Chicken Eggshell Waste Research Articles

Utilization of Native Chicken Egg Shells as Abrasive Ingredients in Toothpaste

Native chicken eggs are one of the eggs that are often consumed by the community. Grafting native chicken eggs has a lot of mineral content that is good for dental health, namely calcium. In toothpaste calcium has properties as an abrasive which can reduce plaque formation on teeth. The purpose of this study was to determine the abrasive effect of toothpaste preparations from native chicken egg shells and to determine the stability of toothpaste preparations with active ingredients from native chicken egg shells. The research method carried out is laboratory experimental on the formulation of toothpaste preparations from native chicken egg shells. Toothpaste preparations are made with a variant of the concentration of native chicken egg shell waste powder of 30%, 35%, 40% then an evaluation of the quality of the preparation before and after storage is carried out to determine the stability of a preparation. Based on the results of this study obtained, toothpaste preparations with a concentration of egg shell powder of 35% are effective in reducing plaque on artificial teeth. Based on the evaluation requirements of SNI No. 12-3524-1995 including organoleptic tests, pH, dispersality, foam formation and homogeneity obtained all formulas are qualified.

Chicken Egg Shell Waste Derived Calcium Oxide Based Nanohybrid For Rapid Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Water: Green Synthesis, Kinetics and Reusability

AbstractThe carcinogenic metal ions chromium (Cr+6) and lead (Pb+2) are prominent water pollutants. To substantiate this, green synthesized SnO2 nanoparticle (using S. mukorossi extract) was coupled with egg shell derived CaO nanocrystals. Crystalline nature of synthesized catalyst confirmed by PXRD and microscopic study revealed spherical SnO2 decorated on the irregular surface of CaO. Synthesized nanohybrid followed adsorption and photocatalytic reduction (Cr+6 to Cr+3; Pb+2 to Pb0) (Cr+6: 94 %; Pb+2: 88 %) phenomenon. Synergism of CaO (51.9 m2 g−1; 2.9 eV) and SnO2 (13.3 m2 g−1; 3.15 eV) was resulted into plenty of surface area (91.9 m2 g−1), low band gap (2.4 eV), and semiconducting nature of nanohybrid. As compared to Pb+2 removal of Cr+6 was faster due to higher value of reduction potential [Cr+6/Cr+3 (1.35 eV); Pb+2/Pb0 (−0.1262 eV)]. Photocatalyst proved to be effective upto 10th cycle. SnO2@CaO nanohybrid might be considered a potential photocatalyst in industries with sustainable approach.

Pembuatan Nanopartikel CaO dari Cangkang Telur Ayam Menggunakan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum)

Chicken eggshell waste contributes to environmental because it have CaCO3 content. Calcium carbonate in chicken eggshells is used as a basic material in the synthesis of CaO nanoparticles through a calcination process at 900oC. CaO nanoparticles have unique characteristics that make them are needed for various fields of application such as environment, materials, and biomedicine. In addition, the synthesis of these nanoparticles can reduce the use of hazardous and environmentally friendly chemicals. This method has been widely used as an alternative method, one of which utilizes secondary metabolites found in ethanol extract of bay leaves as reducing and stabilizing agents. This research was conducted with 3 volume variations of bay leaf extract with calcined eggshell base materials, namely 3:7, 5:5, and 7:3 (v/v) to determine the effect on the resulting particle size. Characterization of CaO nanoparticles using UV-Vis, FTIR, and SEM. The nanoparticles obtained were in the form of white fine powder. The characterization results show the maximum absorption of CaO nanoparticles at λ 215 - 270 nm. Based on the FTIR spectra, Ca-O bonds can be identified in the three variations at 712 cm-1 dan 514 cm-1 and 874 cm-1 shows Ca-O-Ca bond. The resulting material has a flake shape and agglomeration morphology with an average particle size range of 43-498 nm.

