Waste Bottom Ash Research Articles

Biofouling effect of different landfill leachates on high-density polyethylene pipe material

Pipelines used for collecting and transporting landfill leachates may be affected by biofouling, subsequently posing environmental risks. This study investigates the surface biofouling on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes immersed in leachates acquired from operating (MSW-1) and closed (MSW-2) landfills and from a landfill containing incinerated bottom ash and municipal waste (MSW-3). Water quality monitoring, material characterization, and microbial high-throughput sequencing analysis were conducted to analyze the biofouling effects of different landfill leachates on HPDE pipes. The total fouling masses in the MSW-1, MSW-2, and MSW-3 leachates were 29.2 %, 35.2 %, and 24.5 %, respectively; MSW-2 depicted severe biofouling. The biofouling mass was dominated by living mycobacterial cells (69.93 % of the total biovolume). Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum (30.43 %) and the key bacteria group to cause biofouling. The leachates had a significant impact on the microbial community structure, with Castellaniella and Luteibacter being the endemic genera in MSW-3 and norank_f__Rhodothermaceae being the endemic genera in MSW-1 and MSW-2. Furthermore, Ca2+ was the dominant water-quality parameter to affect the distribution of microbial communities. This study provides valuable insights for pipeline disinfection and sterilization to mitigate bio-clogging in HDPE pipes.

Pre-treated municipal solid waste bottom ash as alkali-activated mortar precursor

Pre-treated incinerator bottom ash was used as a precursor of alkali-activated mortars. Control mortars were produced using coal fly ash. Different combinations of alkaline activator were tested (sodium oxide/binder ratio (4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 15%) and silicon dioxide/sodium oxide ratio (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0)) and the influence of these on the mortar's mechanical performance was evaluated. The mortars were tested in both fresh (for density and workability) and hardened states (for dry density, compressive and flexural strengths and modulus of elasticity) after 7, 28, 91 and 182 days. The first stage of work was precursor pre-treatment in a sodium hydroxide solution to prevent the expansion of fresh specimens due to the reaction of aluminium with the alkaline activator. The pre-treatment was effective in preventing excessive hydrogen gas generation during setting, leading to dimensional stability and improved strength. Different optimum sodium oxide contents were observed after 28 days (i.e. 15% for fly ash specimens and 8% for bottom ash specimens). The results of a simplified life-cycle assessment showed that such mixes exhibited lower overall carbon dioxide emissions when compared with cement-based counterparts. However, this trend was reversed with increasing contents of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate.

Use of Various Industrial and Eggshell Wastes for the Sustainable Construction Sector

The alternative composites’ production alleviates the serious problem generated by global warming. Methods to reduce the amount of cement used in concrete production, for example, are being investigated to determine how to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in many applications. Egg shells and various industrial wastes, which are recommended to use in the construction sector at an appropriately high rate, also cause serious environmental damage. Bottom ash (BA) and marble powder (MP) wastes are used today in civil engineering applications. In addition, it is important to increase the use of eggshells due to their rich calcium carbonate content. In this work, BA and MP wastes were blended with eggshells to produce cement paste composites. Two different sets of composites were prepared during this study. The composites were prepared with cement (80%), BA (20%), and MP (20%) wastes by weight with 0.3%, 0.75%, 1.5%, and 2.5% eggshell waste. The fresh (flow table), physical (dry unit mass, apparent specific gravity, and porosity), mechanical (unconfined compressive strength and flexural strength), and durability (water absorption, seawater resistance) tests were conducted. According to the experimental results, the composites can be classified as lightweight construction materials. The test results showed that 0.75% eggshell by weight of cement in bottom ash and marble powder can be used as an optimum value for better performance. The bottom ash mixtures groups are higher water absorption and porosity values when referring to the marble powder mixture groups. The highest compressive strength value was found at 56.03 MPa in the MP mixture group and 52.79 MPa in the BA mixture groups with these optimum eggshell combinations at 56 days. The MP mixture group showed better resistance to seawater when referring to the bottom ash blended mixtures. Laboratory-produced composites are possible candidates for cost-effective and environmentally friendly building materials. The eggshells have a promising alternative binder for concrete in the near future and they are utilized together with industrial wastes such as BA and MP in sustainable concrete construction.

