Elimination Of Waste Research Articles

Enhancing environmental sustainability through lean construction principles: an industry-based SEM analysis

PurposeIn the modern era, the concept of sustainability has become pervasive, permeating various sectors, including the construction industry. Driven by growing environmental concerns, construction organizations are increasingly compelled to seek operational excellence while realigning their practices towards environmental sustainability goals. Hence, this paper investigates the capability of lean construction (LC) principles in enhancing environmental performance (EP) within the construction industry using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs SEM to explore the relationship between LC components and environmental performance factors in the construction context. This methodology integrates both empirical and qualitative analyses within a structured framework to explore the relationship between LC components and EP factors in the construction context. By collecting and statistically testing data from 307 Moroccan construction companies, the study evaluates the impact of five LC principles – process transparency and standardization, continuous improvement, waste elimination, planning and scheduling and material flow and pull – on four environmental performance indicators: material use, energy consumption, non-product output and pollutant releases.FindingsThe analysis reveals that, among the five LC principles – process transparency and standardization, continuous improvement, waste elimination, planning and scheduling and material flow and pull – the principles of waste elimination and planning and scheduling significantly contribute to environmental improvements. These practices were shown to impact positively four environmental performance indicators: material use, energy consumption, non-product output and pollutant releases.Originality/valueThis research fills a critical gap in empirical studies on the beneficial effects of LC practices on environmental sustainability in the construction industry. It provides theoretical insights and practical recommendations for managers and practitioners to effectively implement LC principles, thereby promoting more efficient and sustainable practices, particularly in developing countries.

Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Sugarcane Bagasse and Straw: Effect of Operational Conditions on Product Fractionation and Bio-Oil Composition

In the energy transition process, aiming for zero disposal and clean production in the elimination of waste is crucial; consequently, agricultural residues have significant potential for reduction in the use of fossil fuels. This study investigates the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of sugarcane bagasse (BSC) and straw (SSC), examining the products’ distribution and bio-oil composition relative to the reaction conditions. The experiments used a 23 factorial design, evaluating the temperature (300–350 °C), constant heating time (0–30 min), and the use of the K2CO3 concentration as the catalyst (0–0.5 mol/L−1). The main factor affecting the biocrude yield from BSC and SSC was the use of K2CO3. Statistically significant interaction effects were also observed. Milder conditions resulted in the highest bio-oil yields, 36% for BSC and 31% for SSC. The catalyst had no impact on the biocrude production. The bio-oils were analyzed by GC/MS and FTIR; a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to evaluate the samples’ variability. The FTIR highlighted bands associated with common oxygenated compounds in lignocellulosic biomass-derived bio-oils. The GC-MS results indicated a predominance of oxygenated compounds, and these were highest in the presence of the catalyst for both the BSC (90.6%) and SSC (91.7%) bio-oils. The SSC bio-oils presented higher oxygenated compound contents than the BSC bio-oils. Statistical analysis provided valuable insights for optimizing biomass conversion processes, such as determining the optimal conditions for maximizing product yields.

Exploring photobiomodulation in the management of bowel diseases: a concise critical review.

The complexity of the gastrointestinal system plays a crucial role in coordinating essential processes such as digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination. inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) pose significant treatment challenges due to their complex aetiology and varied symptoms. Conventional therapeutic approaches often involve pharmacological interventions, which may have side effects and limited efficacy. Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low-level light therapy, has emerged as a promising therapeutic or adjunctive alternative in the treatment of intestinal diseases. The search was conducted in the MEDLINE database via PubMed, SCOPUS, covering the period from 1990 to 2024. A total of 72 studies were selected, of which 9 focused on inflammatory bowel diseases IBD, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Among these studies, 1 was clinical protocol while eight experimental. The results showed that PBM has a significant positive effect in IBD studies in rats, with reduction of intestinal inflammation, improvement of mucosal integrity, and modulation of the immune response. However, no clinical studies were found necessary to obtain results and establish effective and safe treatment protocols. Nevertheless, PBM holds potential as a non-invasive and complementary therapeutic approach for managing IBD, offering new perspectives for the treatment of chronic intestinal diseases. Therefore, this brief review emphasizes the need to transition from preclinical research to clinical research on this topic and highlights the scarcity of clinical studies.