Biodiesel Production from a Naturally Grown Green Algae Spirogyra Using Heterogeneous Catalyst: An Approach to RSM Optimization Technique

The present study focuses on oil extraction and biodiesel production from naturally grown green Spirogyra algae. Solvent oil extraction and oil expeller techniques were used to extract the Spirogyra algae oil (SALO), and the oil yields were compared to identify the most productive method. Using chicken eggshell waste (CESW) heterogeneous catalyst (HC) was prepared for the production of Spirogyra algae oil biodiesel (SALOBD). Furthermore, Box–Behnken (BB) assisted response surface method (RSM), an optimisation technique, was used in this study to achieve maximum algae biodiesel yield. From the 29 experimental trails, 96.18 % SALOBD was achieved at molar ratio (10:1), heterogeneous catalyst (0.6 wt.%), temperature (48 oC), and time (180 minutes). The predicted values of R2 (97.51%) and Adj. R2 (95.02 %) is found to be encouraging and fits well with the experimental values. The output results show that HC was identified as the significant process constraint followed by the time. The fatty acid composition (FAC) analysis by Gas Chromatography (GCMS) reveals the presence of 29.3 % unsaturated composition and 68.39 wt. % of the saturated composition. Finally, the important fuel properties of SALOBD were identified in accordance with ASTM D6751. The results obtained using chicken eggshell waste (CESW) for the production of biodiesel were recommended as a diesel fuel replacement to resist energy and environmental calamities.

Synthesis and characterization of calcium and magnesium based oxides and titanates for photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B: a comparative study

The current investigation deals with the simple and ecological synthesis of CaO, MgO, CaTiO3, and MgTiO3 for the photocatalytic dilapidation of rhodamine B dye. CaO was procured from chicken eggshell waste by calcination process, while MgO was produced by solution combustion method using urea as a fuel source. Furthermore, CaTiO3 and MgTiO3 were synthesized through an easy and simple solid-state method by mixing thoroughly the synthesized CaO or MgO with TiO2 before calcination at 900 °C. XRD and EDX investigations confirmed the phase formation of the materials. Moreover, FTIR spectra revealed the existence of Ca–Ti–O, Mg–Ti–O, and Ti–O which resembles the chemical composition of the proposed materials. SEM micrographs revealed that the surface of CaTiO3 is rougher with relatively dispersed particles compared to MgTiO3, reflecting a higher surface area of CaTiO3. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy investigations indicated that the synthesized materials can act as photocatalysts under UV illumination. Accordingly, CaO and CaTiO3 effectively degraded rhodamine B dye within 120 min with a photodegradation activity of 63% and 72%, respectively. In contrast, the photocatalytic degradation activity of MgO and MgTiO3 was much lower, since only 21.39 and 29.44% of the dye were degraded, respectively after 120 min of irradiation. Furtheremore, the photocatalytic activity of the mixture from both Ca and Mg titanates was 64.63%. These findings might be valuable for designing potential and affordable photocatalysts for wastewater purification.

Value-added synthesized acidic polymer nanocomposite with waste chicken eggshell: A novel metal-free and heterogeneous catalyst for Mannich and hantzsch cascade reactions from alcohols

The removal of metals from chemical reactions has raised growing concerns for conserving natural resources and environmental safety. Therefore, it is necessary to expand simple procedures that use eco-friendly materials with high elimination capacities. In this paper, we have synthesized a new nanocomposite material in which eggshell membranes act as nucleation sites for CoFe2O4 nanoparticle precipitation in the attendance of an external magnetic field. In the next step anchoring a chlorosulfonic acid on the surface of eggshell‐coated magnetic nanoparticles as solid waste was transformed into a magnetic biomaterial, green, cheap, and environmentally friendly catalyst (CoFe2O4@Eggshell@SO3H). Techniques such as FT-IR, VSM, FESEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, and TGA were used to characterize the as-synthesized catalyst. The catalytic property of the as-prepared catalyst was examined in the synthesis of 2,4,6-triarylpyridine, β-aminocarbonyl, and 2-amino-4,6-diphenylnicotinonitrile via alcohol-based oxidation. Excessive yield, quick reaction time, solvent-free condition, waste to wealth, and optimization with the layout of the experiment are the important advantages of the present work. Taken collectively, these results offer the conversion of wastage to fortune products around the world and utilization in organic metamorphosis.

Utilization of Chicken Eggshell Waste: A Potential Calcium Source for Incorporation into Vegetable Soup Mix

Calcium, an important mineral in bones, is widely available in the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) in eggshells. However, tonnes of eggshells have been wasted every year all around the globe. The current work was aimed at valorizing the eggshell waste and incorporating it as an alternative Ca source for calcium deficient people. Soup mixes (named 1-5) were formulated by varying the ratio of starch (4-12 g) and vegetables (2-10 g) along with the constant quantity of mushroom and eggshell powder. The formulated soup mix was assessed for physiochemical properties and proximate analysis. The results showed that the soup mix 4 with 4 g vegetables, 10 g corn starch, 1 g onion, and garlic, 2 g salt and sugar, 2 g mushroom, and 1 g eggshell powder was found similar to the commercial soup mix along with 3069.095 mg/kg calcium content which meets individuals' RDA requirement. The results suggest that the formulated soup mix can act as a proper preload for all individuals and is used as a supplement for commercial calcium foods. Further research is required to increase the soup's acceptability, its bioavailability, and shelf stability.

