Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Research Articles

Biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil in blends with ultra-low sulphur diesel and its spray macroscopic properties under split injection strategy

There is a significant interest to evaluate alternative injection strategies in order to improve the performance of biofuels and its blends in internal combustion engines as a way to decarbonize the transport sector, particularly in high potence demand niche. Biodiesel is the renewable analogue for petroleum diesel but the performance assessment of its blends from related to their spray macroscopical properties is scarce in the literature. This article evaluates the effect of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel (WCO) produced at semi-industrial scale in blends (B05, B10, B20) with commercial Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (ULSD) on the fuel spray macroscopic properties such as penetration, angle, and area when a split injection strategy is used in a constant volume chamber under non-reactive and evaporative conditions using an injection and back pressure of 120 MPa and 5 MPa, respectively. These results were analysed in conjunction with relevant physicochemical properties of the fuels to identify the optimum diesel-WCO biodiesel blend, that could be implemented in a conventional diesel engine. It was observed that the increase of density and viscosity directly influences spray tip penetration, whereas surface tension affects spray angle. The values of spray penetration and spray area of all fuels during the second injection were higher than those of the first injection. Accordingly, the first injection event provokes an improvement mixing process of the second injection event in all cases. The values of spray penetration and area corresponding to B10 and B20 were higher than those of B5 and ULSD in both injection events at all times. Therefore, the split injection could be an effective strategy to improve the mixing process of biodiesel blends as well as the efficiency and emission performance in conventional diesel engines.

Electrolytic transesterification of waste cooking oil using magnetic Co/Fe–Ca based catalyst derived from waste shells: A promising approach towards sustainable biodiesel production

Biodiesel production is a promising approach to producing renewable liquid fuel and disposing of waste cooking oil (WCO). While the high energy consumption during the conventional thermal transesterification process and the difficulty of reusing the transesterification catalyst are two important factors affecting its development. In this research, biodiesel production by electrolytic transesterification of WCO using reusable magnetic waste shells derived Co/Fe–Ca based catalysts were evaluated. Catalysts were prepared by one-step hydrothermal method. Their properties were characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, etc, catalytic performances were investigated, and catalytic mechanisms were also explored. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD) approach was used to optimize the electrolytic transesterification parameters and investigate the interactions of independent parameters. An optimal Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content of 92.12% was obtained under a 12:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 0.25 wt% catalyst dosage, and 29 V electrolytic voltage for 50 min at room temperature. The conversion of WCO is more dependent on electrolytic voltage as compared to the other parameters. And the reaction time has been significantly decreased, energy efficiency was effectively improved compared to conventional thermal catalytic transesterification. Moreover, the WCO biodiesel properties were measured and they all met the ASTM standard. It's hoped that the results of this work could promisingly benefit the sustainable biodiesel production and disposal of WCO.

Analyzing the impact of adding aluminum oxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles to waste cooking biodiesel on engine performance, combustion and emissions characteristics

The purpose of this research is to analyze the emission, combustion, and performance parameters of a CRDI diesel engine fueled by waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel (B20%), diesel (80%), and their blend with two distinct metal-based nanoparticles cerium oxide (CeO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Transesterification was used to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO). An ultrasonication procedure was used to gradually mingle the nanoparticles with a B20-diesel fuel blend in mass fractions of 50 and 100 ppm. The developed nanoparticle fuel samples were designated as (B20 + 50 Al2O3, B20 + 100 Al2O3, B20 + 50 CeO2, B20 + 100 CeO2). The CRDI engine was run at a constant speed with four different engine loads: 3 kg, 6 kg, 9 kg, and 12 kg. The result showed that the presence of Al2O3 in the blended fuel improved the BTE by 11.39%, reduced the SFC by 13.74%, and increased the cylinder pressure and heat release rate (HRR) by 16.77% and 21.48% respectively compared to B20 fuel at peak load condition. Regarding harmful emissions, CO emissions decreased by 15.06% for B20 + 50 Al2O3 than B20 and HC emissions decreased by 50% for B20 + 50 CeO2 than diesel at peak load. Further, NOx is reduced by 18.29% for B20 + 50 CeO2 than B20 at peak loads.