Biomass ash (BA) waste as an activator to produce carbon-negative cement

The use of biomass, as a renewable energy source, to run heating and power plants is propelled by sustainable European policy. Olive is an important resource in Mediterranean countries. The residues from the extraction of olive oil are used as biomass, either to produce the oil or to generate heat or electricity. The disposal of ash residue poses an important burden. This study uses olive pit bottom ash waste (OBA) to produce carbon-negative cement. The OBA is mixed with waste GGBS (GGBS), and neither calcination nor thermal curing are used to lower environmental impact.The cements produced contain up to 60 %OBA and have a carbon sequestration capacity up to -97.45 kg CO2e/m3. An optimum mix with 40 %OBA is developed (using auxiliary activator), with compressive strength of 36–44 MPa and a carbon sequestration capacity of 40–45 kg CO2/m3. A modified loss on ignition test is proposed to evaluate the embodied carbon of biomass ash.The OBA's main chemical constituents: K2O and CaO, afford outstanding activation and alkalinity to release Ca2+ Si4+ and Al3+ from GGBS to form calcite, hydrotalcite, C-(A)-S-H and amorphous cements. Using sodium carbonate (NC) and lime as supplementary activators enhanced the mechanical properties of the cements and slightly changed their composition and microstructure. NC is the most efficient activator, it increased dissolution, and produced a denser and stronger cement with higher Si and K concentration that includes gaylussite, N-A-S-H and C(K)-A-S-H. Pre-dissolving the NC prior to mixing increases the activator's efficiency, producing less calcite cement for the same amount of NC. By adding 4 % pre-dissolved NC, the compressive strength increased by 138.76 % (compared to OBA-GGBS mortar without auxiliary activators) and 113.94 % compared to the material with NC in powder form.

Analisis Social Return on Investment (SROI) Program CSR Pemanfaatan Limbah Fly Ash dan Bottom Ash (FABA) PT PLN Nusantara Power UP Pacitan

This research presents an evaluation of the implementation of the Corporate Social Responsibility programme based on the use of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash (FABA) waste. The form of programme implementation is the use of coal combustion waste to make products such as bricks and paving blocks. The products are used in the construction of livable houses, village road casting and soil stabilisation in several areas of Pacitan Regency, East Java. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach by examining the social and economic impacts on local communities through six stages of Social Return on Investment (SROI) analysis. The measured social benefits were greater than the investment with a ratio of 2.4:1. This means that for every IDR 1 invested, IDR 2.4 benefits were realised. This shows that the programme has the potential for economic, social and environmental sustainability.

Adsorption of Methylene Blue using Bottom Ash: Experimental Design, Isotherm Analysis, and Optimum Conditions

<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:107%"><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><span style="color:black">This study investigated the removal of methylene blue (MB) via adsorption using waste bottom ash.  The bottom ash, sourced from a waste storage site in the Çorlu district of Tekirdağ province, Thrace Region, was utilized as the adsorbent. The research examined the impact of several variables on MB removal, including bottom ash dosage, pH, contact time, and agitation speed. It was found that all parameters had a single-variable effect, while pH exhibited a quadratic effect on MB removal in a model-based analysis. The optimization of the model for maximum MB removal identified the optimal conditions as 0.978 g bottom ash dosage, pH 3, 15 minutes of adsorption time, and 50 rpm agitation speed. Under these conditions, the model predicted an MB removal efficiency of 71%, which was experimentally confirmed to be 72.5%. The adsorption process was found to fit with the Freundlich isotherm, indicating a multilayer adsorption mechanism on the heterogeneous surface of the adsorbent. This research not only highlights the feasibility of using bottom ash from coal combustion as an economical adsorbent for dye-contaminated wastewater but also underscores its potential to inform and inspire future studies on waste recycling and wastewater treatment. </span></span></span></span></p>