Properties of sintered zinc hydroxyapatite bioceramic prepared using waste chicken eggshells as calcium precursor

In the recent years, research on the development of hydroxyapatite (HA) using calcium from natural resources such as limestone, mammalian bones, marine shells and avian eggshells have been extensively studied. However, many studies focused on the properties of prestine HA without incorporation of dopants for strengthening effect. In this work, HA bioceramic was prepared using waste chicken eggshells calcium with addition of various concentrations of zinc dopant (1, 3 and 5 mol% Zn). In this work, the zinc-doped HA (ZnHA) was synthesized using a wet-chemical precipitation technique followed by oven drying and unixial pressing to formed green compacts. Pressureless sintering was carried out at 1200, 1250 and 1300 °C. The results showed that 5 mol% ZnHA (5ZnHA) exhibited the overall best properties after sintering at 1250 °C. The improvement in the fracture toughness was attributed to the formation of β-TCP phase when zinc ion was incorporated into HA, combined with enhanced densification. It was observed that the HA grains were coarser and more densely when sintered at 1250 °C, indicating that there was strong interaction between pores and grain boundaries. However, fracture toughness slightly declined after sintering at 1300 °C due to rapid and abnormal HA grain growth.

Initial Observation on Methyl Orange Decolorization Using CaO/Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Catalyst

Methylene orange (MO) is a toxic fabric dye to the environment and health. Therefore, some actions are needed to overcome this problem. The advanced oxidation process (AOPs), especially Fenton by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and CaO/Fe2O3, is a powerful method to be implemented. In this experiment, the CaO/Fe2O3 was prepared by impregnation using CaO derived from chicken eggshell waste and Fe(NO3)3⸳9H2O powder with calcination temperature variations of 600, 700, and 800°C. Then, the characterization of materials was identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), followed by a visual observation decolorization test. Using FTIR and XRD, CaO has been successfully obtained through the calcination process. Fe2O3 was also detected, indicating impregnated into CaO support. The particle size ranges from 37–48 mm, appearing irregular in shape. Finally, the fastest decolorization of MO resulted in CaO/Fe2O3 with 800°C of calcination temperature. These results indicated that CaO/Fe2O3 nanocomposite catalyst is the potential to reduce liquid pollutants and utilize a waste resource.

Acid mine drainage treatment using chicken eggshell waste

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a source of soil and water resources pollution. Calcite is a mineral constituted of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The AMD interaction with calcite drives their natural neutralization. Calcite is the main component of the chicken eggshell (ES). This work aimed to evaluate the use of ES waste as a material to treat raw AMD. Five treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5) were carried out with concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 ES g/L AMD, respectively. Each treatment was performed for 3 h at room temperature without agitation. The response variables analyzed were pH, redox potential (Eh), electrical conductivity (σ), chlorides (Cl–), alkalinity, sulfates (SO42–), nitrates (NO3–, and potentially toxic heavy metals and metalloids (PTHMM). Also, the removal efficiencies of SO42–, NO3–, and PTHMM were analyzed. Additionally, the chemical and mineralogical composition of ES and precipitates were determined. The initial pH for AMD was 2.50 and it reached a final value of 5.50, 5.60, 5.80, 5.93, and 6.12 in T1, T2, T3, T4 and, T5, respectively. Moreover, the different treatments granted alkalinity to the treated effluents, reaching a maximum value of 124 CaCO3 mg/L in T5. Finally, Al and Fe were completely removed from AMD, whereas Cu reached > 95 % removal, especially in T3, T4, and T5. Ba, Cr, and Pb showed an average removal of ~65 %. The ES concentration that showed the best results of neutralization and PTHMM removal efficiency was 5 ES g/L. The results showed that ES is a biocompatible waste material with an added value because it can be used as a sustainable material to treat raw AMD.