Bifunctional additive phenolic acids grafted ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers for improving the cold flow properties and oxidative stability of waste cooking oil biodiesel-diesel blends

Poor cold flow properties (CFPs) and oxidative stability (OS) are the main commercial obstacles affecting the application of biodiesel. Most additives only improve a single specific property. In this study, a bifunctional additive was prepared to improve the CFPs and OS of waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel blends. 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (DTBHA) and gallic acid (GA) were grafted on the ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers with different VA contents, and the grafted EVAs were used as the cold flow improvers and antioxidants for B20 (20 vol% WCO biodiesel + 80 vol% diesel fuel). EVA with 25 % VA content (EVA-2) at 0.15 wt% dosage exhibited better reduction on cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) by 5 °C, 7 °C, and 10 °C, respectively. The EVA had depression effects on the CFPs of B20, whereas it had no effects on OS. The EVA presented further improvement on the CFPs and OS of B20 after the grafting of phenolic acids. Bio-based GA-grafted EVA showed better improvement effects than that of commercial DTBHA. EVA-GA-2 exhibited better effects on the CFPs and OS at an optimal dosage of 0.1 wt%, and the CP, PP, and CFPP reduced by 5 °C, 10 °C, and 11 °C, respectively. The induction period increased from 1.66 h to 25.56 h. The effects of the bifunctional additive on CFPs and OS of B20 were discussed.

Pressure Effect on the Speed of Sound of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

Pressure Effect on the Speed of Sound of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

Influence of Pilot-Fueling and Nozzle-Opening Pressure on Performance and Tailpipe Emissions of WCO Biodiesel in a CRDi Engine

Pilot-fueling and nozzle-injection pressure are significant injection parameters, and they have significant impacts on modern vehicles for enhancing the engine output, in addition to meeting rigorous tailpipe-exhaust emission standards. In this current work, the influence of the pilot-fueling pressure and nozzle-opening pressure (NOP) on the engine performance and tailpipe outcomes from a compression-ignition (CI) engine at a higher injection pressure and varying load conditions was investigated using a waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel (B20). The experiments were executed in a high-pressure CRDi-fitted diesel engine at the start of pilot fueling (SOPF) (timing: 23° bTDC), and at the start of the main fueling (SOMF) (timing: 33° bTDC). The results showed that the combined influence of the pilot-fueling and nozzle-opening pressure induced a remarkable enhancement in the BTE, by 25.13%, and the BSFC decreased by 13.88%, compared with diesel at 10% pilot fueling. Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and smoke emissions were drastically reduced for the higher pilot-fueling quantity by 21.05%, 16.66%, and 33.10%, respectively, compared with the diesel at 10% pilot fueling. With the implementation of the pilot-fueling strategy, there is no effect on the NOx reduction.

Experimental and parametric studies on the effect of waste cooking oil methyl ester with diesel fuel in compression ignition engine

Diesel engine discharge characteristics are primarily influenced by fuel qualities, combustion chamber type, and injection settings. This study used combinations of biodiesel, waste cooking oil, and diesel fuel to do a parametric investigation on a diesel engine (DF80-WCOB20, DF70-WCOB30, DF60-WCOB40, and DF50-WCOB50). Using a complete factorial design L75 orthogonal array (O.A.), the experimental and parametric investigations were carried out. According to the experimental findings, DF80-WCOB20, DF70-WCOB30, DF60-WCOB40, and DF50-WCOB50 increase specific energy consumption while reducing engine efficiency, carbon monoxide emissions, and hydrocarbon discharges. At all engine loads, DF80-WCOB20′s brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was higher than that of DF70-WCOB30, DF60-WCOB40, and DF50-WCOB50 for respective compression ratios of 16.5, 17.5, and 18.5. Additionally, the BSFC for C.R. increases (16.5, 17.5, and 18.5) at all engine loads when waste cooking oil biodiesel is mixed with diesel fuel compared to diesel fuel. The findings indicate that while adding biodiesel made from used cooking oil to diesel fuel greatly reduces carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions, it also results in higher nitrogen oxide emissions than diesel fuel.