Manajemen Kualitas dalam Meningkatkan Efisiensi Proses Bisnis Perusahaan

In an era of increasingly fierce business competition, companies are required to improve efficiency in every business process. One of the crucial aspects that can support efficiency is the implementation of proper quality management. Quality management is a systematic approach to managing and improving the quality of products, services, and processes in an organization, with the goal of meeting customer expectations and achieving optimal efficiency. This research explores various quality management approaches such as Total Quality Management (TQM), Six Sigma, Lean Manufacturing, and ISO 9001. This approach has a focus on continuous improvement, elimination of waste, and increased customer satisfaction. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method to analyze the implementation of these models in improving the efficiency of the company's business processes. The results of the assessment from the media expert, Mr. Muhammad Ikhwan, S.Pd., M.Pd showed the feasibility of the media with an average score of 92.17%, while the assessment of the material expert, Mrs. Nurul Isnaeni, S.Pd, obtained an average of 96.19%, with the category of "Very Feasible" for all aspects. This study proves that Powtoon-based learning media is effective and feasible to use in the context of education.

Gross Anatomical, Histological, Histochemical and Scanning Electron Microscopic Examination of Glandular Stomach of Chinese Goose (Anser cygnoides)

Background: The digestive system is responsible for the intake, conversion and absorption of nutrients and the elimination of wastes from the body in order to provide the necessary energy for the continuation of vitality and functions. The aim of this study was to examine the glandular stomach of the Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) by histological, histochemical and scanning electron microscopic methods. Methods: The glandular stomachs of 12 (6 males and 6 females) healthy adult Chinese geese (Anser cygnoides) were used in the study. The tissues taken were subjected to routine histological procedures. Result: Gross anatomically, it was seen that the Proventriculus was a fusiform or spindle-shaped organ, extending along the median plane between the esophagus and the muscular stomach. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations revealed that the glandular stomach surface of Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) contained many mucosal folds. Parallel grooves and proventricular gland openings were observed between these folds. Histologically, it was observed that the glandular stomach wall of Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides) consisted of four layers: tunica mucosa, submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The tunica mucosa was observed to have lamina epithelialis, lamina propria and lamina muscularis sublayers. Single layer prismatic cells secreting mucus were found in the lamina epithelialis layer. These cells showed local Alcian Blue (AB) pH:2,5 positive reaction. Lamina muscularis consisted of longitudinal smooth muscle fiber bundles. Compound, branched tubular glands were observed in the submucosal layer. Again, a regional AB positive reaction was observed in the lumen-facing parts of the tubular glands. Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive reaction was noted in the basal parts of the tubular glands. In Gordon-Sweet (GS) staining method, reticular threads easily distinguished in all areas where connective tissue present.

TERAPAN ETOS KAIZEN DALAM “MENINGKATKAN KELAS” BISNIS KULINER BERKEARIFAN LOKAL

This community service activity aims to provide counseling to the UMKM Association of Komunitas Sukses Berjamaah Indonesia (KSBI) in South Jakarta regarding the application of the Kaizen ethos in improving the quality and success of their culinary business based on local wisdom. This counseling aims to provide an understanding of the concept of Kaizen ethos and encourage KSBI members to apply it in their culinary business. In this activity, an interactive approach method was used through discussions and case studies to understand the potential for improving local wisdom-based culinary businesses. The participants were invited to identify problems, challenges, and opportunities in their culinary business, as well as to utilize local wisdom as an added value in the business. Key Kaizen principles, such as elimination of waste, quality improvement, employee engagement, and continuous improvement cycle, were explained and applied in the context of KSBI's culinary business. Through the delivery of implementation strategies and successful case examples, participants were given practical guidance to apply the Kaizen ethos in their culinary business. In addition, Q&A and discussion sessions provided an opportunity for KSBI members to share their experiences and obtain solutions to the questions and problems they faced. The results of this activity had a positive impact on the members of the UMKM Community Sukses Berjamaah Indonesia (KSBI) in South Jakarta, focusing on continuous improvement and utilization of local potential, the participants managed to improve their operational efficiency and the quality of their culinary products. Awareness of the importance of innovation and adaptation to market changes has also increased, thus opening up opportunities to expand markets and strengthen the competitiveness of local wisdom-based culinary businesses through the application of the Kaizen ethos.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain NSB4 bacteria for treating wastewater for fuel cell application

