particular account taken of the development of the circular economy.

Emergy-based method for evaluating and reducing the environmental impact of stamping systems

The stamping industry is critical in the automotive and aerospace industries, and the environmental impacts and sustainability of stamping systems have attracted considerable attention. To analyze the environmental impact and sustainability of stamping systems quantitatively, this paper presents an emergy-based evaluation method considering all the associated environmental impact factors of a pressing workshop including material and energy consumption, waste flows, time and mass losses, and processing costs. On the basis of analyzing the stamping processes and sustainability, this method comprises data collection, emergy based sustainability evaluation model and the development of sustainable evaluation indexes and systems. Based on the proposed method, the environmental impact of an industrial vehicle stamping workshop was evaluated. The results show that the net emergy yield ratio of the stamping system was greater than 2, and the waste emergy output ratio was very low, indicating that the system had high productivity levels, high yields, and low pollution discharge rates. However, its sustainability index was less than one owing to its high energy and material consumption during the production processes. To reduce the environmental impact of this stamping system and improve its sustainability, we investigated the potential improvements that could be achieved in energy consumption, productivity, and environmental impact by implementing energy-saving scheduling in the stamping workshop. The results show that the corresponding net emergy yield ratio and sustainability index of the system were both improved. The proposed emergy-based method could be used to quantitatively evaluate the environmental impacts and sustainability of stamping systems and facilitate efforts to reduce the environmental impacts of pressing workshops while improving their productivity and economic profitability.

Implementing Industrial Symbiosis Incentives: an Applied Assessment Framework for Risk Mitigation

Industrial symbiosis (IS) is a business model that proposes symbiotic exchanges, allowing the flow of resources, wastes, and utilities between companies. In recent years, IS initiatives have been exponentially growing around the world. This can be attributed to the increasing awareness on the possibility of obtaining economic, environmental, and social benefits through the implementation of this model. Despite the exponential growth of IS initiatives, the companies are still facing problems in the achievement of reliable and permanent synergies. Over the years the literature has identified several factors in the IS emerging process. Incentives are among these factors, being defined as unlocking tools or mechanisms related to diverse dimensions such as economic, political, social, intermediaries, process, and technology. Authors believe that the large-scale implementation of IS incentives has not been properly addressed. In order to promote facilitated IS implementation and achieve a replicator effect, incentives should be fully addressed. In many case studies, it has been observed that the incentives for IS can be threatened by risks, compromising the implementation, and hindering the emerging process. This study developed a dedicated framework that is composed of incentive identification from best practices of IS and expert consultation; a risk assessment model based on risk factors identification and clustering; and finally, the mitigation actions based on the assessment outputs. The main result of this study is one set of mitigations actions that correlate the implementation levels (clusters) and the potential stakeholders involved.

Municipal waste generation in Heilongjiang Province (People’s Republic of China) in 2010–2018: the impact of urbanization and the level of well being of the population

In this paper, the authors consider the conceptual issues of creating an effective regional model of solid municipal waste management in Heilongjiang Province (China). The article substantiates the principles and defines the conditions for the implementation of an integrated solid municipal waste management system in Heilongjiang Province, based on the formation of an organized recycling system through the development of territorial production clusters. The authors analyzed the changes in the rate of generation of solid municipal waste from 2010 to 2018, the impact on the amount of generation of the level of well-being and population size. The paper shows that the amount of municipal solid waste generation per capita had a maximum value in 2010–2011 — 204.1–207.8 kg/year, but by 2018 it had decreased to 139.1 kg. A decrease in the intensity of solid municipal waste generation was observed against the background of an increase in GRP: studies have not confirmed the link between waste generation and increased well-being of residents. The correlation analysis of the relationship between the total population and the formation of municipal solid waste revealed an average direct relationship. The authors made a forecast of solid municipal waste generation in the province and the Harbin Industrial Corridor cluster. The expediency of creating a cluster for the management of solid municipal waste on the territory of the «Harbin industrial corridor» is noted. The main problem that needs to be justified in the regional concept of solid municipal waste management is the segregated collection of the organic fraction of municipal waste, which in the foreseeable future will account for more than 50 % of the total waste flow. The optimization of the spatial and logistics scheme for the placement of infrastructure facilities in Heilongjiang province will allow achieving the sustainable functioning of the system and will lead to a significant increase in the use of the resource potential of solid municipal waste.

Cascading Recycling of Wood Waste: A Review.

Wood is an increasingly demanded renewable resource and an important raw material for construction and materials. In addition, new consumption habits are leading to the production of ever greater volumes of waste wood, which constitutes a feedstock that can be mobilized for the cascade production of new materials such as particleboard. However, current legislation and wood waste recycling processes need to be improved in order to maximize the volumes that can be reused and to upgrade the properties of the recycled wood. This review describes wood waste flows and volumes available in Europe, the current French and European legislation, and the innovations under development in this field: innovative automated sorting techniques, physical-chemical processes for cleaning residual glue from the surface of wood particles, cleaning of MDF, and bioremediation processes for cleaning hazardous wood contaminated by heavy metals or creosote.