RETRACTED: Enhancement of combustion characteristics of waste cooking oil biodiesel using TiO2 nanofluid blends through RSM

Growing environmental concerns and stringent emission regulations have fueled the search for an alternative fuel without engine modification that can minimize pollution from compression ignition (CI) engines. Biodiesel is a suitable alternative fuel to fossil diesel that is often made from edible or non-edible oils. The current investigation is primarily concerned with the usage of waste frying oil methyl ester (WFME) as a substitute for conventional diesel with titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles as additives in a CRDI diesel engine. In this work, the influence of WFME blend ratio (0–20%), injection pressure (IP) (400–600 bar) compression ratio (CR) (16–20), and concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles (60–220 ppm) on various combustion parameters such as ignition delay (ID), maximum cylinder pressure (Pmax), combustion duration (CD), and heat release rate (HRR) were studied. The investigations were constructed with the use of a statistical technique known as Design of Experiments (DoE), which is based on the central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The WFME biodiesel was found to be the best blend of input parameters at a 454 bar IP and 19.4 CR with diesel at 27.7% WFME biodiesel and 201 ppm TiO2 NPs. Moreover, the desired output at aforesaid optimum combinations exhibited Pmax 67.1 bar, HRR 72.95(J/CAD), CD 42.54 (CAD), and ID 8.12 (CAD). Confirmatory tests confirmed the estimated combination, and the forecasting error was found to be within 4%. When it comes to improving the engine's performance, RSM's combination works best.

Numerical investigation and experimental analysis of nanoparticles modified unique waste cooking oil biodiesel fueled C. I. Engine using single zone thermodynamic model for sustainable development

This study investigates the experimental and theoretical impact of biodiesel obtained from hydrodynamic cavitation based waste cooking oil on the performance parameters while testing compression ignition engines. Due to the alarming energy security concerns and inadequacy of fossil fuels, biodiesel is seeking importance globally. Many countries have put forth different subsidies, incentives, and mechanisms, urging the usage of biodiesel. In the current research, nanotechnology is effectively used for enhancement of the blend properties of biodiesel, making them more suitable for compression ignition diesel engines. This investigation includes a comparative analysis of diesel to biodiesel blends with and without the addition of nanoparticles CuO and ZnO. To understand the performance characteristics of a four-stroke diesel engine, a single zone thermodynamic model is developed in it. Comparative readings are taken for the test blends with varying compression ratios of 16, 17, and 18. For each ratio, a variation in the cylinder volume is noted with reference to the rotation in the crank angle. The investigated parameters include net heat release, the rate of pressure rise, brake thermal efficiency, and the heat transfer coefficient. This study concluded that the theoretical results are in close consonance with the experimental results of the comparative analysis of diesel and biodiesel blends. Results obtained from this research paper can contribute to predict combustion process analysis and recommend the effectiveness of nano-additives in biodiesel enhancement.

Effect of ternary blends diesel/n-propanol/composite biodiesel on diesel engine operating parameters