Pollutants in water bodies come from a variety of sources, including but not limited to domestic, industrial, municipal etc. Water contamination and energy shortages are global problems that require significant attention. Therefore, it is essential to synthesize sustainable energy and transport waste-free water to the water reception points. Concerns about energy shortages and water contamination have prompted the development of microbial fuel cell technology. Microorganisms are used by the electrochemical cell nature of MFCs to digest the organic wastes and produce energy anaerobically. Focusing on single-chambered mediator-less MFCs operating in batch mode, this study assesses the efficacy of a novel bacterial strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NSB4, as an exoelectrogen regarding electricity yield and waste elimination. Results from the strain's electrochemical characterization showed a maximum current density of 0.4804A/m2 and a power density of 41.281mW/m2. Additionally, the columbic efficiency (72%) and COD reduction efficiency (90.46%) were also remarkably high. Growth of the anodic biofilm during the MFC process displayed the crucial performance of the exoelectrogen used. SEM images of the biofilm are also presented in the study.

Monitoring for Amoebic Disease (Malpighamoeba mellificae) in Honey Bee Colonies

Digestive health is an overlooked but vital component of the success of Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoal infections can inhibit nutrient uptake and waste elimination by the honey bee digestive tract. Active management requires monitoring honey bee health on an individual and colony basis, providing adequate nutrition, and controlling for other pests and diseases. One organism that has gained recent attention is Malpighamoeba mellificae. This publication describes how to detect M. mellificae in A. mellifera colonies.

Development of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites: A Critical Review

AbstractFiber reinforced composites are made by reinforcing fibers in a polymeric matrix and shaping them to fit. Natural fibers, on the other hand, such as jute sisal, hemp, flax etc. are increasingly commonly utilized as reinforcements and perform similarly to artificial fibers. Man‐made fibers like as carbon, glass, and kevlar are utilized as reinforcements in the start and have shown to be the best in terms of characteristics, reinforcing capacity, and usefulness. Research investigations also show that when man‐made and natural reinforcements are combined in a hybrid form, the composite characteristics increase significantly. The composite material obtains all of the better qualities of individual fibers as a result of this combination, and when the composite is subjected to varying loads, each fiber gives its own maximal resistance. The chemical and physical properties are further enhanced by including particular reinforcements into polymer matrix composites, which provide whole new features (which has transformed the aerospace, marine, defence, and automobile industry). As a result, the composite would be better in all attributes. The current study provides a thorough examination of the different challenges concerning the synthesis and mechanical characterization of natural fiber reinforces hybrid polymer composites. Future difficulties, as well as areas of use for polymer matrix composites, have been investigated that may aid in the elimination of plastic waste and the reduction of environmental pollution.

Heat and mass transfer in tri‐layer ependymal ciliary transport with diverse viscosity

AbstractSpecialized cilia known as ependymal cilia help the cerebrospinal fluid, which is important for nutrient delivery and waste elimination, to circulate in the brain. Many species rely on cilia and flagella for fluid movement and motility. Cilia and flagella, for instance, produce propulsive forces that allow unicellular creatures like Paramecium and Euglena to move through their surroundings. Ciliary transport plays a role in the flow of egg cells, or oocytes, via the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system. The transfer of the egg towards the uterus is facilitated by the synchronized wave‐like motion produced by the cilia lining the fallopian tubes. Like this, ciliary transport in men aids in the passage of sperm cells via the epididymis. Many scientists and researchers are studying the mechanics of cilia motion and the properties of the viscoelastic fluid layer to develop new treatments and applications in biomedical engineering and for some diseases. Motivated by a wide range of biological applications, the objective of this study is to investigate the heat and mass transfer flow of tri‐layered Newtonian fluids flowing with the help of ciliary beating in a Cartesian coordinate. The fluid is incompressible, and fluid layers are not intermixed. The fluid flow with heat and mass transfer is first modelled in wave and then transmuted into fixed. Solutions for temperature profile, velocity distribution, stresses and concentration distribution are obtained. The influence of incipient parameters is displayed with graphs and plotted with the computational software MATHEMATICA 13.0 in the results section. The key findings obtained from graphs show that the maximum magnitude for temperature and velocity is achieved in the middle layer of fluid whereas in the outer layer concentration profile is maximum. It is predicted that this approach will make an essential contribution to the progress and enhancement of various types of drug delivery systems in the biomedical industry and biomechanics.