Catalytic pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene over nickel-waste chicken eggshell/HZSM-5

The main objective of the current work is to investigate the effect of nickel–waste chicken eggshell modified Hydrogen exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (Ni-WCE/HZSM-5) on pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Ni-WCE/HZSM-5 was synthesized via the impregnation incipient wetness (IWI) method with Ni and WCE mass loading of 4 and 12 wt% respectively. HZSM-5, CaO, WCE, WCE/HZSM-5, and Ni/HZSM-5 were prepared for comparison purposes with Ni-WCE/HZSM-5. All the synthesized catalysts were characterized for phase analysis, metal loading, surface morphology, and textural properties. The impregnation of nickel and WCE had significantly affected the original framework of HZSM-5, where the crystallinity percentage and average crystal size of HZSM-5 dropped to 44.97% and increased to 47.90 nm respectively. The surface morphology of HZSM-5 has drastically changed from a cubic-like shape into a spider web-like surface after the impregnation of WCE. The BET surface area of HZSM-5 has been lowered due to the impregnation of nickel and WCE, but the total pore volume has increased greatly from 0.2291 cm3/g to 0.2621 cm3/g. The catalyst performance was investigated in the pyrolysis of HDPE via a fixed bed reactor and the pyrolysis oil was further analysed to evaluate the distribution of C6 to C9> hydrocarbons. Among the tested catalytic samples, the highest pyrolysis oil yield was achieved by WCE (80%) followed by CaO (78%), WCE/HZSM-5 (63%), HZSM-5 (61%), Ni/HZSM-5 (44%) and Ni-WCE/HZSM-5 (50%). For hydrocarbon distribution in pyrolysis oil, the Ni/HZSM-5 produced the highest of total C6 and C7 hydrocarbons at 12% and 27% respectively followed by WCE/HZSM-5 (4% and 20%), non-catalytic (5% and 13%), Ni-WCE/HZSM-5 (0% and 15%), WCE (0% and 10%), HZSM-5 (0% and 6%) and CaO (0% and 0%).

Photocatalytic activity of calcined chicken eggshells for Safranin and Reactive Red 180 decolorization.

One of the most important problems affecting the environment today is the inability to adequately treat wastewater containing dyes. Among of the many treatment processes used in the treatment of dye-containing wastewater, photocatalytic based wastewater treatment processes attract the attention of scientists as a new, economically feasible, and promising approach which has been in practice for a few decades. However, in order to use these processes in wider areas, cheap and effective catalysts are still being developed today. In this study, the photocatalytic activity of eggshell-CaO produced from waste chicken eggshells was investigated for decolorization of Safranin (Basic Red 2) and Reactive Red 180 (RR180) dyes. First, sintering process was applied to the waste chicken eggshells at different temperatures (300, 600, 900°C) in order to observe CaO formation from the eggshells. Second, the parameters such as photocatalyst amount, pH, concentration of dyes, and reaction time were optimized on dye removal efficiency in photocatalytic experiments. The optimum conditions were performed under visible light and found to be 1g/L of catalyst amount (sintered at 900°C), original solution pH (6.80 for Safranin and 6.60 for RR180), and 5mg/L of dye concentration. The photocatalytic removal efficiencies of Safranin and RR180 dyes were 100% and 97.90%, respectively, under the determined optimum experimental conditions. The adsorption efficiency of the dyes that could be realized during the photocatalytic experiment was measured as 20.99% and 9.99% for Safranin and RR180 dyes, respectively.

SYNTHESIS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE (CaCO3) FROM EGGSHELL BY CALCINATION METHOD

Calcium is an essential nutrient the human body needs to control blood pressure and maintain strong bones and teeth. One type of calcium that is often consumed and safe for health is calcium carbonate. It can obtain this material from chicken eggshell waste, where it is known that the CaCO3 content is 95%. Therefore, it conducted this research to see the phase, functional group, absorbance level, and energy band gap of CaCO3 samples. CaCO3 was synthesized using the calcination method, in which the egg shells were first soaked in sodium hypochlorite, then dried at 250°C for 10 minutes, and CaCO3 powder was obtained. Then the powder was characterized by XRD, FTIR, and UV-Vis. The results of XRD analysis showed that the calcite phase of CaCO3 was 100% according to the JCPDS PDF of calcite (96-901-6707) with a crystalline size of CaCO3 of 22.6 nm. The results of FTIR of CaCO3 samples at the absorption peak of 4000-500 cm-1 identified the functional groups of Ca-O, C-O, -CH2, and O-H. CaCO3 samples can absorb light at wavelengths of 237.1 nm, 251.5 nm, and 289.7 nm, which have an energy band gap of 3.91 eV. Thus, using this simple calcination method, the CaCO3 sample obtained from the extraction of chicken egg shells can later be applied in the medical field.