Light Pyrotechnics Using Gunpowder Derived from Fly Ash Bottom Ash (FABA) Waste and Activated Carbon

Pyrotechnic materials are a category of materials that are often used in various applications, including military activities, lighting, signaling, and combat effects. In this study, an experiment was conducted to create a light pyrotechnic material using gunpowder, which is a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and activated carbon. The manufacturing process involved the activation of carbon from fly ash bottom ash (FABA) waste and the composition of different pyrotechnic materials. The experiment involved testing pyrotechnic compositions with varying ratios of KNO3 : carbon : sulfur. The results showed that the composition with a ratio of 15 : 7.5 : 7.5 produced the highest light intensity, reaching 104 lux, and provided optimal visual effects. In addition, the relative proportions of oxidizer, carbon and sulfur affected the type of pyrotechnic effect produced. Pyrotechnic light generation from gunpowder could be considered successful, and the best composition for spectacular visual effects was a ratio of 15 : 7.5 : 7.5. However, sufficient caution and knowledge were required in the use of pyrotechnic materials to ensure safety and compliance with applicable regulations.

Ecotoxicological risk of asphalt pavements to aquatic animals associated with pollutant leaching

Contaminants such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be released from asphalt pavement and transported through stormwater runoff to nearby water bodies, leading to water pollution and potential harm to living aquatic animals. This study characterizes the heavy metal and PAH leaching from various asphalt paving materials and their potential ecotoxicological effects on zebrafish Danio rerio. Artificial runoffs were prepared in the laboratory concerning the effects of water, temperature, and traffic. The concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs in the leachates were quantified, while the toxicity assessment encompassed mortality, metal stress, PAH toxicity, inflammation, carcinogenicity, and oxidative damage. Gene expressions of related proteins or transcription factors were assessed, including metallothionines, aryl hydrocarbon receptors, interleukin-1β, interleukin-10, nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α, tumor suppressor p53, heat shock protein 70, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The findings demonstrate that leachates from asphalt pavements containing waste bottom ash, crumb rubber, or specific chemicals could induce notable stress and inflammation responses in zebrafish. In addition, potential carcinogenic effects and the elevation of ROS were identified within certain treatment groups. This study represents the first attempt to assess the ecotoxicity of pavement leachates employing a live fish model, thereby improving the current understanding of the environmental impact of asphalt pavements.

Evaluation of mechanical properties and leaching tests results of mortars containing waste bottom ash as replacement of cement

Evaluation of mechanical properties and leaching tests results of mortars containing waste bottom ash as replacement of cement

Evaluation on Properties of Cement Mortar and Brick Using Magnetically Separated Coal Power Plant Bottom Ash

Recycling of abandoned waste bottom ash has been a key issue in Republic of Korea in terms of environmental protection as well as economic concern. In this work, a method for recycling of abandoned bottom ash has been discussed based on the results from laboratory and industrial-scale experiments. Abandoned bottom ash was magnetically separated and properties of magnetically separated bottom ash samples as well as properties of mortar and masonry cement brick made of bottom ash were investigated. According to the experimental results, bulk and skeletal densities were ranked in the order of strongly magnetic > weakly magnetic > as-received > non-magnetic (from heavier to lighter) bottom ash. From laboratory-scale experiments, compressive strengths of mortars made of bottom ash samples (measured by ASTM C 109) were lower than that of mortar made of standard sand. Among bottom ash samples, mortar made of non-magnetic bottom ash (after removal of unburnt carbon) showed higher compressive strength with lower thermal conductivity (measured by ASTM C 1113) and weight than others. Masonry cement brick made of magnetic bottom ash showed lower weight and thermal conductivity than those made of standard sand, while meeting the KS strength guideline as a masonry cement brick. The results suggest the applicability of bottom ash as lightweight aggregate for production of masonry cement brick. However, considering the lower strength obtained from masonry cement brick made of as-received bottom ash (without removal of unburnt carbon), unburnt carbon content should be removed prior to its utilization as lightweight aggregate.