Taking the Piss? Using Lean to Review the Process for Provision & Delivery of Continence Disposable Products

Abstract Background Urinary incontinence (UI) is the unintentional passing of urine. Its impact on older people varies from a diminished quality of life, to social isolation and frailty. Pads or diapers are commonly employed tools in the care of older people with incontinence. Incontinence is largely underreported and poorly managed among older people in community care settings (Yan et al., 2022). This work reviews the process map of the provision and delivery of continence disposable products in the community by the Health Service Executive in Ireland. Methods Lean is a quality improvement approach that consists of the elimination of waste to improve the flow of people, information or goods. We reviewed the process map baseline assessment; captured steps that added value to the patient and the impact on staff in the community. Results The initial assessment tool consists of five pages. There are 28 possible steps presented in the process map. There is a gap in the presentation on connectors to associated processes. Eight people are involved in the ordering, approval and delivery process to the older person. The initial assessment and education add value to the patient. If adverse skin or complaints arise an older person can be referred to a continence advisor or the ADPHN. The patient feedback loop is missing following delivery no check-in for education is provided following initial use. Unclear who is the point of contact for the patient to raise issues. The only noted key performance indicator is the processing of a request to order is inputted in one working day. Objectives are not SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-Bound.) Conclusion Further in-depth research is required to review if the right staff are making the approvals. Need to review KPIs throughout to improve process and SMART objectives. Perspectives of older people and GP supports require further investigation.

A laboratory study of coal-to-gas bioconversion through bio-seeding sludge in the primary coal substrate

Coal waste, a by-product of coal extraction, adversely poses environmental hazards as it releases harmful substances into the air, water, and soil, damaging the ecosystem and localized biodiversity. The coal-to-energy sludge-seeded bioconversion shows its potential as an environmentally friendly technology to mitigate the harmfulness of coal-derived hazards. This study uses blended coal and anaerobic digestion sludge in batch reactors at a mesophilic temperature (35 °C) to generate methane-rich biogas for energy production and waste elimination. Nutrient solution and ethanol were added as stimuli to boost bioactivities and enhance gas production. These results showed the potential of lignite coal in biomethane generation over an extended period, even with a lower volume of sludge addition. Adding nutrients and ethanol enhances the ultimate biogas production as an extra feed for microorganisms and as a key parameter in increasing the bioavailability of coal. The ultimate biogas production from the kinetic model indicates a remarkable volume of 111504 mL/g-sludge using lignite with 20 mol ethanol compared to the blank reactor with 701 mL/g-sludge of biogas production. The intricate analysis of results highlights the complex interplay between coal, sludge, nutrients, and additives, where varying factors impact methane production rates. Despite challenges in interpreting data, this study underscores the potential for managing coal waste through wastewater utilization, transforming it into methane-rich biogas—a sustainable green technology for energy production.

A bibliometric review of waste management and innovation: Unveiling trends, knowledge structure and emerging research fronts.

The pressing challenges in waste management have motivated this comprehensive study examining prior research and contemporary trends concerning innovation and waste management. A meticulous investigation of 2264 documents (1968-2024) was conducted using bibliometrix R-tool to analyse Scopus and Web of Science databases, offering a holistic global perspective. Heightened societal concern about waste management, driven by soaring waste production from consumption patterns, requires urgent exploration of effective waste elimination and transformation systems. This study provides a comprehensive summary of the topic, delving deeply into its complexities. Through thorough analysis of global trends, it constitutes a significant stride towards identifying effective solutions, offering valuable contributions to both scientific understanding and practical applications. This research pioneers a comprehensive synthesis of innovation and waste management issues, showcasing originality and substantial contributions. The identified collaborative networks expose a lack of transnational cooperation, potentially hindering waste management innovation. Future research around waste management innovation should focus on synergies among competitors within the same industry and across industries to minimize waste and maximize resource utilization, 4.0 technologies, global waste chain impacts and challenges along with solutions for developing countries.