A green process synthesis of bio-composite heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of linseed-marula bi-oil methyl ester

Waste biomass materials contribute immensely in the environmentally friendly and cost-effective clean energy production. In this study, a bio-composite catalyst was developed from waste biogenic materials (waste chicken eggshells and banana peels) and was used in the transesterification of linseed–marula bi-oil methyl ester. The synthesized bio-composite catalyst was characterized to determine its properties. The catalytic potential of the bio-composite catalyst was tested in the transesterification of linseed-marula bi-oil for effectiveness. Transesterification process was optimized using Taguchi design (TD) of the response surface methodology (RSM), which was used to generate 9 experimental conditions for the investigation of the effect of methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction time and temperature. Result of the characterization shows that Ca and K are the dominant elements present in the synthesized bio-composite catalyst. Optimum experimental condition for the transesterification of the bi-oil was established at methanol-to-oil ratio of 15:1, catalyst amount of 3.5 wt%, reaction time of 60 min and reaction temperature of 65 °C with 95.03% of biodiesel yield. The quality of the biodiesel produced was within the ASTM D6751, EN 14,214 and SANS 833 standards. This study shows that the combined effect of biogenic waste materials and linseed-marula bi-oil is a potential factor in an effective and sustainable feedstock source(es) for biodiesel production.

Heterogeneous Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Sesame Oil (SesamumindicumL.) Using Calcined Chicken Eggshell

At present, the world faces severe issues on energy crises and environmental deterioration. Fuel is inevitable for the industrial development and growth of any country. However, fossil fuel resources have always been terrifying. Biofuel energy, a renewable source, seems to be an ideal solution for global energy and environmental concern. Furthermore, the problem associated with homogeneous catalysts of non-reusability resulting in higher production costs prompted the search for heterogeneous catalysts. In this study, the synthesis of heterogeneous CaO catalysts from waste chicken eggshells is reported, ensuing in a process that is economically viable and environmentally friendly. The work focuses on an optimized protocol for the production of biodiesel from a feasible source, sesame oil (Sesamum Indicum L.) through base-catalyzed transesterification. The eggshell was calcined at 900 °C for 3 hours. Upon calcination, the eggshell was transformed to CaO from the initial CaCO3 structure, as can be observed from the FTIR spectrum that depicts a peak at 881 cm-1 corresponding to the Ca-O bond. The catalyst also has high basic sites of 2.933 mmol/g. When applied for the transesterification reaction, the optimal reaction conditions were found to be 1 wt. % catalyst amount (based on oil weight) and 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, with over 97.9% methyl esters conversion in 2 hours reaction period at a temperature of 60 oC.

BETON RAMAH LINGKUNGAN DENGAN CANGKANG TELUR SEBAGAI PENGGANTI SEBAGIAN SEMEN

The world of construction is progressing very rapidly. The higher the need for infrastructure development, the energy absorption to support these activities will certainly be very large. To minimize this need, it is necessary to have innovations that can reduce the production of materials, such as cement. Therefore, it is necessary to have an alternative to take advantage of wasted waste such as egg shells to be used as a partial or complete substitute for cement, especially as a mixed material in the manufacture of concrete. This study aims to maximize the use of chicken egg shell waste for concrete mixtures. Egg shell powder to be added as a partial substitute for cement is made with a composition variation of 0%; 2.5%; 5%; 7.5%; 10%. Where each variation is made into 3 samples, so that the total sample is 15 samples and the compressive strength of the concrete is tested after 28 days. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the mixture of concrete with egg shells at a percentage of 2.5% is called the optimum state. The optimum condition is a condition where the compressive strength of the resulting concrete is greater and maximum when used to make environmentally friendly concrete.

Damen (Rice Straw) Waste and Eggshell as Liquid Organic Fertilizer: An Effort for New Business Opportunities

The dissemination activity of exploring damen (rice straw) waste as liquid organic fertilizer is a form of Tridharma of higher education for community service practiced by four lecturers. This activity has several main goals: increasing public awareness, particularly among residents of RT 20 Sadar Sriwijaya Village, Bandar Sribhawono District, about the importance of utilizing damen waste to be used as liquid organic fertilizer, rather than being thrown away or simply burned after the harvesting process is complete. Socialization activities are carried out in two ways: material delivery and practice daily. Based on the socialization, it was discovered that the participants achieved the socialization's objectives with good criteria in general. As a result, the public knowledge, particularly among residents of RT 20 Sadar Sriwijaya Village, Bandar Sribhawono District, East Lampung Regency, on the use of damen waste and chicken eggshell waste is still low, so socialization is required to raise awareness of the use of agricultural waste as fertilizer

Formulasi Limbah Cangkang Telur Ayam Ras Dengan Kompos Limbah Pasar untuk Peningkatan Hasil Sawi Hijau (Brassica juncea L.)