Utilization of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash Waste of PLTU Jeranjang on Geopolymer Paving

Waste is produced as fly ash and bottom ash from coal-fired power stations. PLTU in West Nusa Tenggara uses 13,000 tons of coal in one month, so it can be estimated that Fly Ash waste will be produced around 1,950-2,210 tons. Geopolymer concrete utilizes fly ash as an adhesive to replace Portland cement. Fly ash is used to make geopolymer concrete, which is created by polymerization reactions caused by alkali-aluminosilicate reactions that result in materials with strong structures. In this study, the ratio of the composition of the weight ratio of paste (fly ash and alkaline solution) with aggregate was 35:65. The aggregates used are sand and bottom ash. The test object is a prototype paving block with a specific dimension of 10cm x 21cm x 6cm. Mechanical testing using compressive strength and water absorption testing with a specimen life of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Testing of bottom ash and fly ash characteristics in the form of XRF testing. The XRF test results found that the bottom ash and fly ash of PLTU Jeranjang belonged to class F. The average test result of compressive strength at the age of 28 days for mix designs A, B, and C was 8.54 MPa, respectively; 10.29 MPa; and 16.10 MPa. Quality geopolymer paving can be applied to gardens and other interiors used. Another result of the absorption value of Mix design C of 8% shows the addition of fly ash can be utilized in place of some of the used cement in paving blocks that satisfy SNI 03-0691-1996 Quality C criteria.

Investigation of the Physical Properties of Thin Layer Asphalt Concrete Mixtures using by-Products from Power Plants

Bottom ash is a by-product produced from the process of burning rocks for electricity generation. The bottom ash produced requires a large enough storage area, high transportation costs to move it to a safe final disposal location so that it does not have a negative impact on humans. This research aims to analyze the effect of using bottom ash waste in the HRS WC asphalt mixture. The asphalt mixture is made in the form of a cylinder with a diameter of 101.6 mm and a thickness of 64 mm and is made in a hot mix. The test object was tested using the Marshall test to determine stability. Flow, vim and marshall quotient. The use of 20% BA to substitute sand in the asphalt mixture has a positive impact by increasing the stability value. The flow value meets the specifications required by the ministry of public works and public housing. The VIM value of the asphalt mixture also meets, indicating that the presence of bottom ash with an amount of up to 20% in the asphalt mixture can work optimally in the asphalt mixture.

Low permeability sealing materials based on sewage, digestate and incineration industrial by-products in the final landfill cover system

This study explores repurposing municipal solid waste from the sewage, digestate, and incineration industries as landfill-sealing materials, aligning with circular economy principles. The main materials include digested sewage sludge (DSS), pretreated digested sewage sludge (PDSS), and digestate sludge (DS), with biomass bottom ash (BBA) and Al-anodizing waste (AAW) introduced as additives, complemented by 1.5 wt% water glass to enhance the sealing performance. The research evaluates the characteristics of the various treated and sourced sludges and additives, assessing their influence on water permeability, reaction products and the environmental consequences. Results demonstrate the achievement of low permeability in the sludge-based sealing materials, with optimal performance observed in the specimens prepared with DSS and AAW (k value = 3.78 ×10−12 m/s). Thermal Pressure Hydrolysis pre-treatment in sewage plants reduces the organic content in PDSS, resulting in a slight increase in permeability. DS-based specimens exhibit higher permeability due to their relatively lower organic content in DS. Gypsum is the primary reaction product attributed to leachable sulphate in BBA and AAW. Water glass addition in BBA-modified specimens promotes silica gel formation, while AAW effectively reduces matrix permeability as an externally added gel-like substance. Additionally, heavy metals (As, Pb and Cr) derived from the by-products are effectively immobilized in the sealing materials owning to the coagulation effect of organic matter in the sludge and sulphates in the products. Overall, this novel approach to landfill sealing materials exhibits promising applications in the Netherlands, offering cost savings and reduced environmental impact by recycling industrial by-products.