Lean Management and Firms Competitive Advantage

This study focused on lean management and firms' competitive advantage in Akwa Ibom State. Two hypotheses and two research questions were developed for the study, using a survey methodology. The population consisted of 59 employees in top management, middle management, and lower management positions at particular manufacturing companies in the state of Akwa Ibom. Utilizing census techniques, data on the total population was gathered. The two hypotheses were tested at the 0.05 level of significance using the Ordinal Regression Tool Analysis. The findings indicated that the Lean Management dimension (employee involvement: 8.298, PV = 0.003; Just-in-Time: 7.246, PV = 0.002) and firms' competitive advantage in Akwa Ibom State were significantly correlated. Just-in-time and employee involvement are relational characteristics that might improve enterprises' competitive advantage and organizational performance in Akwa Ibom State. The study’s management was advised to improve their policies to support manufacturing and operations by figuring out what the customer values, mapping out the value stream the complete sequence of steps necessary to deliver a good or service—and analyzing the value stream to find and get rid of wasteful practices like overproduction, waiting times, needless motion, defects, and excess inventory. To boost overall cost efficiency, it was also advised that manufacturing companies integrate waste elimination into their operational processes.

From waste to worth: a mediation analysis of lean manufacturing and operational performance in developing country

PurposeLean Manufacturing Systems (LMS) gained popularity among manufacturers globally. However, their efficacy in developing and least-developed countries remained noticeably understudied. Motivated by this research gap, the researchers of this study designed a quantitative study with a structured survey technique to investigate its context-specific impact on the apparel industry of a developing country. Hence, this study aimed to examine the relationship between LMS and elimination of waste (EOW) and operational performance (OP) and comprehend how the EOW mediates the relationship between an LMS and OP within the apparel industry of a developing economy.Design/methodology/approachThe researchers collected data from 227 garment companies in Bangladesh. These organization-level data were then analyzed using the structural equation modeling approach with AMOS 20.0 software to examine the direct and indirect effects among EOW, LMS and OP.FindingsThe findings of this study suggest that EOW has a direct and significant effect on OP. This research also revealed that EOW has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between LMS and OP.Research limitations/implicationsThis research focused on a single industry administering self-reported data and cross-sectional design, limiting generalizability and causal inference.Practical implicationsLMS and directing efforts towards EOW can significantly improve the operational performance of apparel companies by reducing lead times and costs, improving quality and increasing productivity.Originality/valueThese findings can provide useful insight to managers, practitioners and future researchers to understand the relationship between EOW, LMS and OP to optimize their production processes and improve OP in the apparel industry.

Research Trends on Valorisation of Agricultural Waste Discharged from Production of Distilled Beverages and Their Implications for a “Three-Level Valorisation System”

The circular economy, driven by waste elimination, material circulation and nature regeneration, is crucial for business, people, and the environment. With the increasing demand for distilled beverages, managing agricultural waste like spent grains is paramount. While previous studies focused on individual beverages, investigating technologies across different types of beverages has been overlooked. This paper provides a systematic review of agricultural waste valorisation over the past five years, focusing on four representative distilled beverages: whisk(e)y, tequila, baijiu and shochu. Research efforts have primarily focused on bioenergy production from whisk(e)y and tequila waste, whereas extracting functional substances is common for baijiu and shochu. Through integrating different technologies, a “Three-level Valorisation System” was proposed to enhance the translation of agricultural waste into value-added products like proteins. This system is directly relevant to the distilled beverage industry globally and applicable to associated industries such as biofuel and food production.

How green is my reusable bronchoscope?

