Waste Disposal Techniques Research Articles

Strategies for combating urban flooding in a developing nation: A case study from Ondo, Nigeria

Flooding has become an inherent problem in most urban centres close to the Nigerian coast. In the last decade it has extended to large settlements in the interior of the country where rainfall is more sporadic. This study has revealed that various socio-cultural activities have promoted flooding in many of these Nigerian urban environments. These activities are characterised by stream or river channel encroachment and abuse, increased paved surfaces and poor solid waste disposal techniques, due to a high level of illiteracy, a low degree of community awareness, poor environmental education, ineffective town planning laws and poor environmental management. Govenment, at various levels, needs to address these issues.

PCCHEMEQ: Prediction of the flue gas compositions for incinerator and pyrolyzers

As a result of reduction in available waste disposal space throughout North America and Europe, serious considerations are being given to waste minimization, recovery of energy from waste and other disposal techniques. One of the alternative techniques is combustion of waste. This process produces waste gases which might require further treatment in order to satisfy environmental regulations. Chemical equilibrium codes have found applications in predicting the reaction products from combustion and pyrolysis processes. Several software programs are available in the literature for the above applications. The purpose of this review is to discuss a new software, PCCHEMEQ, available from T.C. International, 2533 Hazy Hollow, St. Antonio, TX 78255 (Telephone - (512) 798-0957). PCCHEMEQ is a software package for predicting the flue gas compositions from incinerators and pyrolyzers. It is a thermal equilibrium program with calculations encompassing a large group of elements. The program can also perform the mass and energy balances for combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, rocket fuel burning, thermal cracking processes and slag/glass/soil melting.

The discovery of the causal agent of Minamata disease.

After the outbreak of an epidemic of a strange disease characterized by severe neurological signs in the small Japanese town of Minamata, a number of scientists in different disciplines were required to identify the causal agent. An account is given of the three-year program, with its disappointments and frustrations as a result of the limitations of knowledge of ecological principles and the absence of adequate techniques for detection and measurement. The lessons that have been learned on how toxic compounds can accumulate and concentrate in food chains are described as are the ecological contributions of environmentally safe waste disposal techniques. This article is based on the recollections of Dr. Shoji Kitamura, who contributed greatly to the discovery of the causative agent of Minamata disease.

EFFICIENT CONVERSION OF CALCUTTA MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE TO FUEL OIL BY CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION

ABSTRACT Pilot plant studies have shown that solid waste represents a valuable source of energy. Efforts have been made to scale up the data to process 1000 tons/day of Calcutta municipal waste. The advantage of this process is that product fuel oil is a saleable commodity, thus becoming an effective waste disposal technique and source for non-conventional energy.

Waste Management: A Systems Perspective

A systems perspective of waste management allows an integrated approach not only to the five basic functional elements of waste management itself (generation, reduction, collection, recycling, disposal), but to the problems arising at the interfaces with the management of energy, nature conservation, environmental protection, economic factors like unemployment and productivity, etc. This monograph separately describes present practices and the problems to be solved in each of the functional areas of waste management and at the important interfaces. Strategies for more efficient control are then proposed from a systems perspective. Systematic and objective means of solving problems become possible leading to optimal management and a positive contribution to economic development, not least through resource conservation. India is the particular context within which waste generation and management are discussed. In considering waste disposal techniques, special attention is given to sewage and radioactive wastes.

The SILORCO-SILODA process: A complete household refuse treatment line combining refuse-derived fuel and compost production for better waste management

The combined need for new energy sources and better waste disposal techniques has led to the development of an efficient energy and soil improver recovery system. The Envermeu Plant (France) is using this household refuse treatment line combining the SILORCO process to produce RDF (Refuse-Derived Fuel) in the form of pellets and the SILODA process to produce high quality compost through both forced aeration and windrowing. This facility is described with emphasis on the technical principles and main advantages.