Production and Characterization of Bricks from Bottom Ash and Textile Sludge Using Plastic Waste as Binding Agent

The production of traditional clay bricks consumes a large amount of energy and resources and can lead to the depletion of natural resources like clay. On the contrary, the improper disposal of waste materials such as bottom ash, textile sludge, and plastic waste can lead to environmental pollution and health hazards. Bricks and concrete blocks have been widely used in construction, but the continuous exploitation of raw materials can negatively impact the environment. This study aimed to produce bricks made from municipal solid waste, incinerated bottom ash, and textile sludge, using plastic waste as a binder. It assessed the potential use of these bricks as an alternative material for brick block production. The physical and chemical characteristics of the raw materials were determined using standard test methods. The crushed plastic waste was melted and mixed with dried textile sludge and bottom ash in various ratios, including 1 : 1 : 1, 2 : 1 : 1, 1 : 2 : 1, 1 : 1 : 2, and 1 : 2 : 2 for plastic, municipal incinerated bottom ash, and textile sludge, respectively. The mixed sample was then placed into molds until it dried, and the resulting bricks were tested for compressive strength, water absorption, efflorescence, and leachability. The results indicated that the bricks had suitable physical and chemical properties, with compressive strength ranging from 8.527 to 16.4 MPa and water absorption percentages ranging from 1.3 to 3.4%. Slight efflorescence was observed for the 1 : 2 : 2 ratios. The production of traditional clay bricks consumes a large amount of energy and resources and can lead to the depletion of natural resources like clay. On the other hand, the improper disposal of waste materials such as bottom ash, textile sludge, and plastic waste can lead to environmental pollution and health hazards.

Preparation of nickel–cobalt tailings-based cementing materials by mechano-chemical activation: Performance and mechanism

Currently, the stock of nickel–cobalt tailings (NCT) exceeds 30 million tons, and effective utilization is crucial for addressing environmental pollution. This study focuses on modifying NCT and bottom ash (BA) using the mechanochemical method to create cementitious materials. The research findings indicate that when the cement clinker content is below 3 %, the maximum compressive strength of the specimens can reach 4.803 MPa. After 28 days of curing, the leaching concentrations of nickel and cobalt in the consolidated sample decreased from 5.824 and 1.281 mg/L to 0.803 and 0.179 mg/L, respectively. These levels meet the standard set by China for mine repair and backfilling. The consolidation process primarily involves the recombination of elements such as Si, Ca, and Mg in the amorphous material, resulting in the encapsulation of most ions within the structure and eliminating the risk of contamination. This technology enables the treatment and transformation of NCT and BA waste into cementitious materials suitable for backfilling local mining pits. It holds great potential for various civil environmental applications in fields such as green construction materials.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEW MATERIAL GEOPOLYMER BINDER COURSE FLY WASTE AND BOTTOM ASH ASH

Selection of concrete specifications is something that must be done according to needs. The use of concrete as a building material is efficiency and effectiveness in terms of processing and supply. The increase in fly ash and bottom ash waste will affect new innovations for new materials in construction. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the new material geopolymer binder course fly waste and bottom ash whether it complies with standards and is suitable for use as a construction material or for making roads. This research was carried out experimentally in the laboratory to check whether the characteristics of the material used met the standards or not. The results obtained were that the best mixture for the new material was between (FA+BA) with a compressive strength of 5.15 MPa and (FA+PS) with a compressive strength of 25.6 MPa at 28 days old with a mixture composition of 1 : 1.5. As for the mixed wear value (FA+BA) has a wear value of 76% while (FA+PS) has 39% wear. The new material resulting from the wear level can be used as a base course material.

The Impact of Milled Wood Waste Bottom Ash (WWBA) on the Properties of Conventional Concrete and Cement Hydration.