IntroductionSingle-use bronchoscopes have replaced reusable ones in many institutions. This study aimed to evaluate the environmental and financial impacts of both strategies: reusable and single-use bronchoscopes. Material and methodsWe conducted a pragmatic study in a 21-bed polyvalent ICU, in Saint-Brieuc, Bretagne, France. The eco-audit consisted of estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, considering the life cycle of each strategy. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to construction, packaging, transport and waste elimination were compared between 2 devices: the reusable bronchoscope, a Pentax® FI-16RBS that was disinfected twice daily; and the single-use bronchoscope, the bronchoflex agile® from TSC. ResultsFor the reusable bronchoscope, GHG emissions were marginally impacted by the number of bronchoscopies performed (from 185 kg eq.CO2 per year to 192 kg eq.CO2 for 10 or 110 bronchoscopies per year). For the reusable device, GHG emissions directly depended on the number of bronchoscopies performed with 3.82 kg eq.CO2 emitted per bronchoscopy. The breakeven point for the reusable bronchoscope was estimated at 50 bronchoscopies in terms of GHG emissions and 96 bronchoscopies for financial considerations. ConclusionConsidering current practice in our ICU, reusable bronchoscopes have lower GHG emissions when used more than 50 times a year and a lower cost when used more than 96 times a year as compared with single-use bronchoscopes.

Recycling thermally detoxified asbestos-cement in stone-wool: An end-less-life material!

Deactivated (detoxified) asbestos-cement (DAC), i.e. asbestos-cement slates thermally treated at 1100 °C in order to convert the harmful asbestos fibers into non harmful mineral phases, has been successfully mixed with 74.6 wt% quartz sand and up to 63.2 wt% basalt sand, to produce stone wool with mechanical properties and composition competitive with commercial stone wool. The sample with 50 % DAC and 50 % basalt provided the best comparison with commercial stone wool in terms of liquidus temperature (lower than for the other mixtures) and Young’s modulus (higher). Through further composition optimization and utilization of multiple components, we estimate that future batches could utilize 70–75 % of DAC. These promising results and expectations highlight a feasible reuse of DAC as secondary raw material for stone wool production and a possible route to the elimination of a toxic waste from the environment and the preservation of primary raw materials.

Greenness assessment and comparison of the developed and validated green HPLC-PDA, HPLC-FLD, and HPLC-ELSD methods for the determination of melatonin in various products using analytical eco-scale, NEMI, GAPI, and AGREE greenness metric tools

Melatonin, recognized as the hormone governing sleep, is an endogenous hormone synthesized by the pineal gland situated in the brain. It orchestrates the sleep-wake cycle and fosters optimal circadian rhythm. Owing to its manifold metabolic advantages, particularly in the realm of circadian rhythm regulation, melatonin finds extensive application in various supplementary formulations. The elimination of hazardous chemical waste in common chromatographic separations has become an essential issue. We present a green, eco-friendly, novel, sensitive, rapid, robust, and three simple methods including the HPLC-PDA, HPLC-FLD, and HPLC-ELSD approach for the simultaneous determination of MEL in various products. The mobile phase of all the HPLC methods consists of only water and an ethanol mixture and is free from any toxic solvents. All the separations were made on a C18 column (5 μm particle size, 250 mm x 4.6 mm id.). LODs were found to be as 1.20 ng mL−1, 0.02 ng mL−1, 1.26 µg mL−1, and LOQs 4.00 ng mL−1, 0.07 ng mL−1, 4.21 µg mL−1 for PDA, FLD and ELSD, respectively. The recovery results were found to be within 98.58–102.35 %. Moreover, the greenness assessment of all the HPLC methods was assessed using the Analytical Eco-scale, NEMI, AGREE, and GAPI. The developed methods have been demonstrated to be applicable in routine analyses for the determination of melatonin in various preparations.

Lean Construction: The Role of a Project Manager

Purpose: Architectural and engineering facilities poses difficult management problems which has left the construction industries with waste and non-value adding activities and the clients have not been able to pull value from projects handled by contractors. It is against this background that this research was carried out for project managers to know how to apply lean construction principles and techniques to deliver their projects without waste, reduce project abandonment and abortion and for effective project delivery. Material and Methods: The research was carried out using primary and secondary data and subsequently analyzed. The data was presented using tables and charts Findings: It was observed that the principles of lean construction which promotes, the elimination of waste and non-value adding activities in processes, to engineering and design is unknown to our construction industries. Many of the construction firms are skeptical about the principal ad are not ready to entertain the techniques involved. Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: It is recommended that the principle of lean construction be introduced and practiced by the construction firms so they may concentrate on how projects will bring value to the client.