Design and implementation of groundwater recovery systems

Environmental ProgressVolume 4, Issue 3 p. 182-186 Article Design and implementation of groundwater recovery systems R. L. Elton, R. L. Elton Underground Resource Management Inc., Austin, Texas 78746 Richard L. Elton, III: has been technical and marketing manager for Underground Resource Management, Inc. since 1982, where he directs environmental programs for URM's clients in the petroleum refining and chemical industries. He has authored 16 papers covering wastewater treatment, waste management, and groundwater recovery and contaminant treatment. He earned a B.S. Ch.E. at Texas Tech University and a M.S.Ch.E. at the University of Texas at Austin in 1973.Search for more papers by this authorM. Schipper, M. Schipper Underground Resource Management Inc., Austin, Texas 78746 Mark R. Shipper: was a hydrogeologist for Underground Resource Management, Inc. where he performed regional and site specific geologic and hydrologic site characterizations, contamination studies, and aquifer testing. He is presently working as a consulting geologist in Idaho. He earned a B.S. in Geology at Ohio State University and his M.S. in Geology from Oklahoma State University where he earned the Skinner Fellowship for Academic Excellence.Search for more papers by this authorM. W. Cooper, M. W. Cooper Underground Resource Management Inc., Austin, Texas 78746 Michael W. Cooper: is principal and vice president of Underground Resource Management, Inc., an environmental consulting firm. He has over 10 years experience with waste disposal techniques and alternatives, and regulatory considerations of waste management. While with URM, he has supervised several groundwater contamination studies at waste disposal sites, designed surface impoundments and developed closure alternatives. He earned an M.S. in Engineering from the University of Texas in 1975.Search for more papers by this authorR. T. Kent, R. T. Kent Underground Resource Management Inc., Austin, Texas 78746 Rohert T. Kent: is principal and vice president of Underground Resource Management, Inc., environmental consulting firm. He has over ten years experience in waste management systems, including subsurface injection systems. He has functioned as an expert witness for the State of Texas permit application hearings, and has authored 15 papers on waste disposal, groundwater contamination, and well operation. Bob earned B.S. in Geology from the University of Texas in 1972.Search for more papers by this author R. L. Elton, R. L. Elton Underground Resource Management Inc., Austin, Texas 78746 Richard L. Elton, III: has been technical and marketing manager for Underground Resource Management, Inc. since 1982, where he directs environmental programs for URM's clients in the petroleum refining and chemical industries. He has authored 16 papers covering wastewater treatment, waste management, and groundwater recovery and contaminant treatment. He earned a B.S. Ch.E. at Texas Tech University and a M.S.Ch.E. at the University of Texas at Austin in 1973.Search for more papers by this authorM. Schipper, M. Schipper Underground Resource Management Inc., Austin, Texas 78746 Mark R. Shipper: was a hydrogeologist for Underground Resource Management, Inc. where he performed regional and site specific geologic and hydrologic site characterizations, contamination studies, and aquifer testing. He is presently working as a consulting geologist in Idaho. He earned a B.S. in Geology at Ohio State University and his M.S. in Geology from Oklahoma State University where he earned the Skinner Fellowship for Academic Excellence.Search for more papers by this authorM. W. Cooper, M. W. Cooper Underground Resource Management Inc., Austin, Texas 78746 Michael W. Cooper: is principal and vice president of Underground Resource Management, Inc., an environmental consulting firm. He has over 10 years experience with waste disposal techniques and alternatives, and regulatory considerations of waste management. While with URM, he has supervised several groundwater contamination studies at waste disposal sites, designed surface impoundments and developed closure alternatives. He earned an M.S. in Engineering from the University of Texas in 1975.Search for more papers by this authorR. T. Kent, R. T. Kent Underground Resource Management Inc., Austin, Texas 78746 Rohert T. Kent: is principal and vice president of Underground Resource Management, Inc., environmental consulting firm. He has over ten years experience in waste management systems, including subsurface injection systems. He has functioned as an expert witness for the State of Texas permit application hearings, and has authored 15 papers on waste disposal, groundwater contamination, and well operation. Bob earned B.S. in Geology from the University of Texas in 1972.Search for more papers by this author First published: August 1985 https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.670040314Citations: 1 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume4, Issue3August 1985Pages 182-186 RelatedInformation

Corrosion and Deposits from Combustion of Solid Waste—Part VII: Coincineration of Refuse and Sewage Sludge

Corrosion probe exposures were conducted in the Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, incinerator to determine the effects of burning low-chloride sewage sludge with municipal refuse. Probes having controlled temperature gradients were used to measure corrosion rates for exposure times up to 816 hours. The effects of exposure time, metal temperature, and gas temperature were studied. The results demonstrated that the addition of the sludge reduced the initial corrosion rates of carbon and low-alloy steels to about half that from refuse alone. Little effect was observed on the rates for Types 310 and 347 stainless steels. An aluminized coating on steel resisted corrosion effectively and offers promise as a cost-effective substitute for expensive alloys. In the range 500–900° F the corrosion rates of carbon steel and T22 increased with temperature while those for the stainless steels decreased. Reducing the flue gas temperature from 1500° F to 1100° F reduced corrosion rates significantly and made them less dependent on metal temperature. The addition of low-chloride sludge to refuse is recommended as a corrosion prevention measure and a waste disposal technique.