The formulation of chicken eggshell waste with market waste compost to increase the yield of green mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Aims to find the best and environmentally friendly organic fertilizer formula to increase the yield of green mustard and improve some soil chemical properties. This research is a pot experiment in a greenhouse, using a simple randomized block design consisting of 7 combinations. Fertilizer formulas that were tried were: F0 (without treatment), F1 = (100 kg of shell + 10 tonnes of compost), F2 = (200 kg of shell + 8 tonnes of compost), F3 = (300 kg of shell + 6 tonnes of compost), F4 = (400 kg of shell + 4 tons of compost), F5 = (500 kg of shells + 2 tons of compost), F6 = (600 kg of shells + 0 tons of compost), and each treatment was repeated 4 times. The parameters observed included: maximum plant height (cm), fresh plant weight at harvest, oven dry plant weight, soil pH, C-organic content, CEC and soil Ca content at harvest. The data were analyzed statistically, tested for variance. If the effect of the treatment had significant, then continued with the 5 % Duncans test. The results of this study indicate that the treatment has a significant effect on plant height growth, fresh weight and oven dry weight of plants, as well as changes in soil chemical properties such as: C-organic, soil CEC, and soil Ca content. The fresh plant weight was obtained in treatment F2 (9.55 g), followed by F3 (9.37 g), and F1 (9.18 g) per pot. While the highest CEC was obtained in the F2 treatment (36.31 me 100 g-1) with a soil Ca content of 7.52 me 100 g-1. The best fertilizer formula from this study was found in the F2 treatment.

Phosphorus Removal from Aqueous Solution by Using Calcined Waste Chicken Eggshell: Kinetic and Isotherm Model

Excess phosphorus in water bodies stimulates algal growth and causes eutrophication. Eutrophication is one of the conditions that is a global problem in the environment and affects the quality of water in receiving water. Due to this matter, various wastewater treatment technologies have been developed to solve this problem; however, such technologies incur a high cost for their operation and maintenance. Hence, to seek the eco-friendly element in removing phosphorus from wastewater, this study used calcined waste chicken eggshell to remove phosphorus in an aqueous solution by using adsorbent with different particle sizes (0.075, 0.15, 0.30, 0.60, and 1.18 mm). The calcined waste chicken eggshells were calcined at 800 °C in a furnace and used as adsorbents. The phosphorus adsorption onto calcined waste chicken eggshell data from experiments was fitted to kinetic and isotherm models. Chicken eggshell is an eco-friendly material that has the potential as an adsorbent for removing phosphorus from an aqueous solution, where the highest removal is 98%. The best model for phosphorus removal is the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model, as it fits better with the data and has a high R2 of 0.9999. Calcined waste chicken eggshells have a multilayer adsorption property, making them a perfect adsorbent with high adsorption capabilities. The application of waste material to adsorb phosphorus from an aqueous solution shows the contribution of eco-friendly waste material use in real adsorption wastewater treatment technologies.

Utilization of Breed Chicken Eggshells for Biodiesel Preparation from Waste Cooking Oil

Chicken eggshell waste is a promising source of CaO which can be converted into heterogeneous catalyst materials. The purpose of this study was to utilize CaO heterogeneous catalyst derived from breed chicken eggshell to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil through the transesterification process. A total of 4 g of catalyst material was mixed with 200 g of waste cooking oil and 60 g of methanol, and then the mixture was stirred at a speed of 700 rpm for 6 h at 60 ± 40C. The produced biodiesel was analyzed using GC-MS to elucidate the various methyl ester compounds. The produced biodiesel was found to have a density of 855 kg/m3, viscosity of 3.74 mm2/s (cSt), and flash point of 135 0C. Based on these results, it can be concluded that breed chicken eggshells are potential sources for the preparation of CaO catalyst material to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil. This finding is very useful for further optimization of mass catalysts heterogeneous CaO from breed chicken eggshells including the commercial production of biodiesel.