This study investigates the engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder four-stroke compression ignition engine using novel composite oil biodiesel with n-propanol and diesel fuel-based ternary fuel blends and compared with binary fuel blends. The composite biodiesel is derived from an equal proportion of waste cooking oil and Ambadi seed oil. The four ternary blends of composite biodiesel (10%, 15%, 20%), n-propanol(10%, 15%, 20%) - diesel, and two binary blends of waste cooking oil biodiesel(10%, 20%) with diesel (were prepared. The chemical characteristics of different blends were evaluated as per standards. B10PROP20(10 vol% composite biodiesel, diesel 70 vol%, n-propanol 20 vol%) shows maximum peak cylinder pressure and peak heat release rate of 9.21% and 21.24% higher compared to B30(30 vol % WCO biodiesel, 70 vol % diesel). The experimental results indicated an improvement of 3.99% in the brake thermal efficiency with n-propanol blend fuel compared to the B30 blend at 100% load. Ternary fuel blend B10PROP20 revealed similar results to diesel fuel for BSFC at the entire load cycle. With ternary fuel, the HC and CO emission reduced significantly. The testing with ternary fuel blend B10PROP20 showed a reduction in NOx emission in the range of 10.11–16.13% and 22.51–51.41% compared to diesel and binary fuel B30, respectively, and also enhanced engine performance, combustion, and performance characteristics. Overall, the engine characteristics with ternary fuel blends of composite biodiesel, especially B10PROP20, were noteworthy, suggesting they may significantly reduce the fossil fuel demand while also acting as an environment-friendly agent.

Activated bentonite clay–based dry-wash purification of waste cooking oil biodiesel in comparison with a wet washing process

Activated bentonite clay–based dry-wash purification of waste cooking oil biodiesel in comparison with a wet washing process

Performance evaluation of waste palm oil diesel as alternative diesel engine fuel

The paper aims to evaluating the performance of palm oil based- waste cooking oil biodiesel as alternative diesel engine fuel. The methodology of the study was experimental. The waste oil was two-step transesterified and chemically analyzed to establish physico-chemical properties of biodiesel. The test fuels were evaluated for brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (ηth) at varying brake power on test rig consisting of Mazda engine coupled with a power take off propeller inserted in the power take off shape to Froude hydraulic dynamometer. The results showed that at all brake power, the BSFC decreased as strength of diesel increased in the blend. At brake power of 15KW, brake specific fuel consumption (kg/KWh) for BD25, BD50, BD75, BD100 and AGO were 0.41, 0.40, 0.38, 0.44 and 0.37 respectively. The brake thermal efficiency, at that instant of brake power of 15KW, were 22.2, 21, 20.8, 23.8 and21.5 for BD25, BD50, BD75, B100 and AGO in that order. As the load increased, brake thermal efficiency (ηth) increased for all the test fuels utilized while the brake specific fuel consumption decreases. These characteristics were closely associated with physico-chemical properties of the biodiesel. In conclusion, waste palm oil biodiesel demonstrated characteristics of lean, cleaner but high performance fuel in IC engine.

Waste cooking oil biodiesel with FeO nanoparticle – A viable alternative fuel source

Latest trend in determination of alternate fuels have made waste energy conversion as the hot topics. In this present paper, waste cooking oil is converted into biodiesel which is used as an alternate for diesel fuel and to influence the performance parameters iron oxide nano particles was considered for DI diesel engine and its impacts on engine performance and emission characteristics were studied. The process used for the conversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel in this paper is transesterification process. Experimental tests were conducted in a CI engine using waste cooking oil biodiesel with iron oxide nanoparticles. A CI engine at constant speed of 1500 rpm was used for doing the tests. The combination of obtained biodiesel from waste cooking oil and commercially available iron oxide nanoparticles were used in this research work. The obtained results shows that Brake thermal efficiency is increased marginally and Brake specific fuel consumption is reduced in the blend WCB FeO75 when compared to other blends.

Performance Evaluation of Vegetable-based Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel as Alternative Diesel Engine Fuel

Many researches had attempted characterization of biodiesel to determine its appropriateness as fuel for internal combustion engine. The paper aimed at evaluating the performance of vegetable –based waste cooking oil biodiesel as alternative diesel engine fuel. The methodology of the study was experimental. The waste oil was transesterified and chemical analyses performed to establish physico-chemical properties of diesel, ‘pure’ biodiesel and blends. The test fuels were evaluated for brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency (ηth) at varying brake power on test rig consisting of Mazda engine coupled with a power take off propeller inserted in the power take off shape to Froude hydraulic dynamometer. The results were that at all brake power, the BSFC decreased as strength of diesel increased in the blend. At brake power of 15KW, BSFC (kg/KWh) for BD25, BD50, and BD75 were 0.41, 0.40 and 0.38 respectively while automobile gas oil and pure biodiesel recorded 21.5 and 23.8 in that order. The brake thermal efficiency had a contrary trend with BSFC. However, as the load increased, brake thermal efficiency (ηth) increased for all the test fuels utilized. In conclusion, biodiesel has demonstrated features of lean fuel, but exhibited high performance in IC engine. The technology could support agricultural value chain and boost socioeconomic development of Africa. Keywords: Biodiesel, Brake Fuel Consumption, Efficiency, Test Rig, Blends, Dynamometer