Wood waste bottom ash (WWBA) is a waste generated in power plants during the burning of forest residues to produce energy and heat. In 2019, approximately 19,800 tons of WWBA was generated only in Lithuania. WWBA is rarely recycled or reused and is mostly landfilled, which is both costly for the industry and unsustainable. This study presents a sustainable solution to replace a part of cement with WWBA at 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% by weight. Problems are also associated with the use of this material, as WWBA could have a relatively large surface area and a high water demand. For the evaluation of the possibilities of WWBA use for cementitious materials, the calorimetry test for the cement paste as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermography (TG, DTG), and porosity (MIP) for hardened cement paste with the results of physical and mechanical properties, and the freeze-thaw resistance of the concrete was measured and compared. It was found that WWBA with a large quantity of CO2 could be used as a microfiller with weak pozzolanic properties in the manufacture of cementitious materials. As a result, concrete containing 6% WWBA used to substitute cement has higher density, compressive strength at 28 days, and ultrasonic pulse velocity values. In terms of durability, it was verified that concrete modified with 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% WWBA had a freeze-thaw resistance level of F150. The results show that the use of WWBA to replace cement is a valuable sustainable option for the production of conventional concrete and has a positive effect on durability.

Municipal incinerated solid waste bottom ash as sustainable construction material in the construction of flexible pavements

Municipal incinerated solid waste bottom ash as sustainable construction material in the construction of flexible pavements

Use of Municipal Solid Waste Bottom Ashes in Rubberized Asphalt Mixtures

Abstract The increasing need of environment protection and preservation has been stimulating road agencies to progressively adopt sustainable technologies for the design, construction, and maintenance of their assets, with the consequent increasing use of recycled materials, industrial by-products, and wastes. In such a context, the experimental investigation presented in this paper moved from the idea of synergistically combining the use of bottom ashes originating from incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) and crumb rubber from end-of-life tires. The performance-related properties of rubberized asphalt mixtures containing MSW bottom ashes in partial substitution of natural aggregates were evaluated by means of laboratory tests focused on the determination of workability, viscoelastic characteristics, anti-rutting potential, and resistance to crack propagation. Tests were carried out by considering an ash-amended rubberized asphalt mixture and, for comparison purposes, a standard gap-graded rubberized mixture (GGRM). Obtained results indicate that the rubberized mixture containing bottom ashes exhibited lower workability (16 % decrease in k parameter), reduced stiffness (decrease of dynamic modulus at 20°C of approximately 40 % and 60 % at 0.1 Hz and 10 Hz, respectively), and decreased anti-rutting potential (17 % decrease in flow number values) with respect to the standard GGRM. Conversely, the addition of bottom ashes was found to provide beneficial effects in terms of resistance to crack propagation (with fracture toughness values five times larger than those of the reference mixture). These outcomes suggest that the use of MSW bottom ashes must be carefully considered because environmental benefits may be counterbalanced by lower performance.

Influence of Waste Filler on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Epoxy Mortar

This paper presents experimental investigations on epoxy mortar produced using industrial wastes. In some recent studies, coal bottom ash and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste have been chosen as a filler to replace sand, and fly ash and silica fume have been chosen as micro fillers for epoxy mortar production; enhanced results in terms of compressive and tensile strengths and durability have been achieved. However, these approaches failed to boost the strength and durability compared to the epoxy steel slag, epoxy sand, epoxy marble dust, and epoxy polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste. This present research work has investigated the influence of waste filler on the mechanical properties and microstructure of epoxy mortar, produced by using sand and industrial wastes, i.e., steel slag, marble dust, and polyvinyl chloride waste. Based on the composition ratio, the prepared samples of epoxy resin mortar containing 25% epoxy binder (epoxy resin plus epoxy hardener) and 75% filler (1:3) were compared to the cement mortar. However, each specimen of epoxy resin mortar was prepared by mixing with different fillers. The properties such as compressive strength, tensile strength, and microstructural changes were measured using different characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared radiation spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). From the obtained results, it was found that the strength of the specimens increases when blended with steel slag and marble dust, which is attributed to their peak densities and enhanced particle interactions. The XRD, SEM, FTIR, and SEM-EDX analyses showed the formation of calcium, magnesium, and other phases in the microstructure of epoxy resin-based mortars. This resulted in lower water absorption and porosity, as well as improvements in both compressive and tensile strengths. This research can help in understanding the important role of different industrial wastes as feasible fillers in epoxy resin-based composites.