Cost/Benefit Considerations of Nuclear Power

A cost/benefit analysis has been used in an attempt to place the societal costs associated with nuclear power into perspective by comparing them with the costs associated with coal-fired plants. Generation of electricity from coal is assumed to represent an acceptable risk in our society. The results of this qualitative evaluation indicate that nuclear power compares favorably with coal for the following costs: resource depletion, environmental insult, cost of power generation, voluntary occupational health risks, and involuntary public health risks associated with routine plant operation. Plant accidents, waste disposal techniques for both nuclear and coal-fired stations, and the nuclear safeguards issue are identified as the major areas requiring further risk evaluation.

Hydrologic Factors Pertinent to Ground‐Water Contaminationa

AbstractPredictions of where and how a fluid waste may travel from disposal site to the water table require detailed information on the physical characteristics, location, and extent of all pervious and impervious materials in the unsaturated zone. Principles concerning the flow system in the unsaturated zone indicate the importance of choice of disposal technique in predicting the time required for the fluid waste to traverse the distance to the water table. With appropriate data on the location, extent, and physical properties of water‐bearing materials and on the boundaries of the saturated zone flow system, it is possible to analyze the relative merits of a variety of waste disposal techniques and to describe the probable consequences of each. Environments of consolidated rocks, such as granites, sandstones, and limestones, pose problems in addition to those related to unconsolidated or granular porous media in defining the fluid‐flow regimes that involve joint patterns, fracture patterns, solutional openings, and the rock structure.The consequences of ground‐water contamination can be just as damaging to water users as the pollution of surface streams. In fact it can be argued that the consequences are far more damaging because they persist over much longer periods of time after the contaminating source has been eliminated. It would appear prudent, therefore, to guard against contamination of the ground‐water resource in the first instance, rather than to engage in long expensive rehabilitation measures after the damage has been done.In 1960 Graham Walton presented data concerning contamination, by sewage or other man‐made wastes, of surface and underground waters. The circumstances attending the reported incidents of contamination, especially those involving ground‐water supplies, have aided materially in the choice of a few principles and ideas that will identify the role of some significant hydrologic factors in the underground movement of fluid wastes.Walton's discussion of ground‐water contamination refers often to physical settings into which fluid wastes are discharged at or near the land surface into cesspools, tile‐drain fields, and holding ponds. Furthermore, most reported instances of ground‐water contamination have taken place in relatively humid

Ruggedized solar cell and process for making the same or the like

In coming age, new technologies for survivals of human beings on our earth are required. These technologies include for energy and natural resources conservation, waste disposal techniques, and reduction of global warming gases. To achieve this advanced functions of materials are essential. In this paper, new frontiers of microwave dielectrics are presented in relations with these energy issues.The microwave dielectrics are familiar with radio frequency wave. The low loss dielectric materials are resonated by microwaves in air and change it to electric current in circuit, and vice versa. It is well known that the microwave materials have three important characteristic properties such as high quality factor Q, dielectric constant ɛr and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency TCf. These properties enable the following functions: (1) electromagnetic resonance, (2) electromagnetic-wave shortening, (3) electromagnetic-wave delay, (4) temperature variation of resonant frequency, (5) electromagnetic-wave absorption, and (6) other functions: such as transparency and refractive index. In this paper, for future excellent usages of these functions, some applications are presented showing the fundamental explanations. The content in this paper is planned for the publication in a handbook of advancements of functional ceramics.

Solar collectors for use in thermionic power supply systems in space

In coming age, new technologies for survivals of human beings on our earth are required. These technologies include for energy and natural resources conservation, waste disposal techniques, and reduction of global warming gases. To achieve this advanced functions of materials are essential. In this paper, new frontiers of microwave dielectrics are presented in relations with these energy issues.The microwave dielectrics are familiar with radio frequency wave. The low loss dielectric materials are resonated by microwaves in air and change it to electric current in circuit, and vice versa. It is well known that the microwave materials have three important characteristic properties such as high quality factor Q, dielectric constant ɛr and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency TCf. These properties enable the following functions: (1) electromagnetic resonance, (2) electromagnetic-wave shortening, (3) electromagnetic-wave delay, (4) temperature variation of resonant frequency, (5) electromagnetic-wave absorption, and (6) other functions: such as transparency and refractive index. In this paper, for future excellent usages of these functions, some applications are presented showing the fundamental explanations. The content in this paper is planned for the publication in a handbook of advancements of functional ceramics.