Effects of start of injection and exhaust gas recirculation on dual fuel combustion of isobutanol with diesel and waste cooking oil biodiesel in a diesel engine at higher loads

Dual fuel combustion (DFC) is one of the current emission reduction methods adopted widely for diesel engines. In DFC, high-octane fuels (alcohol) are port injected and high cetane fuels (diesel, biodiesel) are directly injected into the cylinder. However, DFC is reported to increase nitrogen oxides (NOx) compared to conventional combustion mode (CCM) at higher loads. Hence, to mitigate NOx emission in DFC of isobutanol (IB) with diesel, B20, and B100 fuels at higher loads (80 and 100%), the influences of start of injection (SOI) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) are investigated. The baseline SOI of DFC fixed at 27°CA before top dead center (bTDC) is retarded to 25, 23, and 21°CA bTDC, and varying EGR (10, 15, and 20%) is implemented at the baseline SOI. Significant NOx reductions of 47.11, 52.53, and 54.45% at the SOI of 21°CA bTDC (at 100% load) and 41.74, 46.38, and 47.81% at 20% EGR (at 80% load) are achieved in the DFC of diesel, B20, and B100 respectively, vis-a-vis their CCM. In DFC of D-IB and B20-IB, retarded SOIs and 10% EGR exhibited better NOx/smoke trade-off than their CCM. Overall, all the DFCs with SOI of 25°CA bTDC as well as 10% EGR is suitable operating conditions compared to CCM.

The effect of using the WCO biodiesel as an alternative fuel in compression ignition diesel engine on performance and emissions characteristics

Recently, the need for using a substitute fuel for petroleum fuel in diesel engines becomes an utmost necessity, However, the petroleum fuel is considered a non-renewable source and has some environmental side effects. The price of petroleum fuels changes according to the world economic and political problems. Engine emissions should be reduced and fit the governmental guidelines, the harmful emissions produced from engines have extreme environmental side effects, one of these effects is called the global warming which causes a global increase in the world temperature. In this study, the biodiesel extracted from the Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) is generated as a substutute for the diesel fuel. In the process of the biodiesel production, catalytic transesterification reaction is used to change WCO to methyl esters by adding low alcohol concentration. The produced biodiesel will be prepared for using as a fuel blend along with the commercial diesel fuel and using it to petrol the four-stroke direct injection diesel engine without any modification to original fuel system. The engine will be tested experimentally with varying loads at fixed speed of 1400 rpm with a natural aspiration process, using blends of (B20 [is composed of 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel], B40 [is composed of 40% biodiesel and 60% diesel], B60 [is composed of 60% biodiesel and 40% diesel], B80 [is composed of 80% biodiesel and 20% diesel] and pure diesel). The effect of the use of different biodiesel blends has been investigated and tested on the performance of the engine and emissions. The experimental findings clarify that the diesel engine can be run with different blends of diesel and biodiesel at the same operating condition with decreasing brake thermal efficiency by 9.6 %, decreasing exhaust temperature by 7.6% and increasing brake specific fuel consumption by 16%.

Performance and Emission Analysis of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Mixed with Titanium Oxide Nano-Additives

People are using biodiesel in compression ignition engines because it is more environmentally friendly and can be used as a good alternative to diesel. There is a new technology called nanoparticles that can change the way a fuel works. Because waste cooking has a lot of oil in it, it can make biodiesel. To make biodiesel, transesterification was used to turn nonedible oil from waste cooking oil into biodiesel that could be used. Nanoparticles made of titanium oxide were studied by using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, as well as energy dispersive X-ray analysis, among other things. TiO2 nanoparticles are spread out in different amounts in the biodiesel blend. The dosage levels range from 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. Tests on how titanium nanoparticles in a waste cooking oil biodiesel blend affect a diesel engine’s performance and how it emits were conducted in this study too. At a steady speed, the engine was used when there was a lot of work to do. Tests show that the WCOME 20 TiO2 100 ppm blend worked well. With the increase in the concentration of nanoparticles, there is an increase in brake thermal efficiency and at the same time, there is a decrease in BSFC. It is also less harmful to the environment than other blends, except for NOx, which does no’t change.

Execution and Emission Analysis of Supercharged IDI Diesel Engine Fuelled with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

Social media where people can create, share and exchange information has now become a part and parcel of everyone’s life. Electronic Word of Mouth (EWOM) plays a prominent role in influencing the online buying intention of the customers as customers highly rely on the reviews shared by others. This paper extends the knowledge of EWOM by developing a conceptual model. Exploratory Research Design has been used to identify the two categories of antecedents to EWOM i.e. Information and Source. Keywords: EWOM,Information, Source, Social Media, Online Buying Intention

Impact of adding EDA in Jatropha and Waste cooking oil biodiesel on NOx reduction in diesel engine emission

ABSTRACT Biodiesel usage in diesel engines is generally accepted as comparable fuel. To improve the quality of biodiesel, several fuel additives are used. In the present research, ethylenediamine (EDA) was used as an additive in Jatropha curcas biodiesel (JCB) and Waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCB) to reduce the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. Different blends of JCB and WCB with diesel have been prepared with and without EDA and tested on a vertical, 4-stroke, single-cylinder diesel engine. Results showed that by using 0.02% (by weight) EDA additive in WCB10 and JCB10 blends, NOx and carbon dioxide emissions were reduced by nearly 5% and 1.5% respectively. However, small rise in carbon mono-oxide (∼1%), unburnt hydrocarbon (∼0.7%), brake specific fuel consumption (∼0.26%) and a slight reduction in brake thermal efficiency (∼0.5%) were observed. The blends WCB10 and JCB10 with 0.02% EDA additive could be alternative fuels for diesel engines without modifying the existing engine.

Impact of different nano additives on performance, combustion, emissions and exergetic analysis of a diesel engine using waste cooking oil biodiesel

Biodiesel is derived from waste cooking oil (WCO) by transesterification. Methyl ester was prepared by mixing diesel and biodiesel oils as 20% by volume. Nano particles as TiO2, Al2O3 and CNTs were blended with biodiesel blend at different concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 mg/l to enhance the physicochemical fuel characteristics to obtain clean and efficient combustion performance. An experimental setup was incorporated into a diesel engine to investigate the influence of these nano-materials on engine performance, exergy analysis, combustion characteristics and emissions using WCO biodiesel-diesel mixture. Enriching methyl ester mixture with 100 ppm titanium, alumina and CNTs (B20T100, B20A100 and B20C100) increased the thermal efficiency by 4%, 6% and 11.5%, respectively compared to B20. Biodiesel blending with nano additives B20T100, B20A100 and B20C100 decreased the emissions of CO (11%, 24% and 30%, respectively), HC (8%, 17% and 25%, respectively) and smoke (10%, 13% and 19%, respectively) compared to B20. However, the noticeable increase of NOx was estimated by 5%, 12% and 27% for B20T100, B20A100 and B20C100, respectively. Finally, the results showed the rise in peak cylinder pressure by 5%, 9% and 11% and increase in heat release rate by 4%, 8% and 13% for B20T100, B20A100 and B20C100, respectively. The fuel exergy of B20T100, B20A100 and B20C100 are lower than biodiesel blend B20 by 6.5%, 16% and 23% but the exergetic efficiency are increased by 7%, 19% and 30% at full load about B20.